On the Relationship between Key Indexes of Central Arterial Pressure and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease to Dialysis
Objective: To investigate whether the key index of central arterial pressure is related to the progression of chronic kidney disease to dialysis. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study. 306 inpatients with chronic kidney disease who received noninvasive central arterial pressure measurement at the Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital from February 2017 to October 2019 and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected as the study subjects. The study endpoint was dialysis treatment, and the follow-up period ended in February 2022. The general information, laboratory indicators and central arterial blood pressure parameters were retrieved from the electronic medical record system, among which the central arterial systolic blood pressure (CSBP) and central arterial blood pressure (CPP) were the key indicators. According to the baseline quartile of CSBP and CPP levels, the subjects were divided into Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 groups, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curves of CSBP and CPP were plotted respectively, and Cox proportional risk regression model was established to explore whether CSBP and CPP were independent risk factors for progression to dialysis. Results: A total of 306 patients were included and followed up for 1061 (911, 1458) days. Up to the end of follow-up, a total of 50 patients entered dialysis. In the CSBP group, the incidence of progression to dialysis in groups Q1 to Q4 was 5.5%, 13.6%, 16.7% and 29.7%, respectively. In the CPP group, the incidence of progression to dialysis in groups Q1 to Q4 was 3.7%, 17.1%, 14.3% and 33.8%, respectively, with statistical significance (p < 0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that compared with the low Q1 group, the risk ratio (HR) of patients with high CSBP Q4 group entering dialysis was 6.65 (2.29~19.35) in model 1 (uncorrected model), 5.46 (1.83~16.26) and 3.30 (1.01~10.75) in model 2 and model 3, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference in renal cumulative survival among the four CSBP groups (p < 0.001). Similarly, compared with the low Q1 group, the risk ratio (HR) for entering dialysis in the high CPP Q4 group was 11.22 (3.35~37.62), 10.47 (2.91~37.67), and 3.75 (1.07~13.12) in model 1 (uncorrected model), model 2, and model 3, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that the difference in renal cumulative survival among the four CPP groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: High levels of central arterial systolic blood pressure (CSBP) and central pulse pressure (CPP) were independently associated with an increased risk of progression of chronic kidney disease to dialysis and may be noninvasive markers for early identification of progression of chronic kidney disease to dialysis.
