Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum pendulum Busch
Objective: This study aims to analyze the chemical composition of Aconitum pendulum Busch. Methods: The extracts obtained from Aconitum pendulum Busch were purified using macroporous resin, silica gel column chromatography, and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The structural analyses were conducted based on their spectral data. Results: Ten compounds were isolated from them and identified as Songorine (1), 15-acetylsongorine (2), 12-epi-lucidusculine (3), 14-O-acetylneoline (4), benzoylaconitine (5), aconitine (6), 3-deoxyaconitine (7), mesaconitine (8), 10-aconifine (9), flavaconitine (10).
Aconitum pendulum Busch
铁棒锤(Aconitum pendulum Busch)为毛茛科,乌头属多年生草本植物。植物智中记载其别名,铁牛七、雪上一枝蒿、一支箭。根呈块根倒圆锥形,茎高26~100厘米,无毛,叶片形状似伏毛铁棒锤,7~9月开花。主要分布于西藏、云南西北部、四川西部、青海、甘肃南部、陕西南部及河南西部。生海拔2800~4500米,山地或林边。《陕西中草药》中记载其块根有剧毒、供药用、治疗跌打损伤、骨折、风湿腰痛、冻疮等。铁棒锤主要活性成分为二萜生物碱、黄酮、多糖、甾体等活性成分。现代药理研究发现该植物所含乌头类生物碱成分,具有显著的镇痛麻醉、抗炎、抗肿瘤等作用
根据化合物的理化性质,通过核磁共振氢谱、碳谱、二维谱图等对分离出的10个单体化合物进行结构解析。
2) 15-acetylsongorine
白色无定形粉末,易溶于甲醇,改良碘化铋钾呈阳性;通过1H-NMR与13C-NMR数据推测该化合物分子式为C24H35NO4。化合物7的1H-NMR (500 MHz, Methanol-d4)显示了环外双键[δH5.13 1H, brs, H-17a; δH5.63 1H, brs, H-17b; δC148.4; δC114.8;],N-乙基[δH1.39 (3H, t, J = 7. 2 Hz)]和乙酰基[δH0.92 3H, s, OCH3; δC170.8; δC21.8]的信号。13C-NMR (125 MHz, Chloroform-d)δc:68.6(C-1),29.8(C-2),37.0(C-3),35.8(C-4),47.5(C-5),24.0(C-6),44.1(C-7),49.1(C-8),41.0(C-9),54.7(C-10),29.8(C-11),66.5(C-12),44.1(C-13),32.7(C-14),76.0(C-15),148.4(C-16),114.8(C-17),26.0(C-18),56.5(C-19),65.9(C-20),53.9(C-21),10.4(C-22),170.8(COCH3),21.8(COCH3)。通过查阅文献
4) 14-O-acetylneoline
白色无定形粉末,易溶于甲醇和氯仿,与改良碘化铋钾试剂呈现阳性反应;通过1H-NMR与13C-NMR数据推测该化合物分子式为C26H46NO7。化合物8的1H-NMR(500MHz, Methanol-d4)显示了单取代乙酰基[δH2.06(3H, s, COMe)]和一个氮乙基[δH1.17(3H, t, J = 7.2Hz)]的信号,三个甲氧基[δH3.38、3.34和3.35(各3H, s)]。δc:73.7(C-1),30.5(C-2),30.7(C-3),39.3(C-4),45.4(C-5),84.7(C-6),55.0(C-7),75.0(C-8),45.6(C-9),44.6(C-10),50.7(C-11),30.32(C-12),39.2(C-13),77.7(C-14),42.4(C-15),84.2(C-16),64.0(C-17),81.2(C-18),58.4(C-19),49.1(C-20),13.4(C-21),58.3(6-OMe),56.5(16-OMe),59.4(18-OMe),170.8(COCH3),21.8(COCH3)。通过查阅文献
5) benzoylaconitine
6) aconitine
