A Novel Method for Molecular Identification of Genetic Diversity of Plant Resources in Lilium L. (Liliaceae) Based on Taxon-Specific Variable Nucleotide Characters from Whole Chloroplast Genome Sequences
Accurate identification of genetic diversity is essential for utilization of plant resources and further scientific researches. In this paper, 995 taxon-specific variable nucleotide characters in the complete chloroplast genome of 7 species from the genus Lilium L. were used as molecular traits to identify the genetic resources of this plant genus and to compile a molecular classification key for the first time. There are differences in aspects of amount and base composition of variable nucleotide characters among the species. The amount of taxon-specific variable nucleotide characters in Lilium nepalense (791) is the highest, followed by L. formosanum (80), L. hansonii (47), L. callosum (28), L. cernuum (21), L. brownii (19) and L. lancifolium (9). The proportion of A (27.05%) or T (32.24%) is higher than that of C (19.97%) or G (20.73%) in Lilium nepalense. The proportion of A (26.25%) or T (31.25%) is also higher than that of C (22.50%) or G (20.00%) in L. formosanum. In L. hansonii, the highest proportion of A (42.55%) is 5 times that of C (8.51%) and above 2.8 times that of G (14.89%); the proportion of T (34.04%) is 4 times that of C, and more than 2.2 times that of G. The proportion of A (17.86%) is lower than that of T (25.00%), C (28.57%) or G (28.57%) in L. callosum. The proportion of T (47.62%) is more than 2 times that of A (19.05%) , C (19.05%) or G (14.29%) in L. cernuum. The highest proportion of A (47.62%) is 9 times the lowest value of C (5.26%), and the proportion of G (15.79%) or T (31.57%) is about 3 times or 6 times that of C in L. brownii. The proportion of C (44.44%) is about 4 times that of G (11.11%) in L. lancifolium. Our results indicated that taxon-specific variable nucleotide characters from the chloroplast genomes could be used for distinguishing different species successfully in the genus Lilium. The status of Lilium plant specimens collected in the past over 120 years in China is investigated and problems and possible strategies are discussed. This study is valuable for taxonomic revision, conservation and utilization of Lilium plant germplasm resources.
Liliaceae
百合属(Lilium L.)植物(百合科Liliaceae)是具有多年生地下鳞茎(球根)的单子叶草本植物,主要分布在北半球的温带地区。根据表型特征(即种子、叶片、叶柄、珠芽、鳞茎、鳞片数目和质地、花被、花药的着生方式、蜜腺、茎、柱头和茎生根、果实的形状等)进行分类,全球约有134种/亚种/变种
在实际中,同名异物和同物异名导致资源名称混乱使用,制约着相关科研和产业发展。百合属植物资源多样性一直是研究的热点。随着新技术的出现,百合属植物的鉴定研究经历了形态学、细胞学、孢粉学、化学成分、RAPD、PCR-RFLP、AP-PCR、SSCP、SSR标记、DNA条形码技术等阶段,但是,都存在稳定性差、通用性不佳、信息量有限的问题
选取14份样品代表百合属的7个种。供试样品名称及其叶绿体基因组的序列号见