Central Arterial Pressure
选取2017年02月至2019年10月在浙江省人民医院肾脏病科就诊的484例慢性肾脏病住院患者为研究对象,同时入院时接受无创动脉压的检测。
1) 符合CKD诊断标准
1) Sphygmo Cor无创主动脉脉波分析仪系统操作指数 ≤ 80;2) 入院28天内接受透析治疗。
根据基线CSBP和CPP水平四分位数,分别将研究对象分为Q1,Q2,Q3和Q4组,将Q1组设为对照组。
截止至2022年02月随访结束,失访62例,入院28天内接受透析治疗的患者13例,89例SphygmoCor系统操作指数 ≤ 80,14例年龄 > 75岁,最终纳入分析306例。病人筛选和分组如
从电子病历系统中检索患者信息。1) 人口学资料(年龄、性别、身高、体重)、行为习惯(吸烟史、饮酒史)、既往史(高血压史、糖尿病史、心血管疾病史、脑血管疾病史、服用降压药物史);2) 实验室指标:空腹血糖、白蛋白、尿素氮、血肌酐、eGFR、血红蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、血钾、血磷;3) 中心动脉血压关键参数:CSBP和CPP。
服从正态分布的计量资料用均数 ± 标准差( )表示,满足正态分布和方差齐性检验的计量资料,两组间比较采用t检验,多组间比较采用方差分析;不服从正态分布的计量资料用中位数(四分位数间距) [M (P25, P75)]表示,两组间比较采用两独立样本秩和检验,多组间比较采用多样本秩和检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法。分别绘制CSBP和CPP各组的Kaplan-Meier曲线,并通过对数秩(Log-Rank)检验评估差异的显著性。建立Cox比例风险回归模型以探索CSBP和CPP是否为慢性肾脏病进展至透析的独立危险因素,并做趋势性检验。p值为双侧,p < 0.05被认为差异有统计学意义。所有数据使用SPSS 26.0进行分析。
特征 |
All (n = 306) |
Q1 (n = 73) |
Q2 (n = 81) |
Q3 (n = 78) |
Q4 (n = 74) |
p值 |
CSBP, mmHg |
124 (111, 138) |
<111 |
111 to <124 |
124 to <138 |
≥138 |
/ |
随访时间,天 |
1061 (911, 1458) |
1263 (937, 1532) |
1069 (904, 1509) |
1032 (895, 1440) |
1018 (913, 1350) |
/ |
年龄,岁 |
54 (42, 64) |
45 (28, 59) |
54 (43, 63) |
54 (49, 66) |
58 (48, 68) |
<0.001 |
女性,例(%) |
113 (36.9%) |
29 (39.7%) |
27 (33.3%) |
31 (39.74%) |
26 (35.14%) |
0.786 |
BMI, kg/m2 |
23.65 (21.34, 25.94) |
22.23 (19.98, 24.66) |
24.03 (22.27, 25.58) |
24.44 (21.60, 26.57) |
23.57 (21.83, 26.04)b |
0.004 |
CKD分期,例(%) |
||||||
1 |
88 (28.8%) |
36 (49.3%) |
26 (32.1%) |
15 (19.23%) |
11 (14.86%) |
0.001 |
2 |
60 (19.6%) |
12 (16.4%) |
19 (23.5%) |
16 (20.51%) |
13 (17.57%) |
|
3 |
80 (26.1%) |
17 (23.3%) |
19 (23.5%) |
21 (26.92%) |
23 (31.08%) |
|
4 |
42 (13.7%) |
6 (8.2%) |
8 (9.9%) |
13 (16.67%) |
15 (20.27%) |
|
5 |
36 (11.8%) |
2 (2.7%) |
9 (11.1%) |
13 (16.67%) |
12 (16.22%) |
|
吸烟,例(%) |
79 (25.8%) |
19 (26%) |
23 (28.4%) |
20 (25.64%) |
17 (22.97%) |
0.897 |
饮酒,例(%) |
42 (13.7%) |
8 (11%) |
13 (16%) |
11 (14.10%) |
10 (13.51%) |
0.837 |
高血压,例(%) |
169 (55.2%) |
19 (26%) |
45 (55.6%) |
46 (58.97%) |
59 (79.73%) |
<0.001 |
服用高血压药物,例(%) |
200 (65.4%) |
34 (46.58%) |
47 (58.02%) |
55 (70.51%) |
64 (86.49%) |
<0.001 |
糖尿病,例(%) |
73 (23.9%) |
9 (12.3%) |
18 (22.2%) |
