多种评分系统对于急性重症胰腺炎器官功能衰竭的预测价值
The Predictive Value of Multiple Scoring Systems for Organ Failure in Acute Severe Pancreatitis
摘要: 急性胰腺炎(AP)是临床上最常见的消化系统疾病之一。SAP患者主要死亡原因为感染和多器官功能衰竭。目前,临床上有多种评分系统被用于评估AP的严重程度和预后,包括BISAP、APACHE II、Ranson、SOFA、qSOFA、HAPS和OASIS等评分系统。这些评分系统各有优劣,例如BISAP操作简便但灵敏度较低,APACHE II预测准确性高但复杂耗时,Ranson评分存在时间滞后性,SOFA和qSOFA在ICU中表现优异,HAPS在预测非重症AP方面具有高度特异性,而OASIS作为一种新兴评分系统,在ICU患者预后预测中展现出潜力。尽管这些评分系统在临床应用中存在各自的优劣势,但其早期及时应用有助于精准评估疾病严重程度,制定个体化治疗方案,改善患者预后。未来需进一步开展多中心研究,优化评分系统的准确性和实用性,以提升AP患者的生存率和治疗效果。
Abstract: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common digestive system diseases in clinical practice. The primary causes of death in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients are infection and multiple organ failure. Currently, there are multiple scoring systems used in clinical settings to assess the severity and prognosis of AP, including the BISAP, APACHE II, Ranson, SOFA, qSOFA, HAPS, and OASIS scoring systems. Each of these systems has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, BISAP is simple to use but has low sensitivity, APACHE II offers high predictive accuracy but is complex and time-consuming, Ranson scores suffer from time lag, SOFA and qSOFA perform excellently in ICU settings, HAPS is highly specific for predicting non-severe AP, and OASIS, as an emerging scoring system, shows potential in predicting ICU patient outcomes. Despite their respective advantages and disadvantages in clinical application, the early and timely use of these scoring systems can help accurately assess disease severity, formulate individualized treatment plans, and improve patient prognosis. Future efforts should focus on multicenter studies to optimize the accuracy and practicality of these scoring systems, thereby enhancing the survival rates and treatment outcomes of AP patients.
文章引用:张宸菘, 秦开秀. 多种评分系统对于急性重症胰腺炎器官功能衰竭的预测价值[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2025, 4(2): 987-994. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2025.42268

1. 引言

急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是临床上最常见的消化系统疾病之一,主要由胰酶的异常激活和渗漏引起的炎症性疾病,包括活动性炎症和胰腺损伤[1] [2]。AP可导致恶心、呕吐、严重的上腹痛、胰液分泌异常或全身炎症反应综合征,在某些情况下还会导致一个或多个器官衰竭。AP是胃肠道疾病住院治疗的最常见原因之一,全球发病率为每年每10万人中有13~45例[2] [3]。其中,约20%~35%的AP病例进展为急性重症胰腺炎(Severe Acute Pancreatitis, SAP) [4],而SAP的死亡率可高达20%~30% [5]。此外,大约20%的AP患者在病程中可能出现新发器官功能衰竭,对于SAP患者而言,器官功能衰竭的发生率显著升高,据研究表明,其发生率可能高达50% [5],同时有10%~20%的SAP患者死于持续性器官功能衰竭,这一并发症已成为住院期间SAP患者死亡率增加的重要危险因素。因此早期评估SAP的病因和严重程度对于重症患者至关重要。

急性胰腺炎(AP)的病理生理机制以腺泡细胞损伤为核心,主要特征是胰腺内消化蛋白酶的过早激活[6]。其病理机制涉及多种复杂因素,包括钙离子(Ca2+)超载、线粒体功能障碍、自噬受损、内质网应激、未折叠蛋白反应、导管内液体淤积、基因突变(如PRSS1或CFTR基因)、不饱和脂肪酸以及外泌体等。这些因素相互作用,导致胰蛋白酶原异常激活,进而触发炎症细胞浸润和分泌细胞破坏[7] [8]

其中,Ca2+超载是细胞损伤的关键机制。研究表明,缩胆囊素、过量饮酒和胆汁酸等因素可诱导细胞内Ca2+超载和线粒体功能障碍,这是腺泡细胞功能障碍向SAP发展的重要环节[8]。线粒体功能障碍不仅抑制细胞自噬,还会增加活性氧和细胞因子的生成,进一步加重胰腺细胞损伤[8]。此外,线粒体损伤还会加剧内质网应激和溶酶体损伤,促进组织蛋白酶原和胰蛋白酶原的释放与激活,最终导致细胞质蛋白降解和细胞坏死[8]。这些相互关联的病理生理过程共同构成了AP发生与发展的复杂网络。

