acrvm Asian Case Reports in Vascular Medicine 2326-3490 2326-3504 beplay体育官网网页版等您来挑战! 10.12677/acrvm.2024.123003 acrvm-95490 Articles 医药卫生 心房颤动的新危险因素
New Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation
张羽中 1 1 张建义 2 广西桂林医学院第二附属医院心内科,广西 桂林 广西桂林医学院附属医院心内科一病区,广西 桂林 30 08 2024 12 03 13 20 8 7 :2024 22 7 :2024 22 8 :2024 Copyright © 2024 beplay安卓登录 All rights reserved. 2024 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 心房颤动(AF)的发病率和流行率均在快速上升,已成为全球的流行病。50年来AF的患病率增加了3倍,这其中与一些新的AF危险因素有关,主要包括:1) 肥胖,体重指数每增加1 kg/m 2,AF发生的风险增加5%,腰围每增加9.4 cm、AF风险增加12%。与无肥胖者相比、肥胖者AF风险为18%。2) 老龄化、65岁后发生AF的风险将从2010年的12%增加到2040年的22%。3) 饮酒,中等量饮酒使AF发生的风险增加8%。4) 社会心理因素,工作压力、抑郁、愤怒、焦虑和睡眠障碍等均增高AF风险,心理创伤者AF风险增加13%。5) 癌症、确诊癌症后AF发生率显著增加,乳腺癌AF风险增加14%。化疗者AF发生率为15%~32%。6) 静脉血栓栓塞(VTE),VTE诊断后AF的发生率和AF诊断后VTE的发生率均≥70%。7) 慢性肾病肾小球滤过率降低者,AF风险增加32%~57%。8) 其他如吸烟、过度体育锻炼等也使AF风险显著增加。上述因素引发AF的机制包括心房扩大、神经内分泌系统的激活、电解剖重构、氧化应激、钾离子通道阻断、儿茶酚胺释放、内皮功能障碍、炎症以及心房纤维化等。
Atrial fibrillation (AF) prevalence and incidence are both increasing rapidly, becoming a global epidemic. The AF prevalence has increased by three times in the past 50 years, which is related to some new AF risk factors, including: 1) for obesity, the risk of AF increases by 5% for every 1 kg/m 2increase in body mass index (BMI), and the risk increases by 12% for every 9.4 cm increase in waist circumference. The AF risk for obese individuals is 18% higher than that for non-obese individuals. 2) for aging, the risk of AF will increase from 12% in 2010 to 22% in 2040 after the age of 65. 3) for alcohol consumption, moderate alcohol consumption increases the risk of AF by 8%. 4) for social and psychological factors, work pressure, depression, anger, anxiety, sleep disorders, etc. all increase the risk of AF, and the AF risk for those with psychological trauma is 13% higher. 5) for cancer, the incidence of AF significantly increases after a cancer diagnosis, and the AF risk for breast cancer is 14% higher. The AF incidence for cancer patients is 15%~30%. 6) for venous thromboembolism (VTE), the incidence of AF after a VTE diagnosis and the incidence of VTE after an AF diagnosis are both ≥ 70%. 7) for chronic kidney disease, the risk of AF increases by 32%~57% in patients with decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). 8) Other factors such as smoking and excessive physical exercise also significantly increase the risk of AF. The mechanisms by which these factors trigger AF include atrial enlargement, activation of the neuroendocrine system, electrical anatomical remodeling, oxidative stress, potassium channel blockade, release of catecholamines, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and atrial fibrosis.
心房颤动,肥胖,社会心理因素,癌症,吸烟和饮酒
Atrial Fibrillation
Obesity Psychosocial Factors Cancer Smoking and Alcohol Consumption
1. 引言

心房颤动(房颤、AF)的发病率和流行率均在快速上升,已成为全球的流行病。在过去的50年里,AF的患病率增加了3倍,2016年AF的全球患病率为4630万人。40岁以上的白人AF的终生风险为三分之一,黑人为五分之一。美国有300至600万AF患者,到2050年将达到600至1600万,此时亚洲至少有7200万AF患者,约300万人患有AF相关的脑中风 [1] - [4] 。AF容易导致心力衰竭(HF)和死亡等 [5] - [7] 。引起AF的主要原因包括传统危险因素,如瓣膜性心脏病、高血压、冠心病、心肌病、以及HF等。近年的研究又发现了一些新的危险因素、如肥胖、饮酒、情绪激动等,本文主要介绍与AF发生相关的新危险因素,分以下几个问题进行讨论。

