On the English Translation and Overseas Publicity of Taoism in A Dream of Red Mansions—Exemplified by the English Version by David Hawkes
Taoism originated in China and formed during the Eastern Han Dynasty. It has intrinsic ties with Taoism on spirit. Its theoretical basis, in a manner of speaking, is the Taoist thought represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, which highlights unbiased mind and unhurried manner. Therefore, at the time we discuss the Taoism in A Dream of Red Mansions, we have to talk about the profound reflection of Lao Zi’s and Zhuang Zi’s Taoist thought, which is incarnated in Jia Baoyu. Based on Hawkes’ translation, this paper analyzes how the translator, as a foreign reader, spreads the Taoism embodied by Jia Baoyu, as well as the situation and strategies of the ideological and cultural publicity of A Dream of Red Mansions overseas.
A Dream of Red Mansions
宗教是人类文化的重要渊源和重要组成部分,对人类文化的发展产生了极其重大的影响。宗教信仰和宗教哲学思想是文学表现的一个重要精神维度
贾宝玉的前世在曹雪芹独具匠心的安排下,最终是一个“无用之石”的结局,此意在于为贾宝玉没有能力挽救贾府衰败埋下伏笔,由此也定下了贾宝玉“无用之材”的人生路线,而与贾宝玉的气质完美契合的书是《庄子》,贾宝玉的“无材”正是道家经典著作《庄子》的典型思想。
书中第二十一回“贤袭人娇嗔箴宝玉,俏平儿软语救贾琏”中,就记载了贾宝玉入夜静坐读《南华经》,看到《外篇·胠箧》一则,不仅意趣洋洋,还趁着酒兴,续写了一段:
“焚花散麝,而闺阁始人含其劝矣;戕宝钗之仙姿,灰黛玉之灵窍,丧减情意,而闺阁之美恶始相类矣。彼含其劝,则无参商之虞矣;戕其仙姿,无恋爱之心矣;灰其灵窍,无才思之情矣。彼钗、玉、花、麝者,皆张其罗而邃其穴,所以迷眩缠陷天下者也。”
霍克斯将其中涉及“无材”思想的重点内容分别翻译为“discard…beauty, destroy…intelligence, cease from envy, no further fear of quarrels and estrangements, no further ground for tender admiration/no further cause for romantic imaginings”,最后一句用一种讽刺的口吻说“all the world are bewitched and ensnared by them”
《庄子》对“无材”之道有着具体形象的表述,《庄子》中记述有一棵神社栎树,它长得高大粗壮,需要百人合抱才能绕一圈,而它之所以能够长得如此茂盛,就是因为栎树乃是“无用之材”。为什么会有此结论?因为用栎树做成的船会沉没,用它做成的棺椁会腐烂,用它做成的杯器会毁坏,用它做成的房屋主干会被虫咬蚀,因此栎树就是“无用之树”,农夫也懒得砍伐它,栎树才得以自由生长,成为巨树
之后,随着贾宝玉年岁的成长和阅历逐渐丰富,潜藏在他骨子里的庄周思想得以进一步升华,渐入“自适其适”之境。第三十六回“绣鸳鸯梦兆绛云轩,识分定情悟梨香院”中贾宝玉对历来“文死谏,武死战”的封建伦理提出自己的疑问:
宝玉说到浓快时,见他不说了,于是笑道:“人谁不死?只要死的好。那些个须眉浊物,只知道文死谏,武死战,这二死是大丈夫死名死节,竟何如不死的好!必定有昏君,他方谏;他只顾邀名,猛拼一死,将来弃君于何地?必定有刀兵,他方战;猛拼一死,他只顾图汗马之名,将来弃国于何地?所以,这皆非正死。”
We all have to die, as you said yourself just now. The problem is how to die well. Those whiskered idiots who take quite literally the old saw that “a scholar dies protesting and a soldier dies fighting” and get themselves killed off on the assumption that those are the only two ways in which a man of spirit can die gloriously, would do better to die in their beds. For when you come to think of it, the only real occasion for protesting is when one’s ruler is misguided, and the only real occasion for fighting is when one’s country is at war. If the scholar is so greedy for martyrdom that he throws away his life at the earliest opportunity, what is to become of the poor misguided ruler in the absence of good advisers? And if the soldier so hankers for a hero’s death that he gets himself killed off in the first encounter, what is to become of his country without soldiers to fight its battles?
