New Developments in Screening and Treatment of Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions
Cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) are a group of cervical lesions that can progress to cervical cancer, mainly caused by persistent infection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). They are divided into low-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). Cervical cancer is one of the common gynecological malignancies that seriously endanger the life and health of women worldwide. It takes about 5~10 years for SIL to develop into cervical cancer. Most LSILs can naturally regress, but a small number of LSILs still have the possibility of disease progression. HSIL has a high potential to develop into cervical cancer, which seriously endangers women’s health. Therefore, timely detection and active treatment of advanced cervical intraepithelial neoplasia are crucial for preventing cervical cancer.
Cervical Cancer
TCT是使用宫颈细胞采样刷顺时针旋转采取及收集宫颈及宫颈管组织细胞,放入细胞保存液中保存送检,经系统程序化处理后完成检测
阴道镜检查:在检查前患者需完善相关检查化验,取膀胱截石位,阴道窥器充分暴露宫颈,用5%冰醋酸棉球外敷宫颈组织,观察宫颈组织醋白试验变化,后再在醋白上皮基础上用卢布碘棉球擦拭宫颈,观察碘着色情况,对可疑病变处行多点活检,必要时行宫颈管搔刮术(ECC),取下标本标记并置入10%甲醛溶液中固定送病理检查
阴道镜拟诊结果:NILM、宫颈赘生物或增生物、宫颈出血、阴道镜检查未见异常(TCT高级别检查结果)、LSIL、HSIL、可疑宫颈浸润癌
光动力疗法(PDT)是一种新型用于治疗癌前病变和肿瘤的非手术靶向治疗,PDT分为系统给药和局部给药两种给药方式,系统给药是经静脉给光敏药,局部给药是局部外敷光敏药
治疗方法:需要参照阴道镜宫颈活检视图,阴道镜检查是通过对宫颈行醋白试验和碘试验之后,借助检查镜将病灶放大10~40倍,肉眼观察局部组织形态改变所形成的图像,协助临床及早发现癌前病变,在参照阴道镜宫颈活检视图下、在月经干净后3~7天行采用LEEP刀手术,选择局部浸润麻醉或静脉麻醉,根据宫颈癌前病变的范围及病变深度选择恰当的切割深度,以超过病变外缘3毫米、深度 ≥ 10毫米为宜,将切除组织送病理检查,电凝止血
研究表明,LEEP术具有手术时间短,出血量少,住院时间少,术后2周出现脱痂期的阴道出血率低,阴道感染率低,并发症发生率低等优点,术后3个月仍有部分患者检测出阳性,但联合其他治疗方法加以根治,复查转阴率高,并且可确保治疗后宫颈恢复的完整性以及降低对患者的身心伤害
宫颈冷刀锥切术:在全身麻醉或腰硬联合麻醉下取膀胱截石位,碘伏消毒宫颈,注入血管收缩剂减少术中出血,涂抹卢戈氏液确定病变范围,在未着色部位区域外5 mm处行冷刀环形锥切,切除深度约2~3 cm,切除病变组织后对切口进行缝合,再使用0.05%聚维碘酮纱布填塞创口压迫止血,之后将标本固定送检、术毕
CKC在彻底切除病灶的同时不会对切缘有灼伤及热损伤,能够保证标本病理结果诊断的完整性,是临床上广泛应用于治疗高级别宫颈上皮内瘤变手术的术式
综上所述,早期筛查尽早识别宫颈病变,及时采取措施干预宫颈鳞状上皮内病变对于预防宫颈癌有重要意义