2. 肥胖与房颤的关系

超重和肥胖的流行率在世界范围内显著增加,到2030年全球约有38%的成年人肥胖 [8] 。超重和肥胖与AF风险增加相关,特别是老年后肥胖、AF的风险比年轻时肥胖更显著 [9] [10] 。肥胖又分为普通性肥胖和腹型肥胖(中心性肥胖),两种肥胖均与AF发生的风险相关 [11] [12]

2.1. 普通肥胖与房颤的关系

普通性肥胖是指全身性肥胖。国内外常用的衡量指标是体重指数(BMI),一般以BMI在18.5~ < 25.0为正常,25.0~ < 30.0为超重,≥30.0为肥胖。普通性肥胖与AF的发生有关。Perez等 [14] 报道肥胖者AF风险为12%。多项研究均显示体内脂肪堆积及BMI的增加与AF的发生显著相关 [14] 。韩国Yong等 [15] 研究了501,690名成人,平均随访3.9年,AF的总发生率为1.78/1000人年,其中体重不足和体重正常组AF的发生率分别为1.61和1.56/1000人年,超重和肥胖者AF的发生率分别为2.20和2.54/1000人年(P < 0.001),AF发生的风险分别增加了21% (95%CI: 1.01~1.45, P = 0.043)和52% (95%CI: 1.30~1.78, P < 0.001)。在调整了年龄性别等多重危险因素后,BMI每增加一个SD(增加3.7)、AF发生的风险增加8% (P < 0.001),BMI每增加1 kg/m2,AF风险增加5%。

2.2. 腹型肥胖与房颤的关系

腹型肥胖的衡量指标常用腰围(WC)或腰臀围比(WHR),腹型肥胖的定义为男性WC ≥ 90 cm,女性≥ 80 cm,或WHR男性 ≥ 0.9、女性 ≥ 0.85。几项随访了13~15年的队列研究示、WC或WHR增加者AF发生的风险增加了11%~13%,体脂量或体内脂肪块(body fat mass)升高者AF的风险增加了29%。Yong等 [15] 的研究示腹型肥胖者AF发生的风险增加了35%,示亚洲人腹型肥胖与AF发生的风险更密切。在平均随访的3.9年中,AF的发生率为2.78/1000人年,无腹型肥胖者AF的发生率为1.42/1000人年(P < 0.001),WC每增加1个SD (+9.4 cm)、AF发生的风险增加12% (P < 0.001)。

Yong等 [15] 的研究示BMI并不能完全捕捉腹型肥胖的信息,WC测量可能与AF的风险有额外的关联,特别是在亚洲人群中。亚洲人群的体重指数普遍低于西方人群,腹型肥胖可能是亚洲人群AF的一个重要的、潜在的、可改变的危险因素。

2.3. 肥胖引起AF的机制

确切的机制尚不清楚,几项研究均显示BMI和WC与左心房(LA)扩大显著相关。普通性肥胖和腹型肥胖者均引起LA扩大,LA扩大与AF的发生密切相关。普通性肥胖可引起肥胖性心肌病,心肌病可使心室扩张和心房功能障碍,这些均为AF发生的组织学改变,持续性AF又使LA进一步扩大。LA扩大与神经激素激活增强和心肌电不稳定密切相关,肥胖可引起电解剖重构(electroanatomic remodeling)。肥胖与低度炎症(low-grade inflammation)和心外膜脂肪厚度增加有关,肥胖者C反应蛋白浓度增高是炎症反应的指标之一。肥胖还可通过增加氧化应激直接影响心肌结构,从而促发AF的发生及发展 [16] - [19]

3. 人口老龄化与房颤的关系

增龄是AF最重要的危险因素,65岁后急剧增加,65岁后发生AF的风险将从2010年的12%增加到2040年的22%。Abdelrhman等 [20] 报道伴有AF的老年患者并发症亦显著增加。与年龄相关的许多AF危险因素在几十年内起作用,包括:慢性亚临床炎症、免疫反应的持续性激活等,均为多器官生物衰老的标志;炎症还与内皮功能障碍、胶原分解代谢、转化生长因子ß1活性升高、以及细胞外基质的改变有关;老年人的心肌和血管老化,包括结构、功能、细胞和分子水平的变化等;活性氧浓度升高等均与AF和老龄化有关。因此,虽然是健康老龄化亦可被视为原发性AF的危险因素。控制已知的AF危险因素将减缓这些退行性过程并促进健康寿命 [17] - [20]

