[1] |
Nkomo, V.T., Gardin, J.M., Skelton, T.N., Gottdiener, J.S., Scott, C.G. and Enriquez-Sarano, M. (2006) Burden of Valvular Heart Diseases: A Population-Based Study. The Lancet, 368, 1005-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69208-8 |
[2] |
Zhou, X., Otsuji, Y., Yoshifuku, S., Yuasa, T., Zhang, H., Takasaki, K., et al. (2002) Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on Tricuspid and Mitral Annular Dilatation and Valvular Regurgitation. Circulation Journal, 66, 913-916. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.66.913 |
[3] |
Otsuji, Y., Kumanohoso, T., Yoshifuku, S., Matsukida, K., Koriyama, C., Kisanuki, A., et al. (2002) Isolated Annular Dilation Does Not Usually Cause Important Functional Mitral Regurgitation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 39, 1651-1656. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01838-7 |
[4] |
Gertz, Z.M., Raina, A., Saghy, L., Zado, E.S., Callans, D.J., Marchlinski, F.E., et al. (2011) Evidence of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation Due to Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58, 1474-1481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.032 |
[5] |
Deferm, S., Bertrand, P.B., Verbrugge, F.H., Verhaert, D., Rega, F., Thomas, J.D., et al. (2019) Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 73, 2465-2476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.061 |
[6] |
Dziadzko, V., Dziadzko, M., Medina-Inojosa, J.R., Benfari, G., Michelena, H.I., Crestanello, J.A., et al. (2019) Causes and Mechanisms of Isolated Mitral Regurgitation in the Community: Clinical Context and Outcome. European Heart Journal, 40, 2194-2202. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz314 |
[7] |
Stone, G.W., Lindenfeld, J., Abraham, W.T., Kar, S., Lim, D.S., Mishell, J.M., et al. (2018) Transcatheter Mitral-Valve Repair in Patients with Heart Failure. New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 2307-2318. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1806640 |
[8] |
Nappi, F., Carotenuto, A.R., Avtaar Singh, S.S., Mihos, C. and Fraldi, M. (2019) Euler’s Elastica-Based Biomechanics of the Papillary Muscle Approximation in Ischemic Mitral Valve Regurgitation: A Simple 2D Analytical Model. Materials, 12, Article No. 1518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12091518 |
[9] |
Sacks, M.S., He, Z., Baijens, L., Wanant, S., Shah, P., Sugimoto, H., et al. (2002) Surface Strains in the Anterior Leaflet of the Functioning Mitral Valve. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 30, 1281-1290. https://doi.org/10.1114/1.1529194 |
[10] |
Farhan, S., Silbiger, J.J., Halperin, J.L., Zhang, L., Dukkipati, S.R., Vogel, B., et al. (2022) Pathophysiology, Echocardiographic Diagnosis, and Treatment of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 80, 2314-2330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.09.046 |
[11] |
Nappi, F. (2024) Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation in Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 16, 5435-5456. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd-24-189 |
[12] |
Obadia, J., Messika-Zeitoun, D., Leurent, G., Iung, B., Bonnet, G., Piriou, N., et al. (2018) Percutaneous Repair or Medical Treatment for Secondary Mitral Regurgitation. New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 2297-2306. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1805374 |
[13] |
Fiore, A., Avtaar Singh, S.S. and Nappi, F. (2022) Learning from Controversy and Revisiting the Randomized Trials of Secondary Mitral Regurgitation. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 23, Article No. 88. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2303088 |
[14] |
Kim, D., Heo, R., Handschumacher, M.D., Lee, S., Choi, Y., Kim, K., et al. (2019) Mitral Valve Adaptation to Isolated Annular Dilation: Insights into the Mechanism of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 12, 665-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.09.013 |
[15] |
