ACRPO Asian Case Reports in Oncology 2169-8821 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/acrpo.2024.131001 ACRPO-87810 acrpo2024131_12530118.pdf 医药卫生 消化道同时性三原发癌1例 Simultaneous Triple Primary Carcinoma of the Digestive Tract: A Case Report 心然 2 1 于祺 2 1 爽彦 2 1 一粟 2 1 亚雯 2 1 旭霞 2 1 小钰 3 1 婷婷 3 1 连祝 4 1 宏懿 3 1 甘肃省人民医院放疗科,甘肃 兰州 甘肃中医药大学第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州 河北省唐山市丰南区医院神经内科,河北 唐山 null 30 05 2024 13 01 1 6 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

多原发癌是指在同一患者的单个或多个器官发生两种及以上的原发恶性肿瘤。目前国内外学者大多认为积极手术切除是其首选的治疗方式。随着腹腔镜技术的不断发展和应用经验的积累,消化道的切除和重建逐日成熟,可大大降低多原发癌的治疗创伤。现将近期诊治的1例胃癌合并结肠癌、小肠癌的三原发癌患者进行总结报道。 Multiple primary cancers refer to the occurrence of two or more primary malignant tumors in a single or multiple organs of the same patient. Currently, most scholars at home and abroad believe that active surgical resection is the preferred treatment option. The resection and reconstruction of the digestive tract have become more mature due to the continuous development of laparoscopic technology and the accumulation of application experience. This can significantly reduce the trauma of multiple primary cancers. This report summarizes a case of triple primary cancer, which included gastric cancer, colon cancer, and small intestine cancer, that was recently treated.

多原发癌,同时性,胃癌,结肠癌,小肠癌, Multiple Primary Cancers Simultaneity Gastric Cancer Colon Cancer Small Intestine Cancer
摘要

多原发癌是指在同一患者的单个或多个器官发生两种及以上的原发恶性肿瘤。目前国内外学者大多认为积极手术切除是其首选的治疗方式。随着腹腔镜技术的不断发展和应用经验的积累,消化道的切除和重建逐日成熟,可大大降低多原发癌的治疗创伤。现将近期诊治的1例胃癌合并结肠癌、小肠癌的三原发癌患者进行总结报道。

关键词

多原发癌,同时性,胃癌,结肠癌,小肠癌

Simultaneous Triple Primary Carcinoma of the Digestive Tract: A Case Report<sup> </sup>

Xinran Bi1*, Yuqi Ma1, Shuangyan Zhao1, Yisu Zhang1, Yawen Fu1, Xuxia Li1, Xiaoyu Duan2, Tingting Hu2, Lianzhu Bi3, Hongyi Cai2#

1The First Clinical Medical College of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou Gansu

2Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou Gansu

3Department of Neurology, Fengnan District Hospital, Tangshan Hebei

Received: Mar. 28th, 2024; accepted: May 22nd, 2024; published: May 30th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Multiple primary cancers refer to the occurrence of two or more primary malignant tumors in a single or multiple organs of the same patient. Currently, most scholars at home and abroad believe that active surgical resection is the preferred treatment option. The resection and reconstruction of the digestive tract have become more mature due to the continuous development of laparoscopic technology and the accumulation of application experience. This can significantly reduce the trauma of multiple primary cancers. This report summarizes a case of triple primary cancer, which included gastric cancer, colon cancer, and small intestine cancer, that was recently treated.

Keywords:Multiple Primary Cancers, Simultaneity, Gastric Cancer, Colon Cancer, Small Intestine Cancer

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

多原发癌是指在同一患者的单个或多个器官发生两种及以上的原发恶性肿瘤。多原发癌的全球发病率较低且尚无敏感的检测指标,导致既往临床工作中对其认识不足,部分患者容易被误诊为肿瘤复发或转移而未得到及时的根治。随着腹腔镜技术的不断发展和应用经验的积累,单纯消化道的切除和重建已经变得越来越成熟,但达芬奇机器人辅助下同期切除消化道多原发癌的报道尚不多见,且国内外关于多原癌的研究仍相对较少且缺乏相关内容最新汇总。鉴于此,本文对近期诊治的一例同时性消化道三原发癌患者进行梳理并总结报告如下,旨在为该领域的临床实践和治疗提供参考。

