外阴硬化性苔藓的诊疗进展及对女性生活质量的多方面影响
Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus and Multifaceted Impact on Women’s Quality of Life
DOI: 10.12677/jcpm.2025.42264, PDF, HTML, XML,   
作者: 李意澄, 王晨蔓, 朱婉清:郑州大学人民医院妇科,河南 郑州;王 悦*:郑州大学人民医院妇科,河南 郑州;河南省人民医院妇科,河南 郑州
关键词: 外阴硬化性苔癣病因治疗生活质量Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Etiology Treatment Quality of Life
摘要: 外阴硬化性苔藓(Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus, VLS)是一种慢性炎症性皮肤病,主要累及外阴和肛周区域,是女性健康领域中一个重要但常被忽视的问题。VLS的典型临床特征包括剧烈瘙痒、疼痛、皮肤瘢痕形成以及潜在的恶性病变风险,这些症状不仅严重影响患者的生活质量(Quality of Life, QoL),还可能导致长期的身心困扰。尽管目前有多种治疗方法,如局部皮质类固醇激素、免疫调节剂等,但治疗效果往往有限,且尚无根治手段。本文系统分析了现有治疗方法的优势与局限性,阐述VLS对女性生理、心理及性功能的多方面影响,旨在提高临床对VLS的认知和重视,倡导早期诊断和积极干预,避免VLS对QoL的长期负面影响,并降低其癌变风险,为改善患者预后提供理论支持和实践指导。
Abstract: Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease primarily affecting the vulvar and perianal regions, representing a significant yet often overlooked issue in women’s health. The typical clinical features of VLS include intense itching, pain, scar formation, and a potential risk of malignant transformation. These symptoms not only severely impact patients’ quality of life (QoL) but may also lead to long-term physical and psychological distress. Although various treatment methods, such as topical corticosteroids and immunomodulators, are currently available, their efficacy is often limited, and no definitive cure exists. This paper systematically analyzes the advantages and limitations of existing treatments, discusses the multifaceted impact of VLS on women’s physiological, psychological, and sexual health, and aims to enhance clinical awareness and attention to VLS. It advocates for early diagnosis and active intervention to mitigate the long-term negative effects of VLS on QoL, reduce the risk of malignant transformation, and provide theoretical support and practical guidance for improving patient outcomes.
文章引用:李意澄, 王晨蔓, 朱婉清, 王悦. 外阴硬化性苔藓的诊疗进展及对女性生活质量的多方面影响[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2025, 4(2): 955-963. https://doi.org/10.12677/jcpm.2025.42264

1. 引言

外阴硬化性苔藓(Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus, VLS),也称为外阴白斑、外阴色素减退症或外阴营养不良,是一种常见的、慢性且持久的炎症性皮肤病。VLS的特征表现为皮肤表面薄薄的白色斑块[1]。这些斑块通常被描述为“卷烟纸”或“羊皮纸”状,导致女性外阴区域的皮肤和黏膜组织发生退行性变和色素改变。其发病率在1:300至1:1000之间[2]

组织学上,VLS的病理结果通常表现为表皮萎缩、角化过度、基底细胞变形、正常网状嵴消失以及毛囊漏斗部堵塞[3]。真皮乳头层出现明显的纤维化、水肿和慢性血管周围炎症,以嗜酸性粒细胞为主[4]。临床上,VLS通常基于其典型症状进行诊断。在症状不典型或诊断不明确的情况下,活检是确保诊断准确性的重要辅助手段。这种方法不仅有助于排除其他潜在的混淆疾病,还能提供更详细的病理信息,对制定个性化和有效的治疗方案至关重要。

临床上,VLS的主要症状为外阴瘙痒和灼烧感。临床体征表现为外阴皮肤和黏膜萎缩、色素减退、角化过度和皲裂[5]。抓挠可能加重皮肤炎症并导致糜烂、出血、感染等并发症[6]。若未及时规范治疗,长期病变可导致外阴粘连、外阴结构破坏、瘢痕增生,进而引起排尿困难、阴道口狭窄、性功能障碍,影响患者的生活质量(Quality of Life, QoL) [7]。严重的VLS甚至进展为外阴鳞状细胞癌[8]