4. 房颤流行病学的种族/民族差异

美国AF的总体患病率为1%至2%,亚洲人和黑人的AF患病率低于欧洲血统者,同时比非西班牙裔白人低46%至65%,这与遗传、社会经济和环境因素有关。白人AF患病率几乎是其他种族的2倍。与白人相比,黑人的LA平均小2毫米。欧洲裔美国人AF风险增加的部分原因是单核苷酸多态性(single-nucleotide polymorphism),此外还与祖先信息标记(ancestry informative markers)有关。南亚人、如印度、巴基斯坦、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡等国的少数民族AF的发生率也较低,可能与身材及LA尺寸较小、心脏离子通道的差异等有关 [21] - [23] (当然这些遗传因素不能称之为与本文题目相关的AF新危险因素,只是研究新发现而已)。

5. 吸烟与房颤的关系

吸烟不仅是动脉粥样硬化的危险因素,同时也使AF的风险明显增加,AF发生的风险与吸烟量有依赖关系 [24] - [26] 。吸烟引起AF的机制包括:烟草中的焦油、一氧化碳、尼古丁等、这些均激活促纤维化机制,阻断钾离子通道;直接参与AF的电解剖底物(electroanatomic substrate)的形成;增加全身儿茶酚胺的释放、同时还与炎症、氧化应激、内皮功能障碍和血栓形成等有关;电子烟是否增加AF风险需进一步研究,但电子烟的使用可使心肌梗塞的风险增加2倍 [27]

6. 饮酒与房颤的关系

现代社会中酒精的消耗无处不在,成人一直是超量消耗,因此酒精消耗已确定为AF的危险因素,但是少量或中等量饮酒是否对AF的发生也有影响是一个值得研究的问题。AHA建议男性每天最多2杯,女性最多1杯(2 drinks daily for men and 1 drink for women),多喝一杯则会增加近8%的AF风险。酒精消耗与AF发生的风险呈剂量依赖关系,并与持续的时间相关。长期饮酒者每十年戒酒,AF发生的风险可降低20% (≈2%/年) [28] [29] 。Alireza等 [30] 报道少量及中度饮酒伴有AF者死亡率和HF住院率均显著高于滴酒不沾者。

Voskoboinik等 [31] 对心房进行电生理标测、研究不同饮酒量对心房重构的影响。一个标准酒精量为1~12 g、每周饮2~7个标准量者为少量饮酒组,每周8~21个标准量者为中度饮酒组,结果显示中度饮酒组心房肌瘢痕样损伤及异常电信号的检查率显著高于少量饮酒组,即中度饮酒量可引起心房肌的瘢痕组织形成、心房激动的电压降低、传导速度减慢、进而引发AF,故中度饮酒已成为AF的危险因素之一。

慢性酒精暴露可延长心电图的HV间期、QRS时限和心房肌动作电位,饮酒对LA心肌有直接的毒性、炎症和氧化作用,酒精促进左室重塑,增加左室压力,引起舒张功能障碍,无限制的饮酒可致体重增加和血压升高,进一步促发AF [32]

7. 过度体育活动与房颤的关系

有规律、适度的体育活动(PA)与AF发病率及AF进展呈负相,亦即定期适当的PA对AF有预防作用,中度的PA可使AF风险降低28%,但剧烈的PA则增加AF的风险,高强度的耐力运动发生AF的风险是对照组的5倍。剧烈PA增加AF风险的机制包括:迷走神经张力增加、静息心率降低、心搏出量增加、心室扩张和心肌肥厚,所有这些都可诱发AF [17] [33]

8. 社会心理因素与房颤的关系

社会心理因素与AF的发生显著相关。美国一项针对100万年轻退伍军人(中位年龄27岁)的全国性调查研究示,心理创伤者AF风险为13% [34] 。Hamza等 [35] 报道伴有AF的女性患者年龄较大,有更多的社会心理疾病,症状比男性更明显。社会心理因素可致自主神经张力失调、激素失衡和儿茶酚胺分泌过量,导致LA电生理改变,促进心肌房纤维化。自主神经张力的改变可损害心房电生理模式、促进AF的发生。慢性心理压力,包括工作压力、抑郁、愤怒、焦虑和睡眠障碍可等可导致下丘脑–垂体–肾上腺轴功能异常。睡眠剥夺会破坏昼夜皮质醇浓度的生理平衡,交感神经活动增强和迷走神经活动减弱,这些改变促进了AF的发生与发展 [36] [37] 。Rachel等 [38] 的研究也证实心理压力促进了心房电生理的改变,从而触发AF,亦可称之为应激性AF (stress to AF),这种类型的AF可用B阻断剂阻断。

