Comparison of Early Postoperative Corneal Densitometry Changes in TransPRK, SMILE, and FS-LASIK for Myopia Patients
Objective: To compare the changes in corneal densitometry (CD) in patients following TransPRK, SMILE, and FS-LASIK surgeries in the early postoperative period. Methods: A retrospective controlled study was conducted to collect data from the right eyes of 205 patients who underwent refractive laser surgery from January 2020 to June 2023, including 76 eyes for TransPRK, 66 eyes for SMILE, and 63 eyes for FS-LASIK. Pentacam was used to measure corneal densitometry (CD) preoperatively, one month postoperatively, and three months postoperatively. Repeated measures analysis of variance was applied to compare the differences in CD values across three different layers (anterior, middle, and posterior) and three diameter ranges (0~2 mm, 2~6 mm, and 6~10 mm).Results: In the TransPRK group, there was a significant increase in CD values in the anterior layer (2~6 mm) and middle layer (0~2 mm) one month postoperatively compared to preoperative values (both p < 0.001). Additionally, the CD in the middle layer (0~2 mm) was higher than that in the FS-LASIK group (p = 0.012). At three months postoperatively, the CD values in the middle and posterior layers (0~2 mm and 2~6 mm) were significantly increased compared to preoperative values (both p < 0.01). Notably, the CD in the middle layer (0~2 mm) was higher than that in the other two surgical groups (both p < 0.01), and the CD in the posterior layer (0~2 mm) was higher than that in the FS-LASIK group (p = 0.025). In the SMILE group, there was an increase in CD values in the anterior layer (2~6 mm) and middle layer (0~2 mm and 2~6 mm) one month postoperatively compared to preoperative values (all p < 0.05). In the FS-LASIK group, there was a significant increase in CD values in the full range of the anterior layer and the middle layer (2~6 mm) three months postoperatively (all p < 0.05).Conclusion: TransPRK has a significant impact on the CD in the middle layer (0~2 mm) of the cornea, necessitating enhanced management in the early postoperative period. The CD value in the middle layer (0~2 mm) can serve as a sensitive indicator for observing changes in corneal transparency following surgery.