由于VLS的确切病因和发病机制尚不明确,目前尚无根治方法。常规治疗方法有药物治疗、物理治疗、手术治疗和其他疗法。旨在缓解症状,阻止解剖结构进一步改变、逆转疾病进展。由于VLS在停止治疗后容易复发,治疗的另一个目标是通过有效的初始治疗实现长期的体征和症状缓解维持,但是总体疗效欠佳。当其他疗法失败时,光动力疗法(Photodynamic Therapy, PDT)被证明是治疗VLS的有效选择。一项随机对照研究表明,与皮质类固醇治疗相比,PDT治疗的临床完全缓解率更高,并且在疾病控制和减少复发方面具有优势[9]

VLS在成年女性中的患病率高达3%,但它仍然是一种研究不足的疾病,关于其对QoL影响的相关研究有限[10]。传统的VLS临床指南往往强调临床管理和癌前病变的风险,而在疾病对女性QoL和心理社会因素的影响方面关注较少。本文主要针对VLS的治疗研究进展和对患者QoL的影响两方面进行综述。这项研究的结果有助于临床医生根据患者的具体症状,制定个性化的管理策略和治疗方案,最大限度地提高患者的QoL。

2. 病因及致病机制

VLS的病因和发病机制尚未完全明确。目前认为,VLS可能与多种因素的共同作用有关,包括自身免疫反应、性激素水平不足以及遗传易感性[11]。Cooper等[12]研究称,多达28.4%的女性VLS患者同时患有一种或多种自身免疫疾病。VLS患者中最常见的自身免疫疾病包括甲状腺炎、白癜风、天疱疮和恶性贫血。部分研究者提出VLS与自身免疫性肠病、类风湿性关节炎、局限性硬皮病、多发性硬化症和系统性红斑狼疮有关联。基于此,我们可以推测免疫系统异常可能导致外阴皮肤组织损伤和萎缩。

性激素水平不足可能影响皮肤的正常代谢和生长[13]。VLS在青春期前和绝经后女性中的发病率较高,这可能与这一时期雌激素水平低下有关。Balakirski等[14]的一项涉及960位青春期前VLS女孩的研究显示,约31%的患者在进入青春期后症状有所缓解,部分患者甚至在月经初潮后症状完全消失。

此外,VLS患者还表现出一定程度的家族聚集性。有报告指出,某些家庭中的母女或双胞胎姐妹会同时或相继发病,提示VLS可能存在家族遗传易感性[15]。除了上述假设外,外阴持续性创伤、局部炎症感染、长期不良刺激、胶原蛋白代谢异常以及心理因素可能在VLS的发病中发挥作用。

3. 治疗进展

3.1. 药物治疗

在VLS活动期,高效局部皮质类固醇(Topical Corticosteroids, TCS)是首选的一线治疗方案[16]。能够有效缓解瘙痒症状,显著改善皮肤病变、角化过度、糜烂及出血等。目前,0.05%丙酸氯倍他索软膏被公认为VLS治疗的首选药物。其通过抑制有丝分裂、促进蛋白质合成、减轻炎症反应及诱导血管收缩等机制,实现对VLS的有效控制。一项前瞻性研究[17]指出,经0.05%丙酸氯被他索软膏治疗后,约54%的VLS患者获得完全缓解。但复发率较高,随访16个月时的复发率为50%,4年时的复发率为84%。在疾病初始发作阶段后,建立有效的长期维持治疗方案对于VLS的规范化管理至关重要。为降低复发率、减少外阴粘连及恶变风险,指南建议VLS患者长期局部使用TCS [18]。但长期用药可能导致灼热、干燥、皮肤萎缩、毛细血管扩张或感染等副作用。

0.1%糠酸莫米松被视为一线治疗的替代选择。一项随机对照试验表明,0.05%丙酸氯倍他索与0.1%糠酸莫米松在初始治疗中疗效相当[19]。在临床工作中,维持治疗期间,患者的依从性较差。Thorneloe等人[20]的研究指出缓解期患者不遵守TCS治疗方案的常见原因是健忘(43%)、害怕使用过多TCS (39%)、不理解标签上的“薄涂”说明(34%)以及害怕在破损皮肤上使用TCS (33%)。这一结果表明,长期用药会给患者带来一些困难。用药时间长、担心药物副作用等因素会影响患者的依从性,进而影响药物治疗VLS的效果。