9. 癌症与房颤的关系

虽然癌症和AF可同时发生,但它们之间的关系尚未得到充分研究。在新发AF后的头三个月内,新诊断出癌症的风险增加了3倍。同样,新诊断的癌症伴随AF发生的风险也显著增加 [39] 。Maria等 [40] 利用丹麦肿瘤注册研究的资料分析显示:小于60岁的患者在确诊乳腺癌半年后发生AF风险增加了两倍,大于60岁的患者在确诊乳腺癌半年至3年后发生AF的风险增加了14%。多种机制可以解释癌症如何促发AF:胸部癌症的手术可能通过心脏浸润、炎症或机械干扰诱发AF;放疗、细胞毒性化疗、靶向治疗和大剂量皮质醇类药物与AF发生有关,如顺铂使用者AF的发生率为15%至32%,蒽环类药物使用者AF的发生率为10%;肿瘤的靶向治疗,如伊鲁替尼(ibrutinib),可引起LA重塑,AF的发生率为38%;引发AF的其他机制包括癌症的并发症,如静脉血栓栓塞、器官功能障碍、代谢紊乱、缺氧及全身性炎症等 [41] [42]

10. 静脉血栓栓塞与房颤的关系

静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)和AF虽为不同的疾病,但彼此密切相关,经常同时发生。与普通人群相比,VTE诊断后AF的发生率和AF诊断后VTE的发生率均≥70% [43] 。VTE的主要并发症是肺动脉栓塞(PE),而PE又易引发AF。这主要是PE患者右心压力增加及右心扩张导致心房结构重塑、活化血小板介导的5-羟色胺释放、高凝状态介导的房纤维化、内皮功能障碍、以及全身炎症等有关 [44] 。Faris等报道 [45] AF和PE有许多共同的危险因素,AF可增加PE的风险,预后较差,AF是PE患者全因死亡率增加的独立危险因素。

11. 睡眠障碍与房颤的关系

睡眠障碍是AF的重要危险因素之一,但睡眠障碍有多种类型。阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSA)是AF的危险因素之一;Matthew等 [46] 研究显示经常在睡眠中醒来而又试图采用各种措施多睡一会的人们更容易发生AF。他们对几百万人进行了5年的随访,在调整了各种潜在的混杂因素后、失眠仍然是预测和诊断AF的依据之一;睡眠中断也是AF的一个危险因素;失眠亦与AF的发生相关,而且这种关系独立于OSA,这一点很重要,因为失眠和OSA是两种完全不同的临床病症(睡眠障碍引起AF的机制见本文第七节)。

12. 慢性肾病与房颤的关系

各种病因导致的慢性肾病(CKD)均会使AF的发生率显著增加。日本一项队列研究示,肾小球滤过率(GFR)为30~59 mL/min的患者与肾功能正常者相比,AF的风险增加32%,GFR < 30 mL/min的患者,AF的风险增加57% [47] 。这主要是引起CKD的病因同时也是AF的危险因素,如高血压和糖尿病等。CKD和AF共同的病理生理途径是肾素–血管紧张素系统(RAS)的激活。RAS激活可启动组织纤维化、氧化应激、肾功能下降、心房肌纤维化、心房压力增加和离子通道的调节异常,CKD和AF也均受全身性炎症的影响。CKD患者如发生AF时4年的死亡率为81% [48]

13. 结论

AF患病率在快速上升,50年来全球AF的患病率增加了3倍,严重威胁着人类的生命与健康。除传统的危险因素外,AF的新危险因素主要包括:肥胖、老龄化、饮酒、吸烟、社会心理因素、工作压力增大、睡眠障碍、癌症及化疗、静脉血栓栓塞、肾功能降低、过度体育锻炼等,这些危险因素可引起心房扩大、神经内分泌系统的激活、电解剖重构、氧化应激、钾离子通道阻断、儿茶酚胺释放、内皮功能障碍、炎症以及心房纤维化等。积极修正一些可变危险因素是AF防治的重要策略之一。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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