百合属供试样品的质体基因组的长度为152,553 (MT261161.1, Lilium cernuum)~152,677 (KY748296.1, Lilium brownii)个核苷酸。在比对序列中,共检测到1583个核苷酸变异位点,占质体基因组序列全长的约1.04%。其中,各物种的特有核苷酸变异位点数目合计为995个核苷酸,占变异位点总数的62.86%。紫斑百合L. nepalense的特有变异位点的数量(791)最多,依次为台湾百合L. formosanum (80)、竹叶百合L. hansonii (47)、条叶百合L. callosum (28)、垂花百合L. cernuum (21)、野百合L. brownie (19)和卷丹
拉丁学名 | 中文名称 | 序列号 | |
1 | Lilium callosum Siebold et Zucc. | 条叶百合 | MT261160.1 |
2 | Lilium callosum Siebold et Zucc. | 条叶百合 | KY940846.1 |
3 | Lilium lancifolium Thunb. | 卷丹 | KY748297.1 |
4 | Lilium lancifolium Thunb. | 卷丹 | KY940844.1 |
5 | Lilium cernuum Kom. | 垂花百合 | MT261161.1 |
6 | Lilium cernuum Kom. | 垂花百合 | KX354692.1 |
7 | Lilium hansonii Leichtlin ex D.D.T. Moore | 竹叶百合 | MW900174.1 |
8 | Lilium hansonii Leichtlin ex D.D.T. Moore | 竹叶百合 | KM103364.1 |
9 | Lilium brownii F. E. Br. ex Miellez | 野百合 | MK493294.1 |
10 | Lilium brownii F. E. Br. ex Miellez | 野百合 | KY748296.1 |
11 | Lilium formosanum Wallace | 台湾百合 | MT261162.1 |
12 | Lilium formosanum Wallace | 台湾百合 | MK753243.1 |
13 | Lilium nepalense D. Don | 紫斑百合 | MW853784.1 |
14 | Lilium nepalense D. Don | 紫斑百合 | MW136391.1 |
15 | Cardiocrinum cordatum Makino | 大百合* | MT261152.1 |
16 | Cardiocrinum cordatum Makino | 大百合* | KX575837.1 |
17 | Notholirion bulbuliferum (Lingelsh.) Stearn | 假百合* | MN509268.1 |
注:*外类群。
L. lancifolium (9)。紫斑百合的特有变异位点中,A (27.05%)或T (32.24%)的比例明显高于C (19.97%)或G (20.73%)。台湾百合的特有变异位点中,A (26.25%)或T (31.25%)的比例也是多于C (22.50%)或G (20.00%)。
竹叶百合的特有变异位点中,A的比例(42.55%)最高,是C (8.51%)的比例的5倍,是G (14.89%)的比例的2.8倍以上;T的比例(34.04%)是C (8.51%)的比例的4倍,是G (14.89%)的比例的2.2倍以上。条叶百合的特有变异位点中,A的比例(17.86%)低于T (25.00%)、C (28.57%)或G (28.57%)。垂花百合的特有变异位点中,T的比例(47.62%)为A (19.05%)、C (19.05%)或G (14.29%)的2倍以上。野百合的特有变异位点中,A的比例(47.62%)最高,是C (5.26%)的比例的约9倍,G (15.79%)或T (31.57%)的比例分别是C的比例的约3倍和6倍。卷丹的特有变异位点中,C的比例(44.44%)为G的比例(11.11%)的约4倍(见
* | A (%)** | T (%)** | C (%)** | G (%)** | Total***合计(%) |
1a | 214 (27.05) | 255 (32.24) | 158 (19.97) | 164 (20.73) | 791 (79.50/49.97) |
1b | 208 (26.30) | 183 (23.14) | 208 (26.30) | 192 (24.27) | 791 (79.50/49.97) |
2a | 21 (26.25) | 25 (31.25) | 18 (22.50) | 16 (20.00) | 80 (8.04/5.05) |
2b | 21 (26.25) | 25 (31.25) | 18 (22.50) | 16 (20.00) | 80 (8.04/5.05) |
3a | 9 (47.37) | 6 (31.58) | 1 (5.26) | 3 (15.79) | 19 (1.91/1.20) |
3b | 4 (21.05) | 3 (15.79) | 6 (31.58) | 6 (31.58) | 19 (1.91/1.20) |
4a | 20 (42.55) | 16 (34.04) | 4 (8.51) | 7 (14.89) | 47 (4.72/2.97) |
4b | 7 (14.89) | 14 (29.79) | 12 (25.53) | 14 (29.79) | 47 (4.72/2.97) |
5a | 4 (19.05) | 10 (47.62) | 4 (19.05) | 3 (14.29) | 21 (2.11/1.33) |
5b | 4 (19.05) | 5 (23.81) | 9 (42.86) | 3 (14.29) | 21 (2.11/1.33) |
6a | 2 (22.22) | 2 (22.22) | 4 (44.44) | 1 (11.11) | 9 (0.90/0.57) |
6b | 3 (33.33) | 3 (33.33) | 2 (22.22) | 1 (11.11) | 9 (0.90/0.57) |
7a | 5 (17.86) | 7 (25.00) | 8 (28.57) | 8 (28.57) | 28 (2.81/1.77) |
7b | 6 (21.43) | 10 (35.71) | 7 (25.00) | 5 (17.86) | 28 (2.81/1.77) |
合计 | 995/1583 |