他克莫司(Tacrolimus)和吡美莫司(Pimecrolimus)是局部钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(Topical calcineurin inhibitors, TCIs),最初主要用于治疗特应性皮炎。由于其免疫调节特性,TCIs已被研究用于治疗多种免疫介导的皮肤病,包括VLS [21]。如果TCS治疗效果不佳,0.1%他克莫司或1%吡美莫司可作为二线治疗选择[22]。他克莫司或吡美莫司还可用于缓解外阴炎症或瘙痒,特别是在需要长期治疗以避免TCS引起的副作用时[23]。此外,镇静抗组胺药、维生素E乳膏、维A酸类药物、局部麻醉剂、雌激素软膏及中药在缓解VLS引起的瘙痒症状方面发挥一定治疗效果。

3.2. 物理治疗

3.2.1. 高强度聚焦超声

高强度聚焦超声(High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound, HIFU)利用超声波的高穿透性和精准靶向能力。通过热效应选择性地破坏病变部位的真皮及皮下组织,而不损伤表层组织。通过改善局部微循环和组织修复,缓解症状并改善皮肤质地[24]。其主要优势为精准聚焦与定位,治疗效果显著。何等[25]报告称,VLS患者在接受HIFU治疗后,6个月的总缓解率为91.6%,12个月后的总缓解率为86.6%。一项纳入44例VLS患者的研究中[26],HIFU治疗后,43.18%的患者治愈,症状完全消失;47.72%的患者有症状缓解,总有效率达90.9%。因此,HIFU是一种无创、安全、有效的治疗方式。

3.2.2. 激光治疗

CO2激光疗法在治疗VLS方面显示出良好的效果。其原理是通过光热效应作用于局部病变组织,促进表皮细胞再生、刺激胶原蛋白和弹性纤维重塑。从而达到缓解症状与恢复皮肤弹性的作用。最近一项意大利研究评估了40位接受CO2激光治疗的VLS女性患者。与治疗前相比,外阴瘙痒、干燥、疼痛和敏感性方面均显著改善[27]。Filippini等[28]对70名VLS患者进行了激光治疗。患者在首次治疗后,外阴瘙痒、灼烧感、疼痛、阴道干涩均显著改善,并在第二次和第三次治疗后进一步改善,62.8%的女性患者对治疗效果的满意度评分 ≥ 8分(评分范围为0~10分)。Stewart等[29]的研究表明,CO2激光可以改善难治性VLS的临床体征和恢复外阴结构。激光治疗的满意度较高,这可能与其操作的便捷性,无需每日用药及反复外阴操作。该疗法能够缓解症状、改善QoL和性功能,为难治性VLS提供了一种先进的治疗选择。

3.2.3. 光动力疗法

PDT是一种安全有效的治疗方法,被广泛用于治疗多种皮肤肿瘤、感染性及炎症性皮肤病[30]。其原理是利用特定波长的光源照射外阴皮肤,使病变组织细胞内聚集的光敏剂发生光化学反应,诱导病变细胞坏死或凋亡,导致微血管损伤、诱导局部炎症反应和增强局部免疫功能,从而破坏病变组织、促进细胞再生[31]。目前,PDT已被推荐用于VLS的无创治疗。有研究显示它副作用少,复发率低,在控制症状和缓解复发方面效果显著[32]。Mazdziarz等[33]纳入102位VLS患者的临床研究表明,PDT治疗后完全或部分缓解率达到87.25%。朱雪峰等[34]纳入48例VLS患者进行ALA-PDT治疗,治疗结束后总有效率为91.7%。Cao等人[35]报道,PDT治疗后,早期VLS患者的女性性功能指数(Female Sexual Function Index, FSFI)评分显著改善(从中位数17.45分提高到21.1分,P < 0.05)。皮肤病生活质量指数(Dermatology life quality index, DLQI)评分从中位数7分降至4分(P < 0.05),差异具有统计学意义。Qu等[36]的研究表明PDT治疗42例难治性VLS患者1年后,总有效率为83.33%。VLS患者的瘙痒、皮肤颜色、皮肤弹性、病变范围评分均有所下降。一项回顾性研究分析了13例VLS患者在PDT治疗前后的症状评分,所有患者随访6个月,结果表明PDT的有效率为92.31%,主观症状、客观体征及QoL均有显著改善[37]。这表明PDT治疗VLS显示较好的疗效,是一种有前途的治疗选择。但由于相关研究纳入的样本量相对较少,随访时间有限,其效果的持续时间,远期疗效仍然是需要进一步研究的问题。

