The Significance of Neuropsychological Development Scale in Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Global Developmental Delay
Objective: To investigate the neuropsychological development of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Global Developmental Delay (GDD), providing an important basis for early identification and early intervention. Methods: 132 children with ASD who were first diagnosed in the pediatric health department of Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital from January 2020 to January 2024 were selected as the ASD group, and 150 children with comprehensive developmental delay who were first diagnosed in the outpatient department during the same period were selected as the GDD group. Evaluate the neuropsychological development of two groups of children using the 0~6-year-old Pediatric Neuropsychological Development Scale. Compare the demographic characteristics and scale indicators of two groups. Use logistic regression analysis to identify factors related to ASD, and determine the optimal cutoff value of the predictive factor through the subject’s work curve. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 software. Results: Children in the ASD group had higher scores in gross motor (P < 0.001), fine motor (P < 0.001), and DQ (P = 0.001) than those in the GDD group, while their adaptive scores were lower than those in the GDD group (P = 0.016). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression showed that gross motor and fine motor were independent risk factors for ASD. The sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing ASD were 93.3% and 68.9%, respectively, when the gross motor score was ≥ 76.5. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between ASD and GDD on the neuropsychological development scale, and high motor scores can predict ASD early and accurately.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
孤独症谱系障碍(Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD)是一种表现为社交受损、刻板或限制性行为模式的神经发育障碍
本研究是一项单中心回归性研究,并获得了青岛大学伦理委员会的批准,选取2020年1月至2024年1月在青岛大学附属医院儿童保健科确诊的132例ASD儿童为ASD组,选择同期门诊确诊的150例GDD儿童作为GDD组。
纳入标准:ASD和GDD诊断符合美国精神障碍诊断及统计手册第5版诊断标准
排除标准:1) 听力障碍;2) 癫痫、脑瘫、先天性肌营养不良、Rett综合征、肝豆状核变性等神经系统疾病或脑器质性疾病;3) 选择性缄默、焦虑障碍、应激障碍、解离(分离)性障碍等精神障碍或心理问题;4) 染色体病,遗传代谢病。
由经过集中培训并有测评资格证书的主治医师完成测评,所有评估均在门诊进行,所得的量表得分由两位医师核对录入数据库。
本研究的统计分析采用SPSS 26.0 (IBM公司,芝加哥,伊利诺伊州,美国)。正态分布的定量变量和非正态分布的定量变量分别用均值 ± 标准差(SD)和中位数 ± 四分位差表示,分类变量用频率百分比表示,正态分布组间比较用Student’s T检验,非正态分布组间比较用非参数秩和检验(Mann-Whitney U)检验。采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析来确定ASD的独立危险因素,并计算比值比(OR)和95%置信区间(CI),受试者工作特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic, ROC)曲线下面积(Area Under Curve, AUC)用于判断评分模型的预测价值,当AUC > 0.9,预测价值极佳;0.8 < AUC ≤ 0.9,预测价值较好;0.7 < AUC ≤ 0.8,预测价值中等;0.6 < AUC ≤ 0.7,预测价值较弱;0.5 < AUC ≤ 0.6,预测价值很弱。这些检验是双侧检验,P < 0.005被认为有统计学意义。
本研究中ASD组儿童132例(男109例,女23例),中位数年龄为36.00 ± 7.00月;GDD组儿童150例(男121例,女29例),中位数年龄为34.00 ± 8.50月。ASD组男性比例、年龄与GDD组相比差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。
ASD组儿童在大运动(P < 0.001)、精细运动分数(P < 0.001)及DQ分数(P = 0.001)高于GDD组,而在适应性分数要低于GDD组(P = 0.016),两组之间比较语言分数和社交行为分数,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.005),详见
将ASD和GDD作为因变量,假设检验阳性的指标作为自变量分别纳入Logistic回归,单因素logistic回归结果显示大运动(OR = 1.114, 95%CI = 1.065~1.165)、精细运动(OR = 1.093, 95%CI = 1.049~1.138)、适应能力(OR = 0.952, 95%CI = 0.913~0.992)和DQ (OR = 1.088, 95%CI = 1.032~1.148)与ASD显著相关。单因素logistic回归分析筛选出显著相关的变量进入多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示ASD与大运动(OR = 1.223, 95%CI = 1.079~1.386)和精细运动(OR = 1.188, 95%CI = 1.059~1.333)显著有关,详见
变量 |
ASD (n = 132) |
GDD (n = 150) |
P |
大运动# |
88.00 ± 16.00 |
63.00 ± 21.00 |
<0.001 |
精细运动* |
71.36 ± 6.94 |
55.67 ± 5.01 |
<0.001 |
适应能力# |
72.00 ± 15.00 |
79.00 ± 9.50 |
0.016 |
语言# |
46.00 ± 18.50 |
47.00 ± 11.00 |
0.337 |
社交行为* |
56.13 ± 7.94 |
59.76 ± 4.79 |
0.151 |
DQ* |
67.28 ± 2.43 |
60.98 ± 3.77 |
0.001 |
注:ASD,孤独症谱系障碍;GDD,全面发育迟缓;DQ,总发育商;#,中位数 ± 四分位间距;*,均数 ± 标准差。
变量 |
单因素分析 |
多因素分析 |
||
OR (95% CI) |
P |
OR (95% CI) |
P |
|
大运动 |
1.114 (1.065~1.165) |
<0.001 |
1.223 (1.079~1.386) |
0.002 |
精细运动 |
1.093 (1.049~1.138) |
<0.001 |
1.188 (1.059~1.333) |
0.003 |
适应能力 |
0.952 (0.913~0.992) |
0.021 |
0.910 (0.813~1.019) |
0.104 |
DQ |
1.088 (1.032~1.148) |
0.002 |
0.795 (0.617~1.025) |
0.077 |
我们研究了大运动、精细运动以及二者的复合指标分别对诊断ASD的预测能力,大运动和复合指标具有较好的预测价值,使用大运动预测ASD时AUC为0.849 (95%CI = 0.769~0.929),诊断ASD的最佳截断值为76.5,灵敏度为93.3%,特异性为68.9%,详见
孤独症谱系障碍是以社会交往、交流障碍、重复刻板行为和兴趣狭窄为核心特征的神经发育障碍疾病,可能存在2个及以上能区DQ < 75分且伴随有社会功能的损伤
目前,ASD的诊断缺乏客观的生物学标志,主要基于对ASD核心症状的行为评估,因此评估工具在筛查和诊断中起着重要的作用
本研究中,部分ASD儿童的大运动、精细运动能力有可能处于正常范围,而GDD儿童各能区发育均存在不同程度的落后,这与以往的研究结果不尽相同
本研究ASD患儿样本量偏少,没有按照性别、年龄、智力发育水平进行分层分组。今后尚需要扩大样本量,分层长期随访观察进一步研究不同性别、年龄、智力水平情况下与GDD儿童的发育水平区别。
综上所述,ASD儿童各能区发育表现出落后的趋势,但分布不平衡
*通讯作者。