Combined “Cardio-Pulmonary-Vascular” Ultrasound Assisted Diagnosis of High-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: A Case Report
Severe pulmonary embolism is a relatively dangerous disease in clinical practice, with complex and diverse causes. Among them, pulmonary thromboembolism is the most common, and its emboli mostly originate from lower limb veins. Clinical manifestations mainly include pulmonary circulation and respiratory dysfunction, with a high mortality rate. It is the third leading cause of cardiovascular death in many regions and countries, with high rates of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis, and a poor prognosis. This article combines data from a case of pulmonary embolism to analyze the importance of combining “Cardio-Pulmonary-Vascular” ultrasound in the early diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. Improving the early identification and differentiation of this type of disease is crucial for saving patient lives and improving prognosis.
Combined Ultrasound
患者男性,64岁,因“发作性胸闷、憋喘1月,加重1周”于2023年03月10日收入CCU病房。患者既往冠心病、慢性支气管炎、肺气肿、肺大泡、声带息肉切除,否认近期外伤史。入院体格检查:体温36.5℃,呼吸28次/分,脉搏118次/分,血压113/88 mmHg,VTE评分4分,神志清,精神差,轮椅推入病房,轻度憋喘貌,颈静脉无充盈,双肺呼吸音粗,未闻及明显干湿啰音,心率118次/分,心律齐,心音低,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及杂音,腹软,上腹部压痛,全腹无反跳痛,双下肢无水肿。初步诊断:胸闷待查:心功能不全,肺栓塞,冠心病,肺气肿。入院后急查血化验结果:血气分析:血氧饱和度93.7%,血液酸碱度7.53,二氧化碳分压23 mmHg,氧分压63 mmHg,碱剩余−1.3 mmol/L,血浆D-二聚体17.9 mg/L,B型钠尿肽(BNP)测定10,700 ng/L,肌红白128 ng/ml;肌钙蛋白、甲状腺功能、肾功能、血脂、凝血常规正常。急行床旁超声检查示:超声心动图:二维心脏超声:升主动脉内径39 mm、左房收缩期前后径30 mm、室间隔厚度8 mm、左室舒张期前后径45 mm、左室后壁厚度7 mm、左室射血分数49%主肺动脉内径27 mm、右房收缩期左右经49 mm、右室舒张期左右经49 mm、下腔静脉24 mm,变异度 < 50%,室间隔扁平呈“D”形(
Figure 1. Bedside ultrasound and pulmonary artery CTA images of acute pulmonary embolism
图1. 急性肺栓塞床旁超声及肺动脉CTA图
急性肺栓塞是静脉血栓栓塞症最严重的表现形式,其患病率呈逐年增长趋势,估计发病率为每10万人100~200例
增强CT肺动脉造影(CTPA)和肺通气/灌注扫描是诊断急性PE的金标准
超声心动图中在肺动脉显示血栓直接征象可明确肺栓塞诊断。但在临床工作中肺栓塞时超声很少发现血栓直接征象而明确诊断,往往可以间接通过超声心动图参数表现出来
呼吸困难是肺栓塞最常见的临床症状之一
急性肺栓塞的的血栓75%来源于下肢或盆腔深静脉,床旁超声DVT(POCUS DVT)检查可快速诊断下肢深静脉血栓
总之,急性肺栓塞属于一种危急重症疾病,“心–肺–血管”联合的多器官超声检查是快捷、方便、高效的影像学工具,能够在肺栓塞的逐级诊断过程中发挥不可替代的作用,理应成为一线医生诊断肺栓塞必备的武器。
*通讯作者。