不同程度的外阴疼痛是PDT治疗后最常见的不良反应。研究发现多数患者初次治疗后疼痛不明显,随着治疗次数增多,疼痛程度加剧。可能的原因是多次治疗累积,局部皮肤变薄,通透性增加。此外,辐照强度与疼痛程度有关。Braathen等[38]对于难以耐受疼痛的患者采用较低的辐照强度,研究发现临床疗效与对照组相似。Apalla等[39]对55例患者的研究也提出此类观点。常用的镇痛方法主要包括治疗前30分钟给予局部浸润麻醉、口服布洛芬缓释胶囊止痛或局部使用奥布卡因凝胶。还可以通过降低辐照强度、分段照射、给予局部冰袋冷敷及冷风降温等方式缓解疼痛。Biniszkiewicz等[40]的研究中,纳入了24例VLS患者,PDT治疗3~6次后,70.83%的患者瘙痒症状完全消失,耐受性良好。这表明PDT治疗过程较为安全,副作用较小,患者不必对治疗过程可能产生的不良反应产生过度焦虑和恐惧。

3.3. 手术治疗

手术治疗适用于保守治疗无效、外阴结构改变或有恶变倾向的患者[41]。可以减轻疼痛和瘙痒症状,增加局部敏感性,改善性功能并增强性自信[42]。Rouzier等人[43]进行了一项回顾性研究,收集了64例VLS导致的阴道口狭窄并接受手术治疗的患者,结果显示92%的患者术后阴道口疼痛得到缓解,86%的患者性QoL显著改善。手术后应及时进行药物维持治疗,以控制疾病的进展。需要注意的是,手术难以治愈VLS,且创伤大,恢复时间长,在临床上应用具有很大限制。

3.4. 生物治疗

3.4.1. 脂肪源性干细胞疗法

脂肪源性干细胞(Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Therapy, ADSC)的再生潜力在VLS的治疗中发挥重要作用。ADSC治疗VLS的基本原理包括免疫调节、减少炎症以及促进组织再生[44]。这种免疫调节作用有助于缓解由慢性炎症引起的外阴瘙痒、疼痛和不适等症状。此外,ADSC治疗的另一个潜在优势是改善VLS引起的组织纤维化[45]。纤维化和瘢痕组织形成是VLS引起的标志性改变。Boero等[46]报告称,88.7%的患者对ADSC治疗感到满意。性功能以及抑郁和焦虑症状均有所改善(P < 0.05)。在术后活检中,大多数患者的炎症浸润稳定或减少,弹性纤维的分布也得到恢复或改善。

3.4.2. 富血小板血浆注射疗法

富血小板血浆(Platelet-Rich Plasma, PRP)是一种富含生长因子的血液制品,能够通过刺激体内组织再生来修复受损组织,恢复正常功能。PRP包含多种重要蛋白质,如转化生长因子-β (TGF-β)、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF),以及纤连蛋白、黏附蛋白、玻连蛋白和纤维蛋白[47]。这些因子促进血管生成、巨噬细胞活化并调节炎症过程[48],从而缓解疼痛、加速伤口愈合并促进组织修复[49]。通过刺激组织再生和修复,PRP已成为缓解VLS相关症状和体征的潜在治疗选择[50]。安全性是自体PRP治疗的一个重要优势,PRP利用患者自身的血液成分,降低了不良反应和免疫反应的风险[51]。对于一线治疗无效的VLS患者,PRP治疗可能发挥一定的治疗效果。