患者女性,59岁,主因“间断性上腹部疼痛5月”就诊于我院。胃镜检查显示:胃小弯侧可见弥漫性粘膜破坏,表面凹凸不平,底苔污秽,触之易出血,范围约5 cm (见图1)。活检病理示:胃体中分化腺癌。腹部增强CT示:胃小弯侧胃壁局部增厚,考虑胃癌(见图2)。排除手术禁忌,拟行腹腔镜下远端胃切除术。术中探查见肿瘤位于胃体,侵犯部分小肠,结肠同见明显肿瘤,但与胃体肿瘤具有界限,考虑胃体肿瘤合并结肠肿瘤可能。根据术中探查情况,与家属沟通后修正手术方案:达芬奇机器人辅助下腹腔镜下远端胃癌根治术 + 结肠部分切除术 + 小肠部分切除术 + 腹腔引流术。(术中切除大体标本情况见图3)。术后病检回报:1) 胃癌,溃疡型,中分化腺癌。癌组织侵透胃壁全层至外膜下纤维脂肪组织,

图1. 术前胃镜

图2. 术前CT

图3. 胃(3 × 4 × 2 cm)、横结肠(2.5 × 2.5 × 1 cm)、小肠(2 × 1.5 × 1 cm)的手术切除标本(病变位于三个解剖区域,中间有正常黏膜相隔)

外膜未见癌[AJCC分期:T3N0MX];2) 结肠癌,溃疡型,中分化腺癌。癌组织侵透肠壁固有肌层至外膜下,外膜未见癌[AJCC分期:T3N0MX];3) 小肠癌,溃疡型,中分化腺癌。癌组织侵透肠壁全层,累及外膜[AJCC分期:T4aN0MX]。免疫组织化学染色(见图4):CD31 (未提示明确微血管内癌栓),D2-40 (淋巴管内癌栓+),S-100 (神经侵犯+),P53 (错义突变型),CD56 (−),Her-2,CDX2 (+),MLH1 (+),PMS2 (+),MSH2 (+),MSH6 (+),Ki-67 (index:70%),CgA (−),Syn (−),HP (−),CK7 (−),CK20 (+),SATB-2 (+),ViLLin (+)。术后患者生存状态良好,随访2月病情稳定。

2. 讨论

目前国际学界对于多原发癌的诊断标准尚未完全统一(见表1),因此多原发癌的发病率在2.4%~17%之间变化。但随着近年来人口老龄化及社会医疗的普及,肿瘤患者的生存期明显延长,多原癌的发病率及检出率也呈增长趋势 [ 1 ] 。据RAGUSA R等人 [ 2 ] 的统计,MPC患者中50岁以上占比达75%,男性发病率显著高于女性,多与吸烟或饮酒相关,发病部位以消化系统、呼吸系统及泌尿系统为主。多原发癌的病因尚无定论,既往研究表明可能与以下因素有关:1) 基因因素:肿瘤的发生与基因突变密不可分。1953年Slaughter等人提出区域癌化理论 [ 3 ] ,即当外源致癌物长期作用于机体,某器官中一个或一组细胞积累遗传学改变,转化为癌前细胞,早期的遗传学事件导致癌前细胞出现克隆性增殖而成为癌前区域,

图4. 术后病检

Development history of diagnostic criteria for multiple primary cancer
时间 人物/组织 事件
1889 奥地利医生Christian Billroth 报道全球首例多原发癌病例。
1932 WARREN、GATES等人 首次定义多原发癌诊断标准:各肿瘤的病理诊断均为恶性;来源于不同的组织或器官,各自独立存在,彼此无关,不同癌灶之间间隔一定距离的正常组织;必须排除为其他肿瘤转移的可能。
2004 国际肿瘤研究机构/国际癌症登记协会 发布IARC/IACR标准:明确以6个月为界值的多原发癌分类方法,即数个原发癌的发病间隔小于6个月称为同时性多原发癌(较为少见,约占10%),超过6个月称为异时性多原发癌。
2007 美国国立研究所 提出SEER标准:规定同一器官上发生的多个肿瘤,无论病理类型是否相同,只要间隔时间超过2个月即可被诊断为异时性多原发癌。

