Preliminary Study of the Characteristic Chronic Disease Management Mode of Simple Fatty Liver Disease
Purpose: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) constitutes a field of public health challenges, this complex liver disease may lead to significant medical expenses, economic burden and reduced quality of life, its clinical characterization can evolve from simple fat deposition to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and even progress to the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is usually associated with metabolic syndrome, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension and hyperlipidemia. With the rising social quality of life, the number of patients with liver fat accumulation disease caused by non-alcohol (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD) has rapidly increased, spreading across the globe, especially in China’s economically developed areas and other higher income countries, its incidence after the virus of hepatitis, the top of chronic liver diseases, a great threat to people’s health and well-being. Diseases encompassed by NAFLD include non-alcoholic simple fatty liver (NAFL), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and other various forms. Among these, non-alcoholic simple fatty liver (NAFL), where only fat accumulates in at least 5% of hepatocytes, presents a state dominated by macrovesicular steatosis and may cause mild and uncharacteristic inflammation. As an early stage of NAFLD, NAFL is usually seen as a minor health problem and can recover with early intervention. However, because NAFLD does not significantly show any symptoms or signs in the initial stage, patients often ignore the existence of the disease, resulting in a low rate of seeking medical attention, which makes the disease likely to worsen and evolve into more severe diseases such as NASH, cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Although NAFLD is a very common liver disease, few attention has been paid to the policies and strategies needed for the prevention, management and treatment of NAFLD, so it is crucial to explore a chronic disease management model for simple fatty liver disease.
Simple Fatty Liver
NAFLD诊疗指南指出,NAFLD的治疗主要包括药物治疗及非药物治疗,药物治疗主要有胰岛素增敏剂、抗氧化剂、细胞保护剂、他汀类药物等,然而,尽管存在多种药物可供治疗,首先考虑的治疗策略应是改善生活方式,诸如节制食量、改善饮食质量以及持之以恒地开展适宜的有氧及阻力运动。
NAFLD是西医病名,祖国医学中并没有NAFLD这一名称,但在历代文献中,可见于类似的记载,根据其临床特点,例如胁痛、乏力、疲倦、肥胖等,多与祖国医学的“肝胀”、“肥气”、“胁痛”“痰证”等相关。本病的病因大概可概括为以下几个方面:① 过食肥甘:《临证指南医案·湿》:“湿从内生者,必其人膏梁酒醴过度。”《医学入门》亦云:“善食厚味者生痰。”脂肪肝患者常进食过饱,或喜高粱厚味,水谷不能化为精微,反成痰浊膏脂,使脾胃受损,致脾胃运化失常,水湿停聚,痰浊内生,蕴而化热,阻滞气机,气滞血行不畅,导致气、血、痰、浊相互搏结,蕴结于肝,发为本病。② 情志失调:《金匮翼·胁痛统论》曰:“肝郁胁痛者,悲哀恼怒,郁伤肝气。”《杂病源流犀烛·肝病源流》亦云:“气郁,由大怒气逆……以致肤胁肋痛。”肝主疏泄,调畅气机,促进脾胃运化,若肝失疏泄,气机阻滞,影响气血津液运行及脾胃功能。因此情志失调,肝气郁结,气机阻滞,血流不畅,久则气滞、血瘀,瘀阻肝络,而发为本病。
(1) 辨证论治:中医对于疾病的认识和治疗的基本原则就是辨证论证,对于NAFLD的治疗同样需要辩证论治。最近,许多科学调查者接受了古老中医理念,根据病人的具体症状和体质,归纳了非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)的分类诊治方案。在高文艳研究小组看来
(2) 单味药及中药提取物治疗NAFLD
在现实临床环境中,医生很少单独使用一种药物进行治疗,大部分情况下都是采用合剂的方式来治病。然而,结合传统医书中的医学先贤累积的实践知识以及当代的药物作用研究,针对非酒精性脂肪肝疾病(NAFLD)的单味中药治疗也显示出显著疗效。近年来,国内专家通过梳理相关的中医治疗NAFLD的学术著作,揭示了在这些治疗实践中,丹参、山楂、柴胡、泽泻的应用最为广泛,其应用频次超出75%,而郁金、虎杖、半夏、大黄等紧随其后,使用频率在45%以上,荷叶、白术、党参、当归等中药亦经常被采用,其使用比例超过5%。这些中药主要起到疏肝理气、健脾增强体能、活血散瘀等功效,与古代和现代中医学者对NAFLD病因(气滞、湿热、痰湿、血瘀等)的归纳相契合,由此可见,尽管在经典文献中没有把NAFLD单独归类为一个病种,但其治疗原则和策略仍能在辨证施治的框架下找到依据。另外,在现代药理学研究领域,利用现代的科学原则,同样也存在不少有关单药治疗NAFLD的研究成果,证实了这一方法的有效性。山果的提取物在加快脂类物质代谢的心理作用方面具有明显效益,且对治疗高脂血症显示出积极的疗效。
(3) 其他治疗
根据白春艳等人的研究
综上所述,非酒精性脂肪肝病(NAFLD)的患病比例年复一年有增加的势头,它已经普遍成为世界范围内普遍且频繁出现的疾病。然而,这种病的发作原因错综复杂,目前医学上还没有发现能够专门治疗NAFLD的药物。最主要的治疗策略还是转变自身的生活习惯,比如减少摄入的食物分量,优化饮食结构,以及进行恰当的有氧及阻力练习。尽管如此,国内在这方面的研究还相对缺乏。近几年研究热点是中医辩证论治治疗NAFLD、中医特色疗法防治NAFLD、及中医“治未病”思想防治NAFLD,并有多项研究证实单味中药及中药提取物对治疗NAFLD疗效甚好。鉴于这类型疾病在早期阶段通常无明显的症状体现,加之发病较为隐匿,结果是病人往往对健康威胁不够重视,就诊的积极性也相对降低。如此情形,易使得病况恶化至非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、肝硬化甚至肝癌等更为严重的阶段。考虑到非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFL)为非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的早期环节,及时对NAFL进行干预显得格外重要。应用融入中医理念的长期病管理方法不单能降低并发症风险、缓解疾病进程、改善患者的生活质量、减轻家庭与社会的财经负担,初期治疗甚至有望直接痊愈。对此病的防治刻不容缓。本研究在广泛梳理文献和资深专家指导的基础上,形成了一整套带有中医特色的NAFL慢病管理计划,并对NAFL患者实施了四周的干预研究,在跟踪检测参与者健康指标的基础上,来评价该管理方案的效果。通过本研究,旨在探索NAFLD长期病理照顾的有效手段,为提高患者的健康状况和生活水准提出建设性的方针。
*通讯作者。