白色无定形粉末,易溶于甲醇和氯仿,与改良碘化铋钾试剂呈现阳性反应;通过1H-NMR与13C-NMR数据推测该化合物分子式为C33H47NO10。化合物11的1H-NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d)显示了单取代芳环[δH8.01(2 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz)、7.57(1 H, t, J = 7.5 Hz)、7.45(2 H, t, J = 7.5Hz)],单取代乙酰基[δH1.39 3H, s, OCH3; δC172.6; δC21.5],四个甲氧基[δH3.16, 3.26, 3.29和3.74(各 3H,s)]和一个氮乙基[δH1.12(3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz)]。δc:82.2(C-1),33.3(C-2),71.5(C-3),43.2(C-4),46.4(C-5),83.4(C-6),44.8(C-7),92.0(C-8),44.2(C-9),40.9(C-10),50.2(C-11),35.8(C-12),74.2(C-13),79.0(C-14),78.9(C-15),90.1(C-16),61.3(C-17),76.8(C-18),47.5(C-19),49.1(C-20),13.2(C-21),56.0(1-OMe),58.2(6-OMe),61.3(16-OMe),59.2(18-OMe),8-OAc(172.6, 21.5)167.2(Ar-CO)129.8(C-1’),129.7(C-2’,6’),128.8(C-3’,5’),133.5(C-4’)。通过查阅文献
白色无定形粉末,易溶于甲醇和氯仿,与改良碘化铋钾试剂呈现阳性反应;通过1H-NMR与13C-NMR数据推测该化合物分子式为C34H47NO10。化合物12的1H-NMR(500 MHz, Chloroform-d)显示了单取代芳环[δH8.02(2 H, d, J = 7.5Hz), 7.57(1 H, t, J = 7.5Hz), 7.45(2 H, t, J = 7.5 Hz)],单取代乙酰基[δH1.37 3H, s, OCH3; δC172.6; δC21.5],四个甲氧基[δH3.16、3.27、3.28和3.73(各3 H,s)]和一个氮乙基[δH1.09(3H, t, J = 7.1Hz)]。δc:85.4(C-1),26.5(C-2),35.4(C-3),39.2(C-4),49.2(C-5),83.4(C-6),45.3(C-7),92.3(C-8),44.7(C-9),41.1(C-10),49.4(C-11),36.8(C-12),74.3(C-13),79.0(C-14),79.1(C-15),90.3(C-16),61.5(C-17),80.4(C-18),53.3(C-19),50.1(C-20),13.6(C-21),56.4(1-OMe),58.2(6-OMe),61.2(16-OMe),59.2(18-OMe),8-OAc(172.6, 21.6)166.3(Ar-CO)130.0(C-1’),129.8(C-2’,6’),128.8(C-3’,5’),133.4(C-4’)。通过查阅文献
8) mesaconitine
白色无定形粉末,易溶于甲醇和氯仿,与改良碘化铋钾试剂呈现阳性反应;通过1H-NMR与13C-NMR数据推测该化合物分子式为C33H45NO11。化合物14的1H-NMR(500 MHz, Chloroform-d)显示了单取代芳环[δH8.03(2 H, d, J = 7.5Hz), 7.57(1 H, t, J = 7.5Hz), 7.45(2 H, t, J = 7.5 Hz)],单取代乙酰基[δH1.38 3H, s, OCH3; δC172.6; δC21.6],四个甲氧基[δH3.16、3.28、3.30和3.74(各3 H,s)]和一个氮甲基[δH2.34(3H, s)]。δc:83.3(C-1),35.9(C-2),71.4(C-3),43.6(C-4),46.8(C-5),82.6(C-6),44.4(C-7),92.0(C-8),43.8(C-9),41.0(C-10),49.6(C-11),34.3(C-12),74.2(C-13),79.0(C-14),79.0(C-15),90.2(C-16),61.2(C-17),76.6(C-18),50.1(C-19),42.6(C-20),56.5(1-OMe),58.1(6-OMe),62.3(16-OMe),59.3(18-OMe),8-OAc(172.6, 21.6),166.3(Ar-CO),129.9(C-1’),129.8(C-2’,6’),129.7(C-3’,5’),133.5(C-4’)。通过查阅文献
9) 10-aconifine
白色无定形粉末,易溶于甲醇和氯仿,与改良碘化铋钾试剂呈现阳性反应;通过1H-NMR与13C-NMR数据推测该化合物分子式为C34H47NO12。化合物15的1H-NMR (500 MHz, Chloroform-d)显示了单取代芳环[δH8.00(2 H, d, J = 7.5 Hz)、7.59(1 H, t, J = 7.5 Hz)、7.46(2 H, t, J = 7.5 Hz)],单取代乙酰基[δH1.44 3H, s, OCH3; δC172.5; δC21.3],四个甲氧基[δH3.20、3.29、3.33和3.76(各3 H,s)]和一个氮乙基[δH1.30(3 H, t, J = 7.1 Hz)]。δc:80.8(C-1),35.3(C-2),70.4(C-3),43.7(C-4),43.2(C-5),82.3(C-6),44.8(C-7),89.8(C-8),55.3(C-9),78.5(C-10),55.9(C-11),44.8(C-12),74.0(C-13),78.5(C-14),78.6(C-15),89.8(C-16),62.3(C-17),76.3(C-18),50.2(C-19),50.3(C-20),11.8(C-21),58.5(1-OMe),59.2(6-OMe),61.6(16-OMe),51.0(18-OMe),8-OAc(172.5, 21.3)166.1(Ar-CO)129.7(C-1’),129.4(C-2’,6’),128.9(C-3’,5’),133.7(C-4’)。通过查阅文献