注:*该列的序号与检索表内的序号对应;1a. 紫斑百合Lilium nepalense,2a.台湾百合Lilium formosanum,3a. 野百合Lilium brownii,4a. 竹叶百合Lilium hansonii,5a. 垂花百合Lilium cernuum,6a. 卷丹Lilium lancifolium,7a. 条叶百合Lilium callosum;**核苷酸变异位点数(在4种碱基中的占比);***此列括号中,前一个数字是在物种特有变异位点总数(995个)中所占的比例;后一个数字是在全部核苷酸变异位点总数(1583个)中所占的比例。
中国数字植物标本库(
种/亚种/变种/品种 | 中文名 | 标本份数 | ||||
1 | Lilium ‘Casa Blanca’ | [卡萨布兰卡]百合([香水]百合) | 1 | |||
2 | Lilium ‘Connecticut King’ | [康皇]百合 | 1 | |||
3 | Lilium longiflorum var. scabrum Masam. | 糙茎百合 | 2 | |||
4 | Lilium amabile Palib. | 秀丽百合 | 25 | |||
5 | Lilium amoenum E.H. Wilson ex Sealy | 玫红百合 | 38 | |||
6 | Lilium apertum Franch. | 开瓣百合 | 3 | |||
7 | Lilium auratum Lindl. | 天香百合 | 20 | |||
8 | Lilium bakerianum Collett & Hemsl. | 滇百合 | 174 | |||
9 | Lilium bakerianum var. bakerianum | 滇百合 | 1 | |||
10 | Lilium bakerianum var. delavayi (Franch.) E.H. Wilson | 黄绿花滇百合 | 124 | |||
11 | Lilium bakerianum var. rubrum Stearn | 紫红花滇百合 | 82 | |||
12 | Lilium bakerianum var. yunnanense (Franch.) Sealy ex Woodcock & Stearn | 无斑滇百合 | 41 | |||
13 | Lilium brevistylum (S. Yun Liang) S. Yun Liang | 短柱小百合 | 3 | |||
14 | Lilium brownii F.E. Br. ex Miellez | 野百合 | 1375 | |||
15 | Lilium brownii var. brownii | 野百合 | 13 | |||
16 | Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker | 百合 | 840 | |||
17 | Lilium bulbiferum L. | 珠芽百合 | 3 | |||
18 | Lilium callosum Siebold & Zucc. | 条叶百合 | 136 | |||
19 | Lilium callosum var. callosum | 条叶百合 | 2 | |||
20 | Lilium canadense L. | 加拿大百合 | 10 | |||
21 | Lilium carniolicum Bernh. ex Mert. & W.D.J. Koch | 1 | ||||
22 | Lilium catesbaei Walter | 松树百合 | 5 | |||
23 | Lilium cernuum Kom. | 垂花百合 | 72 | |||
24 | Lilium columbianum hort. ex Leichtlin | 哥伦比亚百合 | 11 | |||
25 | Lilium concolor Salisb. | 渥丹 | 511 | |||
26 | Lilium concolor var. concolor | 渥丹 | 11 | |||
27 | Lilium concolor var. megalanthum F.T.Wang & Tang | 大花百合 | 39 | |||
28 | Lilium concolor var. partheneion (Siebold & de Vriese) Baker | 矮百合 | 14 | |||
29 | Lilium concolor var. pulchellum (Fisch.) Baker | 有斑百合 | 450 | |||
30 | Lilium davidii Duch. | 川百合 | 392 | |||
31 | Lilium cordatum var. glehnii (F. Schmidt) Woodcock & Coutts | 4 | ||||
32 | Lilium davidii var. davidii | 川百合 | 5 | |||
33 | Lilium davidii var. willmottiae (E.H. Wilson) Raffill | 兰州百合 | 62 | |||
34 | Lilium distichum Nakai | 东北百合 | 307 | |||
35 | Lilium duchartrei Franch. | 宝兴百合 | 423 | |||
36 | Lilium elegans Thunb. | 雅致百合 | 7 | |||
37 | Lilium esquamatum var. aureum | 金黄无鳞片百合 | 1 | |||
38 | Lilium eupetes J.M.H. Shaw | 树生百合 | 1 | |||
39 | Lilium fargesii Franch. | 绿花百合 | 85 | |||
40 | Lilium floridum J.L. Ma & Yan Jun Li | 凤凰百合 | 2 | |||
41 | Lilium formosanum A. Wallace | 台湾百合 | 23 | |||
42 | Lilium hansonii Leichtlin ex D.D.T. Moore | 竹叶百合 | 11 | |||
43 | Lilium henrici Franch. | 墨江百合 | 35 | |||
44 | Lilium henrici var. maculatum (W.E. Evans) Woodcock & Stearn | 斑块百合 | 4 | |||