Corneal Densitometry (CD)
角膜是眼屈光的主要组成部分,其屈光度取决于光滑程度、曲率及其透明性。角膜光密度作为反映角膜透明和健康程度的客观定量评估指标
回顾分析2020年1月至2023年6月于汕头大学·香港中文大学联合汕头国际眼科中心行近视激光手术的患者数据(TransPRK组76例、FS-LASIK组63例、SMILE组66例),右眼纳入分析。本研究获汕头大学·香港中文大学联合汕头国际眼科中心伦理委员会批准(批件号:EC 20210901(8)-P03)。纳入标准:1) 年龄18~38岁的屈光不正患者,男女性别不限;2) 所有入组对象术前检查结果均符合相应手术指征(参照2015版《激光角膜屈光手术临床诊疗专家共识》
1) 术前常规检查裸眼视力(uncorrected visual acuity, UCVA)、屈光度数(主观、客观及睫状肌麻痹验光法)、最佳矫正视力、裂隙灯检查、泪膜破裂时间、非接触式眼压检查,并使用Pentacam三维眼前节分析仪进行角膜地形图检查。术前3天常规使用0.3%左氧氟沙星滴眼液,每天4次滴双眼。所有患者均由同一位熟练掌握Trans-PRK、SMILE和FS-LASIK技术的高年资医师完成手术。
2) TransPRK组手术及用药:使用SCHWINDAMARIS 750RS准分子激光治疗系统(德国SCHWIND公司)对角膜上皮层及基质层进行消融,复方电解质眼内冲洗液冲洗术眼后,佩戴角膜绷带镜并于术后第5天取出。术后用药:左氧氟沙星滴眼液连续点眼1周,4次/天;双氯芬酸钠滴眼液点眼3天,4次/天;0.1%氟米龙滴眼液点眼2.5个月,第1个月4次/天,往后每半月减量一次;人工泪液点眼3个月,4次/天。
3) SMILE组手术及用药:VisuMax全飞秒激光屈光手术系统(德国Carl Zeiss公司)使用飞秒激光制作角膜透镜,并于角膜微切口取出基质透镜。术后用药:氧氟沙星眼膏睡前涂眼1周,左氧氟沙星滴眼液连续点眼1周,4次/天;0.1%氟米龙滴眼液点眼1个月,第1周4次/天,逐周减一次;人工泪液点眼3个月,4次/天。
4) FS-LASIK组手术及用药:ZIEMER FEMTO LDV飞秒激光治疗仪(瑞士Ziemer公司)使用飞秒激光制作角膜瓣后,翻转角膜瓣,通过SCHWINDAMARIS 750RS准分子激光治疗系统(德国SCHWIND公司)对基质层进行消融;使用复方电解质眼内冲洗液冲洗层间后复位角膜瓣。术后用药:左氧氟沙星滴眼液连续点眼1周,4次/天;0.1%氟米龙滴眼液点眼1个月,第1周4次/天,逐周减一次;人工泪液点眼3个月,4次/天。
5) 术后常规检查术后进行UCVA、屈光度数、BCVA、非接触眼压和裂隙灯检查,术后1个月及3个月通过Pentacam测量角膜光密度数值,分区为:前层(前60 μm)、中层、后层(后120 μm)及顶点周围0~2 mm、2~6 mm、6~10 mm、10~12 mm,如
回顾性非随机对照研究。应用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布的数据用均数 ± 标准差表示,差异性比较采用方差分析,不符合正态分布则以M (P25, P75)表示,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。三组间术前的年龄、暗室瞳孔大小、眼压、最薄点角膜厚度、角膜前表面曲率(前表面平坦曲率K1f、前表面陡峭曲率K2f)、眼轴,球镜、柱镜、SE及BCVA和术后的UCVA、SE及BCVA均采用单因素方差进行分析,三组间性别的构成采用卡方检验比较。三组间手术前后角膜光密度变化的对比采用重复测量方差进行分析。P < 0.05时差异具有统计学意义。
TransPRK组 |
SMILE组 |
FS-LASIK组 |
p值 |
|
Mean ± SD |
Mean ± SD |
Mean ± SD |
||
性别(男/女) |
47/29 |
35/31 |
30/33 |
0.233 |
年龄 |
23.25 ± 4.96 |
24.77 ± 5.17 |
24.94 ± 4.84 |
0.086 |
暗室瞳孔大小 |
6.44 ± 0.82 |
6.32 ± 0.80 |
6.50 ± 0.83 |
0.436 |
续表
眼压 |
15.75 ± 2.56 |
15.58 ± 2.56 |
16.30 ± 2.56 |
0.256 |
术前角膜厚度 |
537.12 ± 38.53 |
547.55 ± 30.04 |
548.21 ± 34.74 |
0.104 |
K1f |
42.85 ± 1.21 |
42.81 ± 1.25 |
42.76 ± 1.22 |
0.908 |
K2f |
43.75 ± 1.29 |
43.83 ± 1.36 |
43.86 ± 1.39 |
0.886 |
眼轴 |
25.15 ± 0.81 |
25.34 ± 0.85 |
25.40 ± 0.79 |
0.172 |
术前球镜 |
−3.2 ± 1.13 |
−3.50 ± 0.74 |
−3.49 ± 1.02 |
0.128 |