Beaudoin, J., Dal-Bianco, J.P., Aikawa, E., Bischoff, J., Guerrero, J.L., Sullivan, S., et al. (2017) Mitral Leaflet Changes Following Myocardial Infarction: Clinical Evidence for Maladaptive Valvular Remodeling. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 10, e006512. https://doi.org/10.1161/circimaging.117.006512 |
[16] |
Ito, K., Abe, Y., Takahashi, Y., Shimada, Y., Fukumoto, H., Matsumura, Y., et al. (2017) Mechanism of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Study Using Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography. Journal of Cardiology, 70, 584-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2017.03.013 |
[17] |
Van De Heyning, C.M. and Claeys, M.J. (2022) Annular Dynamics in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and AFMR. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 15, 14-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.07.006 |
[18] |
Reddy, Y.N.V., Obokata, M., Gersh, B.J. and Borlaug, B.A. (2018) High Prevalence of Occult Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction among Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Dyspnea. Circulation, 137, 534-535. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.117.030093 |
[19] |
Silbiger, J.J. (2014) Does Left Atrial Enlargement Contribute to Mitral Leaflet Tethering in Patients with Functional Mitral Regurgitation? Proposed Role of Atriogenic Leaflet Tethering. Echocardiography, 31, 1310-1311. https://doi.org/10.1111/echo.12629 |
[20] |
Mesi, O., Gad, M.M., Crane, A.D., Ramchand, J., Puri, R., Layoun, H., et al. (2021) Severe Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, 14, 797-808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.02.008 |
[21] |
Kagiyama, N., Hayashida, A., Toki, M., Fukuda, S., Ohara, M., Hirohata, A., et al. (2017) Insufficient Leaflet Remodeling in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Association with the Severity of Mitral Regurgitation. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 10, e005451. https://doi.org/10.1161/circimaging.116.005451 |
[22] |
Dal-Bianco, J.P., Aikawa, E., Bischoff, J., Guerrero, J.L., Handschumacher, M.D., Sullivan, S., et al. (2009) Active Adaptation of the Tethered Mitral Valve: Insights into a Compensatory Mechanism for Functional Mitral Regurgitation. Circulation, 120, 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.846782 |
[23] |
Machino-Ohtsuka, T., Seo, Y., Ishizu, T., Sato, K., Sugano, A., Yamamoto, M., et al. (2016) Novel Mechanistic Insights into Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation—3-Dimensional Echocardiographic Study. Circulation Journal, 80, 2240-2248. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-16-0435 |
[24] |
Cong, T., Gu, J., Lee, A.P., Shang, Z., Sun, Y., Sun, Q., et al. (2018) Quantitative Analysis of Mitral Valve Morphology in Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation Using Real-Time 3-Dimensional Echocardiography Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. Cardiovascular Ultrasound, 16, Article No. 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12947-018-0131-1 |
[25] |
Ring, L., Dutka, D.P., Wells, F.C., Fynn, S.P., Shapiro, L.M. and Rana, B.S. (2013) Mechanisms of Atrial Mitral Regurgitation: Insights Using 3D Transoesophageal Echo. European Heart Journal—Cardiovascular Imaging, 15, 500-508. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jet191 |
[26] |
Spieker, M., Sidabras, J., Lagarden, H., Christian, L., Angendohr, S., Zweck, E., et al. (2023) Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Dynamic Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation Assessed by Isometric Handgrip Exercise. European Heart Journal—Cardiovascular Imaging, 25, 589-598. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jead336 |
[27] |
Tamargo, M., Obokata, M., Reddy, Y.N.V., Pislaru, S.V., Lin, G., Egbe, A.C., et al. (2020) Functional Mitral Regurgitation and Left Atrial Myopathy in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. European Journal of Heart Failure, 22, 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1699 |
[28] |
Utsunomiya, H., Harada, Y., Susawa, H., Ueda, Y., Izumi, K., Itakura, K., et al. (2020) Tricuspid Valve Geometry and Right Heart Remodelling: Insights into the Mechanism of Atrial Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation. European Heart Journal—Cardiovascular Imaging, 21, 1068-1078. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeaa194 |