目前,还没有一个单一的评分系统能够涵盖与SAP的管理和评估相关的所有问题。就临床过程和结果而言,AP仍然是最复杂的消化系统疾病之一,其在每个病例中的个体差异使其既具有挑战性又具有吸引力。同时,为了预测AP的严重程度和死亡率,临床医生评估临床数据,包括评估器官功能,进行实验室检查和成像,并利用疾病严重程度评级系统,如Ranson,急性生理和慢性健康评估(APACHE) II,计算机断层扫描严重程度指数(CTSI),序贯器官衰竭评估(Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SOFA),快速序贯器官衰竭评估(qSOFA)评分系统,急性胰腺炎严重程度床边指数(Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis, BISAP),无害AP评分(HAPS),牛津急性疾病严重程度评分(OASIS评分)。在本文中,我们就该领域一些评分系统进行了详细的讨论和分析,以期为更准确地诊断、预测和评估SAP新发器官功能衰竭提供更有价值的指导。

1.1. BISAP

在一项基于人群的大规模研究中,Wu等人[9]采用分类回归树分析方法,确定了5个预测住院死亡率的独立变量,并据此开发了评分系统BISAP评分。该评分系统包括五个关键指标:血尿素氮(>25 mg/dL)、年龄(>60岁)、全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)、胸腔积液和精神状态恶化。其中,血尿素氮被证实为最具判别效力的主要变量,年龄和SIRS进一步区分了高危与低危病例,而精神状态和胸腔积液则用于细化中危患者的风险分层[9]。自2008年推出以来,BISAP评分系统以其操作简便、评估快速的特点,成为早期识别院内死亡高风险AP患者的重要工具[9]。BISAP评分系统在识别高死亡风险AP患者方面表现出色,代表了发病24小时内严重程度评估的重要进展。其风险分层能力不仅有助于优化临床护理策略,还可能为临床试验的患者筛选提供便利[10]。然而,随着临床研究的深入,BISAP在预测SAP方面的表现存在一定争议。例如,一项纳入51例患者的前瞻性研究表明,BISAP在预测AP严重程度方面,尤其是对SAP的预测,其效能不及APACHE II评分系统[11]。此外,Yang和Li在一项涵盖1972名受试者的荟萃分析中评估了BISAP在预测SAP中的诊断性能[11]。他们指出,尽管BISAP具有较高的特异性,但其灵敏度较低,因此可能不适合作为评估AP严重程度的独立方法[12]。基于现有研究结果,未来需要通过多中心验证研究进一步评估BISAP的预测效能,并明确其在SAP中的实际应用价值。同时,还需设计更多高质量的前瞻性研究,探索BISAP在不同临床条件下的适用性,以提升其在评估AP严重程度和预后方面的准确性、敏感性和特异性。这将为BISAP在临床实践中的优化和推广提供坚实的科学依据。

1.2. APACHE II

APACHE II评分是由Knaus等人[12]于1981年首次提出,是临床上应用最广泛的评分系统之一。该评分系统包含15项指标,涵盖年龄、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、既往健康状况评分以及12项生理指标,总分最高为71分[13]。研究表明,APACHE II评分在AP、重症肺炎等疾病的预后评估中具有重要价值[14]-[16]。在AP的临床研究中,Wan等人[17]发现,APACHE Ⅱ评分 ≥ 8分对预测AP患者持续性器官衰竭(persistent organ failure, POF)具有较高的准确性,其曲线下面积(AUC)为0.67,敏感性为55%,特异性为79%。此外,Kumar和Griwan [18]在一项纳入50例AP患者的前瞻性研究中,基于2012年修订的亚特兰大分类标准(RAC),比较了APACHE II、BISAP、Ranson和MCTSI评分在预测AP严重程度中的表现。结果显示,APACHE II在预测胰腺坏死(敏感性93.33%)、器官衰竭(敏感性92.86%)和ICU入院(敏感性92.31%)方面具有较高的敏感性。尽管多项研究[19]表明,APACHE Ⅱ评分在预测SAP患者新发器官衰竭、疾病严重程度及死亡风险方面的准确性优于BISAP评分和Ranson评分,但其临床应用仍存在一定局限性。因此,尽管APACHE II评分在预测AP预后方面具有显著优势,但其复杂性和实用性仍需进一步优化和改进。