术前柱镜 |
−0.48 ± 0.4 |
−0.64 ± 0.05 |
−0.56 ± 0.48 |
0.14 |
术前等效球镜 |
−3.45 ± 1.13 |
−3.81 ± 0.80 |
−3.78 ± 1.01 |
0.053 |
术前BCVA |
−0.04 ± 0.05 |
−0.05 ± 0.05 |
−0.05 ± 0.04 |
0.246 |
p < 0.05具有统计学意义;Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
TransPRK |
SMILE |
FS-LASIK |
p值 |
|
Mean ± SD |
Mean ± SD |
Mean ± SD |
||
术后1月UCVA |
−0.02 ± 0.07 |
−0.03 ± 0.06 |
−0.04 ± 0.07 |
0.230 |
术后1月SE |
0.01 ± 0.21 |
0.02 ± 0.24 |
0.06 ± 0.27 |
0.469 |
术后1月BCVA |
−0.05 ± 0.06 |
−0.05 ± 0.06 |
−0.06 ± 0.06 |
0.301 |
术后3月UCVA |
−0.04 ± 0.08 |
−0.04 ± 0.05 |
−0.05 ± 0.06 |
0.657 |
术后3月SE |
0.01 ± 0.23 |
−0.02 ± 0.18 |
0.03 ± 0.17 |
0.421 |
术后3月BCVA |
−0.07 ± 0.06 |
−0.06 ± 0.06 |
−0.0 ± 0.06 |
0.860 |
p < 0.05具有统计学意义;Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
术前及术后三种手术方式各层各范围角膜光密度结果见
TransPRK组内,与术前相比,术后1月时,前层2~6 mm范围角膜光密度增加(d = 1.195, p < 0.001)、中层0~2 mm范围角膜光密度增加(d = 0.561, p = 0.001),其余各层各范围角膜光密度随时间变化无统计学差异。与术前相比,术后3月时,中层0~2 mm、2~6 mm范围角膜光密度均增加(d = 1.326, p < 0.001; d = 0.817, p < 0.001),后层0~2 mm、2~6 mm范围角膜光密度均增加(d = 0.687, p = 0.004; d = 0.614, p = 0.005);与术后1月相比,术后3月时中层0~2 mm、2~6 mm范围角膜光密度均增加(d = 0.766, p = 0.002; d = 0.571, p = 0.009)。其余各层各范围角膜光密度随时间的变化无统计学差异。
SMILE组内,与术前相比,术后1月时,前层2~6 mm范围角膜光密度增加(d = 0.950, p = 0.013),中层0~2 mm、2~6 mm范围角膜光密度均增加(d = 0.621, p = 0.001; d = 0.438, p = 0.006)。其余各层各范围角膜光密度随时间的变化无统计学差异。
FS-LASIK组内,与术前相比,术后1月时各层各范围角膜光密度随时间的变化无统计学差异。与术前相比,术后3个月时,前层0~2 mm、2~6 mm、6~10 mm范围角膜光密度均增加(d = 1.598, p = 0.039; d = 1.706, p = 0.007; d = 1.210, p = 0.027),中层2~6 mm范围角膜光密度增加(d = 0.554, p = 0.047)。与术后1月相比,术后3个月时前层0~2 mm、2~6 mm、6~10 mm范围角膜光密度均增加(d = 1.386, p = 0.046; d = 1.448, p = 0.011l; d = 1.314, p = 0.005),中层2~6 mm范围角膜光密度增加(d = 0.549, p = 0.028)。其余各层各范围角膜光密度随时间的变化无统计学差异。
层次 |
范围 |
术前 |
术后1月 |
术后3月 |
||||||
TransPRK |
SMILE |
FS-LASIK |
TransPRK |
SMILE |
FS-LASIK |
TransPRK |
SMILE |
FS-LASIK |
||
前层 |
0~2 mm |
18.78 ± 4.6 |
17.85 ± 3.30 |
17.55 ± 3.39 |
18.16 ± 4.30 |
18.76 ± 4.13 |
17.76 ± 3.97 |
19.08 ± 4.48 |
18.67 ± 4.34 |
19.15 ± 4.43 |
2~6 mm |
17.08 ± 3.89 |
16.32 ± 2.78 |
16.03 ± 2.97 |
15.88 ± 3.48 |
17.27 ± 3.59 |
16.29 ± 3.39 |
16.86 ± 3.61 |
17.23 ± 3.93 |
17.74 ± 3.96 |
|
6~10 mm |
16.84 ± 4.09 |
15.67 ± 2.73 |
15.77 ± 2.96 |
15.99 ± 4.26 |
15.91 ± 2.90 |
15.66 ± 2.85 |