45 | Lilium henryi Baker | 湖北百合 | 71 | |||
46 | Lilium jankae A. Kern. | 杨克百合 | 2 | |||
47 | Lilium japonicum Thunb. ex Houtt. | 日本百合 | 23 | |||
48 | Lilium kelleyanum Lemmon | 凯丽百合 | 2 | |||
49 | Lilium lancifolium Thunb. | 卷丹 | 669 | |||
50 | Lilium lankongense Franch. | 匍茎百合 | 145 | |||
51 | Lilium leichtlinii Hook.f. | 柠檬色百合 | 16 | |||
52 | Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii (Regel) Baker | 大花卷丹 | 81 | |||
53 | Lilium leucanthum Baker | 宜昌百合 | 183 | |||
54 | Lilium leucanthum var. centifolium (Stapf ex Elwes) Woodcock & Coutts | 紫脊百合 | 9 | |||
55 | Lilium leucanthum var. leucanthum | 宜昌百合 | 1 | |||
56 | Lilium lijiangense L.J. Peng | 丽江百合 | 11 | |||
57 | Lilium linearifolianum S.S. Ying | 线叶十字兰 | 2 | |||
58 | Lilium longiflorum Thunb. | 麝香百合 | 66 | |||
59 | Lilium lophophorum Franch. | 尖被百合 | 470 | |||
60 | Lilium lophophorum var. linearifolium (Sealy) S. Yun Liang | 线叶百合 | 5 | |||
61 | Lilium lophophorum Franch.var. lophophorum | 尖被百合 | 2 | |||
62 | Lilium maculatum Thunb. | 斑点百合 | 13 | |||
63 | Lilium maculatum var. bukosanense (Honda) H. Hara | 3 | ||||
64 | Lilium maculatum Thunb.var. maculatum | 斑点百合 | 1 | |||
65 | Lilium maritimum Kellogg | 滨百合 | 1 | |||
66 | Lilium martagon L. | 欧洲百合 | 19 | |||
67 | Lilium martagon var. pilosiusculum Freyn | 新疆百合 | 56 | |||
68 | Lilium matangense J.M. Xu | 马塘百合 | 9 | |||
69 | Lilium medeoloides A. Gray | 浙江百合 | 35 | |||
70 | Lilium medogense S. Yun Liang | 墨脱百合 | 4 | |||
71 | Lilium michauxii Poir. | 米氏百合 | 3 | |||
72 | Lilium monadelphum M. Bieb. | 单雄蕊百合 | 1 | |||
73 | Lilium nanum Klotzsch | 小百合 | 131 | |||
74 | Lilium nanum var. flavidum (Rendle) Sealy | 黄花小百合 | 23 | |||
75 | Lilium nepalense D. Don | 紫斑百合 | 67 | |||
76 | Lilium papilliferum Franch. | 乳头百合 | 40 | |||
77 | Lilium paradoxum Stearn | 藏百合 | 8 | |||
78 | Lilium pardalinum Kellogg | 豹纹百合 | 2 | |||
79 | Lilium pardalinum subsp. shastense (Eastw.) M.W. Skinner | 沙斯特百合 | 1 | |||
80 | Lilium parvum Kellogg | 小豹纹百合 | 2 | |||
81 | Lilium pensylvanicum Ker Gawl. | 宾州百合 | 325 | |||
82 | Lilium philadelphicum L. | 费城百合 | 7 | |||
83 | Lilium philippinense Baker | 菲律宾百合 | 1 | |||
84 | Lilium pinifolium L.J. Peng | 松叶百合 | 1 | |||
85 | Lilium primulinum Baker | 报春百合 | 4 | |||
86 | Lilium primulinum var. burmanicum (W.W. Sm.) Stearn | 紫喉百合 | 100 | |||
87 | Lilium primulinum var. ochraceum (Franch.) Stearn | 川滇百合 | 139 | |||
88 | Lilium puerense Y.Y. Qian | 普洱百合 | 3 | |||
89 | Lilium pumilum Redouté | 山丹 | 1968 | |||
90 | Lilium pumilum var. arachnoideum | 1 | ||||
91 | Lilium regale E.H. Wilson | 岷江百合 | 40 | |||
92 | Lilium rockii R.H. Miao | 洛克百合 | 2 | |||
93 | Lilium rosthornii Diels | 南川百合 | 125 | |||
94 | Lilium rubellum Baker | 红花百合 | 4 | |||
95 | Lilium saluenense (Balf.f.) S. Yun Liang | 碟花百合 | 1 | |||
96 | Lilium sargentiae E.H. Wilson | 通江百合 | 253 | |||