表1. 多原发癌诊断标准发展史

致癌因素继续作用,则某些癌前细胞进一步积累基因组改变并最终转化为恶性肿瘤细胞,呈现恶性表型,同时那些位于肿瘤周围的癌前细胞仍然存在且有可能转化为癌。这一理论在包括头颈部鳞状细胞癌、食管癌、膀胱癌等多个癌种中得到了证实 [ 4 ] 。因此癌症患者(尤其是有肿瘤家族史的人群),再次罹患癌症机会远远高于正常人群。此外,研究表明生殖系突变、DNA甲基化、微卫星不稳定和单核苷酸多态性等都在MPC的发生发展中起一定的作用,可能为未来MPC的早期检测、预防和有效治疗提供方案 [ 5 ] 。2) 医源性因素:既往研究人员 [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] 认为一些化疗药物和放射治疗引起细胞DNA损伤和机体免疫功能低下可能是再发癌的潜在来源。但也有一些学者 [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] 认为原发癌灶的放化疗对患者二次患癌的影响并不大,甚至接受了放疗的患者再发其他肿瘤的风险比未接受放疗的患者风险更低。3) 生活方式及生活环境:吸烟饮酒、肥胖等不良的生活习惯也是多原发癌发生发展的重要因素。有数据表明男性吸烟者的MPC罹患率比从未吸烟者高83%,饮酒也会大大提高上呼吸道和上消化道发生MPC的风险,与吸烟协同作用可使胃癌患者合并MPC的风险高78% [ 12 ] [ 13 ] 。另有研究称不健康饮食和肥胖可使胃癌患者发生第二原发癌的风险提高3.39倍,高体质量指数的胃癌患者发生同时性MPC的风险是体质量指数正常者的2.3倍 [ 14 ] [ 15 ] 。

本例患者短时间内在三个器官发现肿瘤且各处肿瘤均有明确的病理和免疫组化结果,排除转移灶可能,诊断为同时性多原发癌证据充分。患者首诊为胃体中分化腺癌,虽然术前进行了电子胃镜、增强CT等多项检查,但均未提示小肠与结肠部位的病变,最终在术中探查发现肿瘤病灶,更改手术方案。这提醒临床医生在处理消化道病变时一定要细致、全面,警惕上下消化道同时合并多种原发肿瘤的可能。此外,本例中采用达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜的手术模式,将微创技术巧妙融合于治疗全程,极大缩短手术时间,一次手术同时解决三个病灶,将创伤降至最低,使得患者获益最大。

3. 小结

鉴于多原发癌的发病率较低且缺乏特异的检测指标,临床工作中可注意以下几点:1) 对于年龄超过50岁的癌症人群,不能满足于现已发现的癌灶,应始终警惕存在其他同时或异时的原发恶性肿瘤的可能。2) 进行有效的诊断及鉴别诊断从而采取恰当的诊疗方式。转移癌属于恶性肿瘤的晚期病变,全身系统化疗是主要的姑息治疗方法,预后差;而多原发癌一般遵循各个原发癌本身各自的治疗原则。现有证据表明 [ 16 ] ,多原发癌的预后取决于病理类型与肿瘤分期,而癌灶的数目并不是影响患者生存的独立危险因素。当患者的身体状况和肿瘤相关因素允许时优先考虑手术切除,其术后疗效与单发癌类似甚至更优 [ 17 ] 。3) 无论是初诊或是复查,应密切结合体格检查、增强CT、PET-CT、病理等多种检查手段全面评估患者病情,既要关注肿瘤复发与转移,也要警惕多原发癌的发生,必要时进行多学科会诊以达到精准的诊疗。4) 多原发癌患者具有潜在长期生存的可能,早发现、早诊断、早治疗是提高这类人群生存率并改善预后的关键。5) 建立规范的高危人群多原发癌筛查和随访体系。与单发癌相比,多原发癌领域仍需大量临床研究及大量病例随访调查的深入,收集更多流行病学数据及生物样本,对有关的易感基因及流行病学危险因素进行深度挖掘,以便为多原发癌患者的早筛和治疗提供更多可能的方案。

基金项目

本文课题受甘肃省人民医院院内科研基金(编号:23GSSYD-5)项目资助。

利益声明

该研究无影响其科学性与可信度的经济利益冲突。

文章引用

毕心然,马于祺,赵爽彦,张一粟,付亚雯,李旭霞,段小钰,扈婷婷,毕连祝,蔡宏懿. 消化道同时性三原发癌1例Simultaneous Triple Primary Carcinoma of the Digestive Tract: A Case Report[J]. 亚洲肿瘤科病例研究, 2024, 13(01): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.12677/acrpo.2024.131001

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