16.50 ± 4.24 |
15.85 ± 3.80 |
16.98 ± 3.35 |
|
中层 |
0~2 mm |
12.41 ± 1.67 |
12.21 ± 1.36 |
12.02 ± 1.39 |
12.97 ± 1.8 |
12.83 ± 1.73 |
12.11 ± 1.63 |
13.73 ± 2.13 |
12.72 ± 1.71 |
12.62 ± 1.62 |
2~6 mm |
11.26 ± 1.38 |
11.13 ± 1.18 |
10.95 ± 1.29 |
11.50 ± 1.52 |
11.57 ± 1.41 |
10.96 ± 1.44 |
12.07 ± 1.71 |
11.49 ± 1.50 |
11.51 ± 1.45 |
|
6~10 mm |
11.43 ± 1.75 |
11.34 ± 1.60 |
11.4 ± 1.94 |
11.45 ± 2.00 |
11.37 ± 1.74 |
11.23 ± 1.76 |
11.66 ± 2.00 |
11.27 ± 2.11 |
11.83 ± 1.90 |
|
后层 |
0~2 mm |
10.17 ± 1.56 |
10.67 ± 1.73 |
10.36 ± 1.94 |
10.49 ± 1.60 |
10.58 ± 1.67 |
10.03 ± 1.86 |
10.86 ± 1.59 |
10.4 ± 1.59 |
10.14 ± 1.58 |
2~6 mm |
9.37 ± 1.33 |
9.80 ± 1.49 |
9.56 ± 1.72 |
9.67 ± 1.41 |
9.82 ± 1.49 |
9.33 ± 1.67 |
9.99 ± 1.40 |
9.71 ± 1.50 |
9.57 ± 1.45 |
|
6~10 mm |
9.70 ± 1.40 |
9.95 ± 1.35 |
9.91 ± 1.78 |
10.00 ± 1.66 |
10.07 ± 1.62 |
9.87 ± 1.68 |
10.23 ± 1.62 |
10.01 ± 1.94 |
10.31 ± 1.75 |
*以均数 ± 标准差表示*expressed as mean ± SD values
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
||||||||
前层 |
F |
p值 |
η2 |
F |
p值 |
η2 |
F |
p值 |
η2 |
|
时间 |
3.399 |
0.035 |
0.033 |
4.311 |
0.015 |
0.041 |
3.633 |
0.028 |
0.035 |
|
手术方式 |
0.422 |
0.656 |
0.004 |
0.267 |
0.766 |
0.003 |
0.764 |
0.467 |
0.008 |
|
时间 * 手术方式 |
2.861 |
0.023 |
0.028 |
6.778 |
<0.001 |
0.063 |
3.267 |
0.012 |
0.031 |
|
中层 |
时间 |
17.951 |
<0.001 |
0.152 |
10.819 |
<0.001 |
0.097 |
1.993 |
0.139 |
0.019 |
手术方式 |
6.092 |
0.003 |
0.057 |
2.985 |
0.053 |
0.029 |
0.257 |
0.774 |
0.003 |
|
时间 * 手术方式 |
3.384 |
0.010 |
0.032 |
2.444 |
0.046 |
0.024 |
1.450 |
0.217 |
0.014 |
|
后层 |
时间 |
0.469 |
0.626 |
0.005 |
1.353 |
0.261 |
0.013 |
3.609 |
0.029 |
0.035 |
手术方式 |
1.406 |
0.247 |
0.014 |
0.910 |
0.404 |
0.009 |
0.025 |
0.975 |
0.000 |
|
时间 * 手术方式 |
3.576 |
0.007 |
0.034 |
2.764 |
0.027 |
0.027 |
1.519 |
0.196 |
0.015 |
p < 0.05具有统计学意义;Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
|||||||||
F |
p值 |
η2 |
F |
p值 |
η2 |
F |
p值 |
η2 |
|||
前层 |
手术方式 |
术前 |
1.979 |
0.141 |
0.019 |
1.901 |
0.152 |
0.018 |
2.689 |
0.070 |
0.026 |
术后1月 |
0.962 |
0.384 |
0.009 |
2.907 |
0.057 |
0.028 |
0.163 |
0.849 |
0.002 |
||
术后3月 |
0.222 |
0.801 |
0.002 |
0.914 |
0.403 |
0.009 |
1.407 |
0.247 |
0.014 |
||
时间 |
TransPRK |
2.695 |
0.070 |
0.026 |