24 (30.80%) |
22 (29.73%) |
0.03 |
心血管疾病,例(%) |
35 (11.4%) |
8 (11%) |
11 (13.6%) |
10 (12.82%) |
6 (8.11%) |
0.719 |
脑血管疾病,例(%) |
23 (7.5%) |
6 (8.2%) |
3 (3.70%) |
3 (3.85%) |
11 (14.86%) |
0.029 |
FBG, mmol/L |
4.93 (4.43, 5.54) |
4.68 (4.42, 5.17) |
4.93 (4.39, 5.48) |
4.99 (4.38, 5.72) |
5.04 (4.47, 6.06) |
0.02 |
Alb, g/L |
35.95 (28.00, 40.13) |
38.70 (34.70, 41.65) |
36.30 (27.20, 40.30) |
34.90 (26.53, 39.58) |
33.25 (25.25, 39.03) |
0.002 |
BUN, mmol/L |
7.63 (5.33, 12.62) |
5, 74 (4.15, 8.78) |
7.70 (5.15, 12.29)a |
7.71 (5.91, 14.29)a |
9.08 (6.23, 15.91)a |
<0.001 |
Cr, μmol/L |
117.80 (79.10, 186.45) |
85.80 (66.35, 147.75) |
112.90 (80.90, 184.05)a |
138.35 (86.25, 250.10)a |
151.35 (98.48, 272.13)a |
<0.001 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 |
56.39 (29.79, 94.84) |
89.29 (41.80, 112.18) |
61.48 (35.15, 94.51)a |
47.17 (20.68, 74.05)a |
37.36 (20.09, 73.25)a |
<0.001 |
Hb, g/L |
122.69 ± 25.99 |
129 (116, 143) |
125 (104, 141) |
123.5 (99, 142.25) |
120 (94, 138.5) |
0.164 |
TC, mmol/L |
4.78 (3.91, 6.18) |
4.37 (3.72, 5.30) |
4.61 (3.68, 6.43) |
4.96 (4.00, 6.11) |
5.14 (4.33, 6.33) |
0.014 |
TG, mmol/L |
1.56 (1.10, 2.27) |
1.33 (0.93, 1.93) |
1.77 (1.25, 2.52) |
1.56 (1.21, 2.26) |
1.56 (1.20, 2.38) |
0.015 |
LDL-C, mmol/L |
2.69 (2.11, 3.72) |
2.53 (2.01, 3.12) |
2.42 (1.90, 3.82) |
2.95 (2.21, 3.71) |
3.06 (2.28, 3.92) |
0.041 |
K, mmol/L |
4.00 (3.70, 4.37) |
3.95 (3.72, 4.23) |
4.00 (3.67, 4.45) |
4.05 (3.73, 4.39) |
4.04 (3.62, 4.39) |
0.634 |
P, mmol/L |
1.23 (1.06, 1.41) |
1.18 (1.065, 1.335) |
1.22 (1.06, 1.44) |
1.28 (1.07, 1.39) |
1.285 (1.0675, 1.4575) |
0.463 |
注:CSBP,中心动脉收缩压;BMI,体质指数;CKD,慢性肾脏病;FBG,空腹血糖;Alb,白蛋白;BUN,尿素;Cr,肌酐;eGFR,估算的肾小球滤过率;Hb,血红蛋白;TC,总胆固醇;TG,甘油三酯;LDL-C,低密度脂蛋白;K,血钾;P,血磷;与Q1组比较,ap < 0.05;与Q2组比较,bp < 0.05。
在306例患者中,CPP分组如下,Q1 (<33 mmHg)组80人,Q2 (33 to 40 mmHg)组70人,Q3 (40 to 52 mmHg)组91人,Q4 (≥52 mmHg)组65人。四组在年龄、性别、CKD分期、高血压史、服用高血压药物史、糖尿病史、空腹血糖、尿素氮、血肌酐、eGFR、血红蛋白等方面的差异有统计学意义(p < 0.05);各组在BMI、吸烟史、饮酒史、心脑血管疾病史、白蛋白、血钾、血磷等方面的差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。随着CPP升高,患者年龄增大,空腹血糖、尿素氮、血肌酐水平升高,Q4组较Q1组明显升高,eGFR、血红蛋白水平下降,Q4组较Q1组明显降低,女性、CKD3至5期、高血压、服用高血压药物、糖尿病的患者比例增高,Q4组较Q1组明显增高。如
特征 |
All (n = 306) |
Q1 (n = 80) |
Q2 (n = 70) |
Q3 (n = 91) |
Q4 (n = 65) |
p值 |
CPP, mmHg |
40 (32, 52) |
<33 |
33 to <40 |
40 to <52 |
≥52 |
/ |
随访时间,天 |
1061 (911, 1458) |
1166 (909, 1518) |
1006 (891, 1430) |
1081 (921, 1488) |
1010 (904, 1375) |
/ |
年龄,岁 |
54 (42, 64) |
43.5 (30, 53.8) |
52 (40, 60)a |
56 (47, 65)a |
63 (54.5, 70)abc |
<0.001 |
女性,例(%) |
113 (36.9%) |
20 (25%) |
30 (42.9%) |
32 (35.2%) |