1.3. Ranson

Ranson评分作为最早用于急性胰腺炎评估的工具[20],虽然具有一定的临床应用价值,但由于其预测准确性相对较低且存在一定的时间滞后(通常需48小时),其在临床实践中的局限性逐渐显现[21]。在一项包括164例患者的前瞻性观察性研究中,Venkatesh等[22]报道,基于受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,入院时Ranson在预测严重程度、器官衰竭和死亡率方面表现出更高的诊断准确性,并优于其他三个评分(APACHE II、BISAP、和改良格拉斯哥)预测急性呼吸道感染严重程度。但是Ranson评分所需要的指标十分复杂,需要在入院48 h后才能完成,有些指标还可能受到治疗的影响,因此它在预测AP严重程度时还应结合其他指标以提高预测的准确性[23] [24]

1.4. SOFA

1994年10月,欧洲重症医学会(European Society of Intensive Care Medicine)在巴黎召开会议,正式建立了SOFA评分系统。该系统旨在定量、客观地描述患者器官功能障碍或衰竭的动态变化[25]。尽管SOFA评分最初是为脓毒症患者设计的,但目前其应用范围已逐步扩展至其他患者群体[25]。目前,SOFA评分在ICU中被广泛用于患者的评估、预后判断及病情监测。同时也已成功应用于多种医疗环境,包括创伤、外科、心脏和神经重症监护等领域[26]。在重症监护系统中,SOFA评分具有显著优势,包括计算简便、纳入治疗需求指标,以及便于将AP与其他重症疾病进行比较。一项纳入146例AP患者的回顾性研究表明,SOFA评分的升高与住院期间不良结局的发生率显著相关,且其对住院死亡率的预测效能优于其他评分系统[27]。在重症监护环境中,使用SOFA评分等经过验证的简易工具,可以有效加强AP患者住院死亡风险和临床恶化的分层管理。此外,Teng等人[28]的研究进一步证实,SOFA评分和48小时Ranson评分均能有效预测AP的严重程度、ICU入院率和死亡率,其中SOFA评分在预测效能方面表现出更为突出的优势。

1.5. qSOFA

qSOFA评分系统包括三个关键指标:呼吸频率(每分钟呼吸次数)、收缩压(mmHg)和GCS [29]。Qin等[30]的研究表明,qSOFA具有快速获取的优势,可作为评估ICU感染患者预后的有效工具。由于其操作简便,qSOFA特别适用于急诊科的初始患者评估,尽管其在AP预后评估中的有效性有限[31]。在一项纳入203例患者的队列研究中,Rasch等[31]发现,qSOFA能够有效预测AP患者的ICU入院风险和多器官功能障碍综合征的发生。此外,一项针对161例酒精性AP患者的回顾性队列研究显示,入院时及入院后48小时qSOFA评分 ≥ 2分在评估胰腺炎严重程度和判断是否需要重症监护方面表现出较高的特异性(≥94%)和一定的敏感性(≥33%) [32]。在美国一项为期3年的队列研究中,Hallac等[33]比较了qSOFA和全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)评分在预测AP患者急诊科和住院病房延长住院时间方面的能力。结果显示,qSOFA评分 ≥ 2分与显著AP的诊断相关,特异性高达99%,但敏感性仅为4%。相比之下,SIRS评分 ≥ 2分在识别显著AP患者时,特异性为61%,敏感性为80% [33]。基于这些结果,本研究认为仅依赖qSOFA对AP患者进行分类可能导致病情严重程度评估不足的风险[33]。尽管如此,qSOFA评分的显著优势在于其无需依赖实验室检查指标,能够帮助临床医生快速、便捷地获取评估结果,因此在临床实践中具有广泛推广的潜力。

1.6. HAPS

HAPS评分系统基于三个关键参数进行快速评估:是否存在反跳痛或肌紧张、红细胞压积(男性 ≥ 43 mg/dL,女性 ≥ 39.6 mg/dL)以及血清肌酐水平(≥2.0 mg/dL) [34] [35]。研究表明,HAPS在预测非重症AP方面表现出优异的特异性。Oskarsson等[36]通过对531例初发或复发AP患者的分析发现,HAPS预测非重症AP的特异性高达96.3%,阳性预测值(PPV)达到98.7%,证实其作为非重症AP预测工具的高度特异性[36]。此外,一项针对103例印度AP患者的前瞻性试点研究显示,HAPS在预测非重症疾病中的敏感性、特异性、PPV、NPV和AUC分别为76.3%、85.7%、93.8%、56.6%和0.848 [37]。在中国703例AP患者的研究中,HAPS在入院时预测MAP的敏感性、特异性、PPV、NPV和AUC分别为48.2%、97.7%、95.6%、64.1%和0.749 [38]。这些研究结果验证了HAPS在不同人群中预测非重症AP的有效性。HAPS的显著优势在于其评估可在患者就诊后1小时内完成,具有极高的时间效率。相比之下,Ranson评分虽然可能提供更高的准确性,但其评估需要48小时才能完成,这凸显了不同评分系统在速度与精度之间的权衡。鉴于大多数AP患者表现为轻度疾病,准确区分MAP患者的能力至关重要。基于上述研究,HAPS评分系统在评估AP严重程度方面表现出色,可作为早期识别和成本效益管理的优选工具,甚至可能成为该领域的新标准。