8.961 |
<0.001 |
0.082 |
4.770 |
0.009 |
0.045 |
|
SMILE |
2.873 |
0.059 |
0.028 |
4.222 |
0.016 |
0.040 |
0.300 |
0.741 |
0.003 |
||
LASIK |
3.414 |
0.035 |
0.033 |
5.040 |
0.007 |
0.048 |
5.126 |
0.007 |
0.049 |
||
中层 |
手术方式 |
术前 |
1.154 |
0.317 |
0.011 |
0.943 |
0.391 |
0.009 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
术后1月 |
4.714 |
0.010 |
0.045 |
3.423 |
0.035 |
0.033 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
||
术后3月 |
7.907 |
<0.001 |
0.073 |
3.210 |
0.042 |
0.031 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
||
时间 |
TransPRK |
16.055 |
<0.001 |
0.138 |
7.781 |
0.001 |
0.072 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
|
SMILE |
7.292 |
0.001 |
0.068 |
4.878 |
0.009 |
0.046 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
||
LASIK |
2.644 |
0.074 |
0.026 |
3.606 |
0.029 |
0.035 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
||
后层 |
手术方式 |
术前 |
1.472 |
0.232 |
0.014 |
1.380 |
0.254 |
0.013 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
术后1月 |
1.968 |
0.142 |
0.019 |
1.766 |
0.174 |
0.017 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
||
术后3月 |
3.715 |
0.026 |
0.035 |
1.531 |
0.219 |
0.015 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
||
时间 |
TransPRK |
5.245 |
0.006 |
0.050 |
5.191 |
0.006 |
0.049 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
|
SMILE |
0.713 |
0.491 |
0.007 |
0.214 |
0.807 |
0.002 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
||
LASIK |
1.878 |
0.156 |
0.018 |
1.764 |
0.174 |
0.017 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
p < 0.05具有统计学意义;Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
图2. 同种术式不同时间角膜各层、各范围角膜光密度的对比。A. TransPRK组,B. SMILE组,C. FS-LASIK组;*代表重复测量方差分析两两比较时p < 0.05;**代表重复测量方差分析两两比较时p < 0.001
图3. 同一时间不同术式角膜各层、各范围光密度对比。A. 术前,B. 术后1月,C. 术后3月;*代表重复测量方差分析两两比较时p < 0.05
将三组患者术前、术后1月、术后3月的角膜光密度与相应时间的BCVA、角膜厚度进行Pearson相关分析(见
角膜光密度 |
||||||||||
前层 |
中层 |
后层 |
||||||||
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
||
术前最薄点角膜厚度 |
r |
0.079 |
0.105 |
0.147 |
0.004 |
0.055 |
0.078 |
−0.002 |
0.022 |
0.014 |
p |
0.26 |
0.136 |
0.035 |
0.954 |
0.433 |
0.265 |
0.976 |
0.759 |
0.838 |
|
术前BCVA |
r |
0.111 |
0.097 |
0.132 |
0.107 |
0.071 |
0.022 |
−0.052 |
−0.063 |
−0.03 |