3.5. 其他治疗

除了上述治疗方法外,冷冻治疗、紫外线光疗(如窄谱UVB)、注射透明质酸混合复合物(HCC)可有效改善VLS症状[52]。在一项前瞻性研究中,30例VLS患者接受了HCC治疗。视觉模拟评分(VAS)显示,疼痛和瘙痒的强度呈下降趋势。与基线评分相比,性功能、润滑度(P = 0.001)和性高潮(P = 0.001)均有显著改善。研究中未报告任何副作用或并发症[53]。然而,关于上述疗法的研究相对较少,缺乏大样本试验支持,其有效性和安全性仍需进一步验证。

4. 对生活质量的影响

4.1. 生理不适

VLS患者常遭受难以忍受的顽固性瘙痒。临床上,约90%的患者会经历不同程度的瘙痒[54],且症状通常在夜间加重。患者可能会频繁抓挠患处,引起皮肤破损和感染,进一步加重病情。疼痛可能是外阴溃疡、糜烂或裂口的结果。外阴溃疡和感染在VLS患者中相对常见,且多为慢性。在严重病例中,VLS可能导致局部瘢痕形成,表现为外阴结构内陷、小阴唇消失、阴蒂粘连以及会阴后联合粘连,从而引起阴道口和肛门狭窄,阴道和宫颈通常不受影响[55]

4.2. 性功能障碍

Van De Nieuwenhof等人[56]的研究指出,在影响患者生活质量的诸多因素中,VLS对性功能的负面影响最为显著。VLS患者FSFI评分显著低于健康对照组,差异具有统计学意义。2021年的一项研究纳入了158名年龄在18至79岁之间的VLS女性患者。其中,83%的性活跃女性报告性功能受到影响,对其QoL产生了中度影响,约40%的参与者表现出抑郁症状[57]。一项病例对照研究表明,与健康对照组相比,VLS患者对性活动的满意度较低,23.7%的VLS患者报告性活动很少或从未令人满意[58]。VLS对性功能的影响可能持续很长时间。尽管治疗后症状有显著改善,但一些患者仍然继续经历性功能障碍,并且性活动频率较低,这可能与疾病引起的焦虑和病耻感有关[59]

4.3. 排尿困难

VLS可导致尿道口狭窄,引起排尿困难。患者可能出现尿流无力、尿频、尿急等泌尿系统症状。严重时,可能会发生尿潴留[60],加重患者的痛苦,增加治疗难度。VLS患者中下尿路感染更为常见。研究表明,VLS患者患间质性膀胱炎的风险是对照人群的5倍[61]。一项回顾性研究指出,VLS患者压力性尿失禁的患病率比普通人群高出14.9% [62]。长期接触尿液等液体可能是一个诱发因素。

4.4. 心理因素

研究表明,VLS患者常伴有焦虑和抑郁等心理问题。一项针对54名VLS患者的研究发现,26%的患者存在焦虑症状,2%患有抑郁症,4%的患者同时受到这两种心理问题的困扰[63]。值得注意的是,焦虑和抑郁情绪可能会加剧疾病症状,形成恶性循环,进一步损害患者的QoL [64]。2015年的一项调查显示,高达20%的外阴疾病患者曾因病情产生过自杀或自残的想法[65]。因此,专科医生在关注疾病本身的同时,也应重视患者的心理健康,积极改进诊断和治疗方法,以减轻患者的身心负担[66]

5. 结语

综上所述,TCS是疾病活动期的一线治疗药物,但长期使用可能会引发外阴灼热、皮肤萎缩、毛细血管扩张或感染等副作用。此外,由于药物治疗周期较长,患者在维持治疗阶段的依从性较差,进而影响药物治疗VLS的效果。物理治疗和注射疗法对于局部用药无效以及停药后复发的VLS患者显示出良好的治疗效果,但仍需更广泛的研究来确定其长期疗效和安全性。本综述强调深入研究VLS的发病机制,不断优化治疗方案,同时加强心理干预并提高公众对该疾病的认知,从而为患者提供更全面的治疗与照护,降低疾病对患者QoL的影响。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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