1.7. OASIS

OASIS评分系统由Johnson等人通过机器学习算法基于72,474名ICU患者的临床数据开发而成[39],包含10个简单的参数,无需复杂的实验室检查,已经证实OASIS在预测ICU患者的病情评估与预后方面有预测价值[40],随着OASIS评分得分的增加,ICU患者病情越重,死亡风险越高。此外,OASIS评分对呼吸重症患者[41]、脓毒症患者[42]与机械通气患者[43]预后的预测价值也已得到证实。因此,OASIS评分被认为是一种有潜力用于重症急性胰腺炎患者病情早期评估的新工具[44]。尽管目前关于OASIS评分在SAP患者新发器官功能衰竭预测中的研究较为有限,但已有文献表明,OASIS评分能够有效补充qSOFA和SOFA评分,并在ICU患者和脓毒症患者的死亡率预测中取得了良好的表现[44]-[49]。例如,一项基于MIMIC-III数据库的研究发现,当OASIS评分 > 26时,它可以作为qSOFA阴性脓毒症患者28天死亡率(HR = 2.80, P < 0.01)、ICU内死亡(OR = 4.69, P < 0.01)和院内死亡(OR = 4.48, P < 0.01)的独立危险因素[50]。此外,另一项来自BAKIT研究的结果显示,OASIS评分在预测急性肾损伤患者28天死亡率时,其AUC值为0.771,显著优于APACHE II和SAPS II评分[44]。HU等人通过MIMIC-III数据库比较了OASIS、SOFA、sSAPSII和LODS评分在ICU患者死亡率预测中的表现,结果发现OASIS的AUC为0.762,明显高于SOFA和LODS评分[48]。OASIS评分系统包含了10个关键参数,其中包括能够反映患者基础器官功能状态的指标,如年龄、平均动脉压和ICU入院时的尿量等。这些指标有助于评估患者的初始器官功能储备。器官功能储备不足、基础疾病较多以及液体复苏不及时等因素可能是SAP患者出现新发器官功能衰竭的重要诱因。最近的一项多中心研究比较了OASIS、BISAP、APACHE II和SOFA评分在AP患者中的预测效能。结果显示,OASIS在预测AP患者器官功能衰竭和死亡率方面的AUC值为0.78,显著高于BISAP (AUC = 0.68)和Ranson评分(AUC = 0.65),但与APACHE II (AUC = 0.80)和SOFA (AUC = 0.79)相当[51]。此外,OASIS评分在胆源性胰腺炎患者中的预测效能尤为突出,AUC值达到0.82,表明其在特定亚型AP患者中具有较高的适用性。在酒精性胰腺炎患者中,OASIS评分的预测效能略低于胆源性胰腺炎,AUC值为0.75,但仍优于BISAP和Ranson评分[52]。这表明OASIS评分在不同亚型AP患者中的适用性存在差异,未来需要进一步研究以优化其在各亚型中的应用。

2. 结语

AP的早期诊断与治疗是影响患者预后的关键因素。根据疾病严重程度的不同,MAP患者通常仅需内科保守治疗即可,而SAP患者则因早期诊断难度大、病情进展迅猛,往往需要转入重症监护室进行治疗。SAP患者的主要死亡风险集中于感染及多器官功能衰竭。目前,临床上已开发出多种实验室检查指标和评分系统,用于评估AP患者的病情严重程度及预后,近年来,一些新的生物标志物(如IL-6、TNF-α和外泌体)在AP的早期诊断和预后评估中显示出潜力,同时CT灌注成像和MRI弥散加权成像等影像学技术也在AP的评估中取得了显著进展,然而这些方法均存在一定的局限性,如检测费用较高、耗时长以及评分系统复杂等问题。因此,临床医生应高度重视早期及时采用合适的评分系统,以精准评估疾病严重程度。这不仅有助于制定个性化的治疗方案,还能有效改善患者器官功能,延缓病情恶化,从而显著提升患者的生存率。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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