p |
0.113 |
0.166 |
0.059 |
0.127 |
0.314 |
0.754 |
0.456 |
0.368 |
0.673 |
p < 0.05具有统计学意义;Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
角膜光密度 |
||||||||||
前层 |
中层 |
后层 |
||||||||
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
||
术后1月最薄点角膜厚度 |
r |
−0.178 |
−0.132 |
0.026 |
−0.223 |
−0.174 |
−0.035 |
−0.095 |
−0.103 |
−0.099 |
p |
0.011 |
0.059 |
0.707 |
0.001 |
0.013 |
0.614 |
0.176 |
0.141 |
0.156 |
|
术后1月BCVA |
r |
0.036 |
0.025 |
0.038 |
0.059 |
0.044 |
0.027 |
−0.021 |
−0.016 |
−0.002 |
p |
0.605 |
0.722 |
0.589 |
0.398 |
0.533 |
0.705 |
0.77 |
0.815 |
0.972 |
p < 0.05具有统计学意义;Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
角膜光密度 |
||||||||||
前层 |
中层 |
后层 |
||||||||
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
0~2 mm |
2~6 mm |
6~10 mm |
||
术后3月最薄点角膜厚度 |
r |
−0.166 |
−0.116 |
0.069 |
−0.266 |
−0.198 |
−0.005 |
−0.118 |
−0.113 |
−0.078 |
p |
0.017 |
0.098 |
0.329 |
p < 0.001 |
0.004 |
0.942 |
0.093 |
0.107 |
0.269 |
|
术后3月BCVA |
r |
0.069 |
0.081 |
0.077 |
0.066 |
0.055 |
0.07 |
−0.042 |
−0.043 |
0.027 |
p |
0.323 |
0.25 |
0.271 |
0.349 |
0.437 |
0.322 |
0.554 |
0.536 |
0.701 |
p < 0.05具有统计学意义;Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
TransPRK、SMILE以及FS-LASIK手术均作用于角膜基质,会造成一定的损伤,手术导致的角膜水肿和炎症,术后角膜胶原纤维的重塑均有可能导致角膜透明性下降
本研究组间对比发现:TransPRK组中层0~2 mm范围角膜光密度,在术后1月时高于FS-LASIK组,且在术后3月时高于FS-LASIK组及SMILE组。TransPRK组后层0~2 mm角膜光密度在术后3月时也高于FS-LASIK组。考虑TransPRK作为表层手术,对角膜上皮基底膜及前弹力层的损伤最大,其固有的光斑直径会导致一定程度的角膜基质表面粗糙,基质表面不规则引发的上皮反应、以及维生素缺乏、干眼和紫外线照射均可导致上皮下雾状浑浊(Haze)
我们对比发现SMILE组与FS-LASIK组的术后角膜光密度无统计学差异。有文献报道,术后1周、1月、3月、1年SMILE与FS-LASIK之间的光密度无统计学差异
本研究发现术前角膜厚度与前层0~2 mm范围、中层0~2 mm、2~6 mm范围的角膜光密度无显著相关,但术后却呈现负相关。这与Charpentier等的研究一致,该团队发现术中切削深度越深,术后角膜损伤更明显,光密度更高
本研究存在局限性,第一:本研究为回顾性研究,存在数据缺失的情况导致样本量相对较小,不足以支撑对比分析低、中、高度近视对术后角膜光密度的影响,且未纳入角膜生物力学等更多角膜相关参数进行全面分析。检查过程中无法完全排除泪膜干扰的影响。第二:本研究随访时点为1个月及3个月,此阶段角膜已基本愈合但还不是最后稳定状态,而忽略了术后更稳定时期角膜光密度的变化。第三:TransPRK组虽未出现2级及以上程度Haze,但分析过程中未根据Haze程度进行亚组分析,未进行TransPRK术后光密度改变与Haze的关联性分析。第四:可通过扩大样本量,增加随访时间点,有助于进一步分析三种手术方式的视力变化及角膜愈合情况。
本研究无任何利益冲突。
罗俐:参与课题设计,文章撰写,根据编辑部的修改意见进行修改;周幼明:参与数据初步的统计分析、资料的分析、撰写论文。尹欢:收集数据及参与选题;张日平:参与选题、设计和论文结果、结论的指导核修。罗俐与周幼明在文章中贡献一致。
1) 广东省医学科学技术研究基金(A2022170);
2) 汕头市科技计划项目(220520096490385);
3) 汕头大学·香港中文大学联合汕头国际眼科中心院内项目(20-010)。
*通讯作者。