31 (47.7%) |
0.026 |
BMI, kg/m2 |
23.7 (21.3, 25.9) |
23.2 (20.6, 26.0) |
24.1 (21.5, 26.1) |
24.3 (22.3, 26.0) |
23.3 (21.3, 25.4) |
0.164 |
CKD分期 |
||||||
1 |
88 (28.8%) |
37 (46.25%) |
19 (27.1%) |
25 (27.5%) |
7 (10.8) |
0.001 |
2 |
60 (19.6%) |
17 (21.25%) |
14 (20%) |
21 (23.1%) |
8 (12.3%) |
|
3 |
80 (26.1%) |
16 (20%) |
19 (27.1%) |
21 (23.1%) |
24 (36.9%) |
|
4 |
42 (13.7%) |
6 (7.5%) |
8 (11.4%) |
13 (14.3%) |
15 (23.1%) |
|
5 |
36 (11.8%) |
4 (2.5%) |
10 (14.3%) |
11 (12.1%) |
11 (16.9%) |
|
吸烟,例(%) |
79 (25.8%) |
25 (31.25%) |
13 (18.6%) |
26 (28.6%) |
15 (23.1%) |
0.288 |
饮酒,例(%) |
42 (13.7%) |
14 (17.5%) |
6 (8.6%) |
13 (14.3%) |
9 (13.8%) |
0.465 |
高血压,例(%) |
169 (55.2%) |
27 (33.75%) |
37 (52.9%) |
51 (56%) |
54 (83.1%) |
<0.001 |
服用高血压药物,例(%) |
200 (65.4%) |
40 (50%) |
44 (62.86%) |
60 (65.93%) |
56 (86.15) |
<0.001 |
糖尿病,例(%) |
73 (23.9%) |
12 (15%) |
15 (21.4%) |
22 (24.2%) |
24 (36.9%) |
0.02 |
心血管疾病,例(%) |
35 (11.4%) |
8 (10%) |
8 (11.4%) |
10 (11%) |
9 (13.8%) |
0.907 |
脑血管疾病,例(%) |
23 (7.5%) |
4 (5%) |
6 (8.6%) |
4 (4.4%) |
9 (13.8%) |
0.119 |
FBG, mmol/L |
4.93 (4.43, 5.54) |
4.73 (4.41, 5.26) |
4.65 (4.30, 5.19) |
5.03 (4.60, 5.84) |
5.16 (4.60, 6.07) |
0.001 |
Alb, g/L |
36.0 (28.0, 40.1) |
37.6 (32.1, 40.8) |
36.1 (28.2, 40.9) |
35.3 (27.1, 39.9) |
33.3 (25.9, 38.4) |
0.079 |
BUN, mmol/L |
7.6 (5.3, 12.6) |
6.0 (4.5, 8.8) |
7.4 (4.9, 12.5) |
7.7 (5.5, 13.1) |
9.2 (7.2, 16.2)a |
<0.001 |
SCr, μmol/L |
117.8 (79.1, 186.4) |
89.8 (69.2, 151.6) |
123.6 (84.4, 187.6) |
114.1 (77.9, 216.6) |
159.3 (114.4, 305.4)a |
<0.001 |
eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 |
56.39 (29.79, 94.84) |
88.63 (44.71, 110.76) |
56.10 (29.66, 97.05) |
60.75 (29.36, 94.68) |
34.83 (17.74, 57.34)a |
<0.001 |
Hb, g/L |
122.69 ± 25.99 |
137.5 (118.3, 147.8) |
121.5 (104.25, 138) |
127 (102, 144) |
107 (91.5, 127.5)a |
<0.001 |
TC, mmol/L |
4.78 (3.91, 6.18) |
4.51 (3.77, 6.11) |
4.76 (3.71, 6.26) |
5.07 (4.08, 6.39) |
4.68 (4.15, 6.01) |
0.288 |
TG, mmol/L |
1.56 (1.10, 2.27) |
1.45 (0.98, 1.95) |
1.66 (1.08, 2.54) |
1.70 (1.24, 2.46) |
1.43 (1.09, 2.09) |
0.096 |
LDL-C, mmol/L |
2.69 (2.11, 3.72) |
2.60 (2.08, 3.64) |
2.50 (1.85, 3.70) |
2.94 (2.14, 4.01) |
2.74 (2.16, 3.68) |
0.417 |
K, mmol/L |
4.00 (3.70, 4.37) |
3.92 (3.65, 4.24 |
3.99 (3.75, 4.35) |
4.04 (3.73, 4.37) |
4.09 (3.76, 4.46) |
0.252 |
P, mmol/L |
1.23 (1.06, 1.41) |
1.16 (1.04, 1.39) |
1.26 (1.07, 1.47) |
1.25 (1.06, 1.38) |
1.29 (1.08, 1.44) |
0.304 |
注:CPP,中心动脉脉压;BMI,身体质量指数;CKD,慢性肾脏病;FBG,空腹血糖;Alb,白蛋白;BUN,尿素;SCr,血清肌酐;eGFR,估算的肾小球滤过率;Hb,血红蛋白;TC,总胆固醇;TG,甘油三酯;LDL-C,低密度脂蛋白;K,血钾;P,血磷。与Q1组比较,ap < 0.05;与Q2组比较,bp < 0.05;与Q3组比较,cp < 0.05。