贾宝玉的言论非常高明,脂砚斋曾对此评论道:“玉兄此论,大觉痛快人心”。贾宝玉认为“文死谏武死战”的文人和将军,都是为了名利而死,并非真的忠君爱国,他们以死收获了留名青史的机会,却将君主、国家置于何地?贾宝玉在此基础上,抒发了自己的生死观,即“众女子哭我的眼泪流成大河,把我的尸首漂起来,我便死的得时了。”贾宝玉的生死观放在今天也有给人启发的意义。
贾宝玉人性中最光辉的一点就是他的“平等意识”,即便出生在名门望族,也未见他自命不凡、自视过高。第六十六回中,从兴儿对贾宝玉的评价中可以证实这一点:
兴儿笑道:“我们家从祖宗直到二爷,谁不是寒窗十载?偏他不喜读书……每日也不习文,也不学武,又怕见人,只爱在丫头群里闹,再者,也没刚柔。有时见了我们,喜欢时,没上没下,大家乱顽一阵,不喜欢,各自走了……因此没人怕他,只管随便,都过得去。”
Everyone in the family since his great-grandfather’s time, including the Master, had to do their ten years in the family school; but not him…….although he doesn’t go to school, he can write a bit. That’s about the only thing he’s any good at. He doesn’t study, he doesn’t care for physical training, and he doesn’t like meeting people. He just spends all his time playing around with a pack of maids. He’s soft, too. Sometimes when he sees us, if he’s in the mood, he’ll play with us as if he were an equal. Other times he ignores us and we ignore him…… Nobody’s afraid of him. We do just what we like when he’s around. He never stops us.
贾宝玉由己及人的平等意识得益于他觉醒的自我意识,他会从对自己的思考延展到对整个人类的反思,正是有了这些思考,所以他才不受等级观念的束缚,用平等和博爱来对待仆人。怡红院里的各位姐妹都呼他为“宝玉”,他觉得没有什么不妥,还总跟他们说笑打闹。
《庄子》中有“齐物”一说,意思是说世间万事万物,虽然形体、外表、富贵、地位不尽相同,但是本质却都是一样的,其实这就是最早对平等意识的阐释。章太炎曾在《齐物论释》中指出庄子“齐物”的核心思想就是“平等”,贾宝玉凭借聪颖的资质领悟到了《齐物论》中所蕴含的平等思想,并把它融入自己的思想和行为之中,这的确是伟大的思想进步
以英美读者在亚马逊上的书评内容为例,其中反馈的问题有:第一,从文化层面去理解书中复杂的人物关系,有很大难度;第二,情节进展缓慢。第三,复杂的中文名字不方便记忆。第四,诞生于农业文明时期的《红楼梦》,在节奏、内容、思想意识、文化差异等方面,大大相异于西方世界,这直接影响了受众面。其中很多方面的内容和现象,西方读者不能理解,例如,两位主人公那么辛苦的爱恋。五,译者霍克斯的翻译措辞欠妥,是在美国版评论中被多次提及的
(1) 书中涉及佛教、儒教、道教及其专有名词等中国传统文化的内容较多。如果对中国文化了解不深,就很难明白作者写作意图。
(2) 中西方价值观念的差异。西方读者崇尚平等自由、民主博爱,而中国传统价值观则注重忠孝仁义。因此,西方读者会对书中某些角色的所作所为感到困惑。
(3) 以霍克斯为代表的《红楼梦》汉学家在文明互鉴中,处于两种文化之间摇摆的困境中。霍克斯在翻译《红楼梦》的过程中无疑受到自己所在的英语社会意识形态以及诗学的影响
在全球化的大势之下,加之互联网的快速发展,跨文化传播呈现一片繁荣之景,然而,蕴含其中的冲突与融合始终是跨文化传播研究中的两个主要矛盾
习近平总书记曾强调差异之于文明交流与互鉴的重要性
正如《红楼梦》中体现的宗教思想不为外国人所理解,这是事实,但在正视差异的基础上,对不同文化进行功能上的区分和相互嵌套,形成一种多元文化的层级关系和内在秩序,这正是在文明交流与互鉴过程中,实现各宗教跨文化沟通的一条意义重大且可行的策略。
《红楼梦》这部文学经典并不只是属于过去的历史,其永恒性在于能在不同时代读者的参与下不断涌现新的意义,在新的历史背景中呈现新的可能性。在儒家修齐治平理想幻灭的情况下,书中体现的道家思想是作者所开出的一剂良方。作者通过他所塑造的贾宝玉等形象艺术化地表达了纯真逍遥的人生之路。通过对《红楼梦》中道家思想的分析,不但可以更好地把握作者的主旨和意趣,且可以古为今用,中为洋用,弘扬中华文化瑰宝,实现人生超越。《红楼梦》蕴含着中国的优秀传统文化精华,也是属于全人类的文化遗产。为响应中国文化“走出去”战略,提高《红楼梦》的传播质量,让海外读者通过阅读《红楼梦》从而更加客观且真实地了解和尊重中国人的生活方式,世界观和哲学思想,是中国优秀经典作品“走出去”的意义所在。