10) flavaconitine
白色无定形粉末,易溶于甲醇和氯仿,与改良碘化铋钾试剂呈现阳性反应;通过1H-NMR与13C-NMR数据推测该化合物分子式为C31H41NO11。化合物16的1H-NMR (500 MHz, Dimethyl Sulfoxide-d6)显示了单取代芳环[δH7.98(2 H, d, J = 7.5Hz), 7.69(1 H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.58(2 H, t, J = 7.5 Hz)],单取代乙酰基[δH1.35 3H, s, OCH3; δC172.4; δC21.5]和三个甲氧基[δH3.14、3.25和3.59(各3 H,s)]。δc:67.0(C-1),27.4(C-2),29.2(C-3),36.6(C-4),38.6(C-5),81.7(C-6),48.2(C-7),90.5(C-8),51.6(C-9),78.4(C-10),53.1(C-11),47.1(C-12),74.6(C-13),77.9(C-14),77.2(C-15),87.4(C-16),61.4(C-17),79.2(C-18),47.6(C-19),57.0(6-OMe),58.7(16-OMe),58.1(18-OMe),8-OAc(171.4, 20.9),165.1(Ar-CO),129.2(C-1’),129.4(C-2’,6’),128.9(C-3’,5’),133.7(C-4’)。通过查阅文献
本次研究主要从铁棒锤的干燥母根提取分离出10个已知化合物包括三个C20-二萜生物碱Songorine (1)、15-acetylsongorine (2)、12-epi-lucidusculine (3);七个C19-二萜生物碱:14-O-acetylneoline (4)、benzoylaconitine (5)、aconitine (6)、3-deoxyaconitine (7)、mesaconitine (8)、10-aconifine (9)、flavaconitine (10)。实验结果发现铁棒锤中生物碱主要以C19-二萜生物碱为主,C20-二萜生物碱次之。根据相关文献报道C19-二萜生物碱具有一定的抗肿瘤、抗炎、抑菌和杀虫等生物活性
将铁棒锤的根(10 kg)研磨成粉末,然后用甲醇提取三次,减压浓缩后得到甲醇提取物1.3 kg。将得到的提取物溶于温水中(50℃),用4% 盐酸调节pH值至2~3,再用二氯萃取三次,减压浓缩得到生物碱粗提物X (131.3 g)。水相用4%氢氧化钠调节pH值至11,再用二氯萃取三次得到生物碱粗提物Y (40.23 g)。
将生物碱粗提取物X用大孔树脂进行除色素和分段,洗脱液为甲醇和水(30%甲醇,50%甲醇,80%甲醇,100%甲醇)进行梯度洗脱,得到5个组分(A~E),将组A (10.3 g)溶于温水中(50℃)用4%氢氧化钠调节pH值至13,用二氯萃取三次得到组分A-1,经过正相柱层析洗脱(二氯:甲醇,100:1~5:1)得到化合物2。组分B (10.5 g)进行正相柱层析洗脱(二氯:甲醇,50:1~2:1)得到化合物1。组分C (23.42 g)进行反相硅胶柱层析,洗脱剂为甲醇和水(0%甲醇-100%)进行梯度洗脱得到组分(C1~C10)。C1 (8.5 g)组分经过正相硅胶柱层析洗脱,用二氯和甲醇(100:1~20:1)洗脱得到(C1-1~C1-6),C1-1 (0.1 g)经过葡聚糖凝胶柱,洗脱剂为二氯:甲醇(1:1)得到化合物3,C1-2 (1.82 g)经过正相硅胶柱层析洗脱(二氯:甲醇,60:1~40:1)得到化合物4,C1-3 (0.81 g)经过正相硅胶柱层析(二氯:甲醇,70:1~15:1)洗脱得到化合物5,C1-4 (1.4 g)经过正相硅胶柱层析(二氯:甲醇,50:1~20:1)洗脱得到化合物6。C3(3.16 g)经过正相硅胶柱层析(二氯:甲醇,80:1~5:1)洗脱得到化合物7。C4 (1.14 g)经过正相硅胶柱层析(二氯:甲醇,80:1~20:1)洗脱有白色晶体析出为化合物8。C5 (2.44 g)经过正相硅胶柱层析(二氯:甲醇,60:1~5:1)洗脱后有白色晶体析出得到其化合物9。C6 (1.71 g)经过正相硅胶柱层析(二氯:甲醇,50:1~5:1)洗脱后有白色晶体析出为化合物10。
从铁棒锤中提取分离出10个二萜生物碱,通过核磁共振波谱数据与文献进行结构鉴定,得出6个C-19二萜生物碱和4个C-20二萜生物碱,分别为Songorine (1)、15-acetylsongorine (2)、12-epi-lucidusculine (3)、14-O-acetylneoline (4)、benzoylaconitine (5)、aconitine (6)、3-deoxyaconitine (7)、mesaconitine (8)、10-aconifine (9)、flavaconitine (10)。