项目 |
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
p for trend |
CSBP, mmHg |
<111 |
111 to <124 |
124 to <136 |
≥136 |
/ |
各组人数 |
73 |
81 |
78 |
74 |
/ |
CKD进展 |
|||||
肾脏替代治疗人数 |
4 |
11 |
13 |
22 |
/ |
发病密度,1/千人年 |
18.26 |
45.27 |
55.56 |
99.10 |
/ |
HR (95%CI) |
|||||
模型一a |
1 (对照) |
2.79 (0.89~8.76) |
3.69 (1.20~11.34) |
6.65 (2.29~19.35) |
<0.001 |
p值 |
0.079 |
0.023 |
0.001 |
||
模型二b |
1 (对照) |
2.46 (0.78~7.78) |
3.12 (1.00~9.73) |
5.46 (1.83~16.26) |
0.001 |
p值 |
0.126 |
0.050 |
0.002 |
||
模型三c |
1 (对照) |
1.88 (0.56~6.31) |
1.50 (0.47~4.81) |
3.30 (1.01~10.75) |
0.067 |
p值 |
0.308 |
0.499 |
0.048 |
注:CSBP,中心动脉收缩压。a模型一未校正;b模型二校正年龄、性别;c模型三校正年龄、性别、BMI、CKD分期、血脂、血钾、血磷、白蛋白、血红蛋白、疾病史、用药史。
按照CPP水平分组的四组(Q1至Q4)组CKD患者进展至透析的发病密度依次为8.33/千人年、57.14/千人年、47.62/千人年、112.82/千人年。模型一进行单因素COX分析,结果显示,与Q1组相比,Q2、Q3、Q4组进展至透析的风险是Q1组的5.28倍(HR: 5.28, 95%CI: 1.49~18.72)、4.29倍(HR: 4.29, 95%CI: 1.22~15.07)和11.22倍(HR: 11.22, 95%CI: 3.35~37.62),差异有统计学意义(p < 0.05)。模型二在校正性别和年龄后,结果显示,与Q1组相比,Q2、Q3、Q4组进展至透析的风险是Q1组的5.30倍(HR: 5.30, 95%CI: 1.48~18.99)、4.00倍(HR: 4.00, 95%CI: 1.10~14.49)和10.47倍(HR: 10.47, 95%CI: 2.91~37.67),差异有统计学意义(p < 0.05)。模型三在模型二的基础上进一步调整其他常见危险因素后(包括BMI、CKD分期、血脂、血钾、血磷、白蛋白、血红蛋白、疾病史、用药史),结果显示,与Q1组相比,Q4组进展至透析的风险是Q1组的3.75倍(HR: 3.75, 95%CI: 1.07~13.12),差异有统计学意义(p < 0.05)。
项目 |
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
p for trend |
CPP, mmHg |
<33 |
33 to <40 |
40 to <52 |
≥52 |
/ |
各组人数 |
80 |
70 |
91 |
65 |
/ |
CKD进展 |
|||||
肾脏替代治疗人数 |
2 |
12 |
13 |
22 |
/ |
发病密度,1/千人年 |
8.33 |
57.14 |
47.62 |
112.82 |
/ |
HR (95%CI) |
|||||
模型一a |
1 (对照) |
5.28 (1.49~18.72) |
4.29 (1.22~15.07) |
11.22 (3.35~37.62) |
<0.001 |
p值 |
0.010 |
0.023 |
<0.001 |
||
模型二b |
1 (对照) |
5.30 (1.48~18.99) |
4.00 (1.10~14.49) |
10.47 (2.91~37.67) |
<0.001 |
p值 |
0.010 |
0.035 |
<0.001 |
||
模型三c |
1 (对照) |
3.08 (0.85~11.20) |
2.56 (0.72~9.20) |
3.75 (1.07~13.12) |
0.038 |
p值 |
0.088 |
0.149 |
0.039 |
注:CPP,中心动脉脉压。a模型一未校正;b模型二校正年龄、性别;c模型三校正年龄、性别、BMI、CKD分期、血脂、血钾、血磷、白蛋白、血红蛋白、疾病史、用药史。
在前瞻性慢性肾功能不全队列(CRIC)中研究发现
理论上中心动脉压反映机体血压变化情况的敏感性强于外周动脉压,能更直接、准确的反映肾脏的血流灌注情况
中心动脉压是指升主动脉根部血管所承受的侧压力。临床上测量中心动脉压最准确的方法是心导管插入升主动脉后连接压力传感器直接测量,但由于其为有创性操作,且设备昂贵、对操作者技术要求高,限制了其在临床上应用。为了弥补导管法的不足,无创测量中心动脉压的方法不断被提出,目前常用的是传递函数法
本研究尚存在一定的局限性。首先,选取CKD患者为研究对象,无法确定其他人群中心动脉压与肾功能快速下降至透析的关系。其次,部分研究对象接受降压治疗,测量值不能反映真实中心动脉血压水平,可能会低估或高估其与CKD进展至透析的关系。最后,本研究为单中心回顾性研究,样本量偏少,未考虑随访期间中心动脉血压的动态变化,未来仍需要多中心、大样本前瞻性研究进一步验证,并确定需进行干预的CSBP、CPP具体值。
综上所述,在未行肾脏替代治疗的CKD人群中,中心动脉压的CSBP和CPP升高是患者进入透析的独立危险因素。另外,无创中心动脉压测量具有操作简单、高效、重复性好、低成本等优点,可以大规模使用,方便病人动态监测,有助于早期识别预后不佳的高危人群,达到及时干预、延缓疾病进展的目的。
浙江省中医药管理局课题[2018ZA010]。