97 | Lilium sempervivoideum H. Lév. | 蒜头百合 | 40 | |||
98 | Lilium souliei (Franch.) Sealy | 紫花百合 | 130 | |||
99 | Lilium speciosum Thunb. | 美丽百合 | 59 | |||
100 | Lilium speciosum var. gloriosoides Baker | 药百合 | 160 | |||
101 | Lilium stewartianum Balf.f. & W.W. Sm. | 单花百合 | 44 | |||
102 | Lilium sulphureum Baker | 淡黄花百合 | 90 | |||
103 | Lilium superbum L. | 头巾百合 | 4 | |||
104 | Lilium taliense Franch. | 大理百合 | 176 | |||
105 | Lilium tsingtaoense Gilg | 青岛百合 | 55 | |||
106 | Lilium wardii Stapf ex W.W. Sm. | 卓巴百合 | 54 | |||
107 | Lilium washingtonianum Kellogg | 华盛顿百合 | 1 | |||
108 | Lilium yapingense Y.D. Gao & X.J. He | 亚坪百合 | 1 | |||
合计 | 11,333 |
是紫花百合Lilium souliei (Franch.) Sealy的异名;Lilium speciosum form rubrum (Lem.) Mast.是美丽百合Lilium speciosum Thunb.的异名;Lilium habaense F.T. Wang & Tang、Lilium xanthellum F.T. Wang & Tang、Lilium xanthellum var. luteum S. Yun Liang是单花百合Lilium stewartianum Balf.f. & W.W. Sm.的异名;Lilium myriophyllum Franch.是淡黄花百合Lilium sulphureum Baker的异名;Lilium jinfushanense L. J. Peng & B.N. Wang是大理百合Lilium taliense Franch.的异名;Lilium carneum Nakai、Lilium miquelianum Makino是青岛百合Lilium tsingtauense Gilg的异名;有些名称实际上是百合科其它属的物种的异名,例如,Lilium cordifolium Thunb. Lilium cordatum (Thunb.) Koidz & Airy Shaw是大百合属的大百合Cardiocrinum cordatum Makino的异名;Lilium giganteum Wall.是大百合属的Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino的异名;Lilium giganteum var. yunnanense Leichtlin ex Elwes是大百合属云南大百合Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense (Elwes) Stearn的异名;Lilium cathayanum E.H. Wilson是大百合属的Cardiocrinum cathayanum (E.H. Wilson) Stearn的异名;Lilium hyacinthinum E.H. Wilson是假百合属的假百合Notholirion bulbuliferum (Lingelsh.) Stearn的异名;Lilium macrophyllum (D. Don) Voss是大叶假百合Notholirion macrophyllum Boiss.的异名。同名异物和同物异名造成了一定的混乱,制约着物种鉴定研究和相关学科领域的发展。
53%以上的百合属植物标本的采集日期为50年以前,DNA保存质量较差。少数物种的标本数量较多,例如,山丹L. pumilum Redouté(1968份)、野百合L. brownii F.E. Br. ex Miellez(1375份)、百合(变种)L. brownii var. viridulum Baker(840份)等。3份(含)以上标本的物种有81种/亚种/变种。低于3份标本的物种有27种/亚种/变种/品种。现有的标本材料不足以支持全面研究百合属所有物种的分子鉴定和系统发生关系。在出现过的百合名称(181个)中,异名(73)占40.33%。很多文献仅限于局部区域的百合属植物资源调查和研究,存在物种鉴定不够准确或没有区分接受名和异名的问题。部分百合属植物的分类认识提升仅通过一个项目组很难彻底完成,原因是某些关键技术被其他研究团队掌握,但他们不一定熟悉资源,因此,各研究团队应该将供试样品的标本同时备份一套到国家植物标本馆,以降低分类混乱现象造成的不良影响。净化处理后产生的符合标准的再生水及泥土可提高百合种植业的产量。对21国40个植物标本馆的4500份标本的取样调查结果显示,50%以上的热带植物标本存在名称鉴定错误
本研究首次报道基于质体基因组变异位点的百合属植物分子分类检索表方法,与百合属植物的全球种类数量相比,目前产业化可利用的百合资源的种类相对有限。有必要在百合属130余个物种范围内进一步筛选和培育更多优质食用、药用和观赏类型。本研究可为百合属植物资源的保护和利用提供技术基础。本研究从叶绿体基因组大数据中提取有物种分类价值的关键特征数据,在应用人工智能监测和管理全球植物资源多样性方面可达到节省算力、提高运算速度的目的。
本研究得到天津市人力资源和社会保障局、天津市人力资源建设服务中心、上海市人力资源和社会保障局、上海计算技术培训中心、安徽省人力资源和社会保障厅、中国科学技术大学、江西省人力资源和社会保障厅、井冈山大学、北京市人力资源和社会保障局、北京城市排水集团有限责任公司以及人力资源社会保障部国家专业技术人才知识更新工程项目的热情支持。感谢曾明华老师和王进华老师的热情指导。徐秀萍老师和田宏参与了有意义的讨论。本调查得到国家植物标本资源库(National Plant Specimen Resource Center)平台的支持。
国家自然科学基金项目(No. 31770744)。
*通讯作者。