[29] |
Guta, A.C., Badano, L.P., Tomaselli, M., Mihalcea, D., Bartos, D., Parati, G., et al. (2021) The Pathophysiological Link between Right Atrial Remodeling and Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Study. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, 34, 585-594.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2021.01.004 |
[30] |
Naser, J.A., Michelena, H.I., Lin, G., Scott, C.G., Lee, E., Kennedy, A.M., et al. (2023) Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation or Sinus Rhythm. European Heart Journal—Cardiovascular Imaging, 24, 1450-1457. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jead199 |
[31] |
Vohra, H.A., Whistance, R.N., Magan, A., Sadeque, S.A. and Livesey, S.A. (2012) Mitral Valve Repair for Severe Mitral Regurgitation Secondary to Lone Atrial Fibrillation. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, 42, 634-637. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezs029 |
[32] |
Donal, E., Lip, G.Y.H., Galderisi, M., Goette, A., Shah, D., Marwan, M., et al. (2016) EACVI/EHRA Expert Consensus Document on the Role of Multi-Modality Imaging for the Evaluation of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. European Heart Journal—Cardiovascular Imaging, 17, 355-383. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev354 |
[33] |
Melenovsky, V., Hwang, S., Redfield, M.M., Zakeri, R., Lin, G. and Borlaug, B.A. (2015) Left Atrial Remodeling and Function in Advanced Heart Failure with Preserved or Reduced Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure, 8, 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001667 |
[34] |
Cameli, M., et al. (2017) Speckle Tracking Echocardiography: A Practical Guide. Giornale Italiano Di Cardiologia, 18, 253-269. https://doi.org/10.1714/2683.27469 |
[35] |
Cameli, M., Mandoli, G.E., Loiacono, F., Sparla, S., Iardino, E. and Mondillo, S. (2016) Left Atrial Strain: A Useful Index in Atrial Fibrillation. International Journal of Cardiology, 220, 208-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.197 |
[36] |
Cameli, M., Lisi, M., Righini, F.M., Focardi, M., Alfieri, O. and Mondillo, S. (2011) Left Atrial Speckle Tracking Analysis in Patients with Mitral Insufficiency and History of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging, 28, 1663-1670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-011-9987-y |
[37] |
Cameli, M., Lisi, M., Righini, F.M., Massoni, A., Natali, B.M., Focardi, M., et al. (2013) Usefulness of Atrial Deformation Analysis to Predict Left Atrial Fibrosis and Endocardial Thickness in Patients Undergoing Mitral Valve Operations for Severe Mitral Regurgitation Secondary to Mitral Valve Prolapse. The American Journal of Cardiology, 111, 595-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.10.049 |
[38] |
Matta, M., Ayoub, C., Abou Hassan, O.K., Layoun, H., Cremer, P.C., Hussein, A., et al. (2021) Anatomic and Functional Determinants of Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation. Structural Heart, 5, 498-507. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748706.2021.1943765 |
[39] |
Cramariuc, D., Alfraidi, H., Nagata, Y., Levine, R.A., van Kampen, A., Andrews, C., et al. (2023) Atrial Dysfunction in Significant Atrial Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Phenotypes and Prognostic Implications. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging, 16, No. 5. https://doi.org/10.1161/circimaging.122.015089 |
[40] |
Meucci, M.C., Stassen, J., Tomsic, A., Palmen, M., Crea, F., Bax, J.J., et al. (2022) Prognostic Impact of Left Ventricular Global Longitudinal Strain in Atrial Mitral Regurgitation. Heart, 109, 478-484. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321698 |
[41] |
Schnabel, R.B., Yin, X., Gona, P., Larson, M.G., Beiser, A.S., McManus, D.D., et al. (2015) 50 Year Trends in Atrial Fibrillation Prevalence, Incidence, Risk Factors, and Mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: A Cohort Study. The Lancet, 386, 154-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61774-8 |