【目的】为了探讨云南文山州植烟土壤磷含量与所产烟叶质量的关系,【方法】以云南省文山州7个县(市)的222份土壤和烟叶样品为研究对象,通过相关分析和差异显著性分析,研究了土壤磷含量与烟叶外观质量、物理特性、常规化学成分、感官评吸质量的相关性及不同磷含量档次土壤所产烟叶的外观质量、物理指标、常规化学成分、感官评吸质量的差异性。【结果】:(1) 土壤全磷含量与烟叶的颜色、油分、成熟度、色度呈显著或极显著负相关关系;随植烟土壤全磷含量档次升高,烟叶的颜色、成熟度、色度得分均表现为下降趋势。(2) 土壤磷含量与烟叶平衡含水率、含梗率均呈显著负相关,与烟叶填充值极显著负相关;在一定范围内,随土壤全磷含量档次升高,烟叶平衡含水率得分有降低趋势;随土壤全磷含量档次升高,烟叶填充值得分表现为明显的上升趋势。(3) 土壤全磷含量与烟叶总氮含量极显著正相关,与烟叶总糖、还原糖、糖碱比均为极显著负相关;烟叶总植物碱、总氮含量随土壤磷含量档次升高而增加,烟叶总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比有随土壤磷含量档次升高而下降的趋势。(4) 土壤全磷含量与烟气圆润感、余味显著负相关;随土壤速效磷含量档次升高,香气质、杂气、圆润感、干燥感4个指标得分和评吸总分均表现为下降趋势,随土壤全磷含量档次升高,余味指标得分和评吸总分总体表现为下降趋势。【结论】综合分析初步认为,土壤全磷含量大于1.5%时,如果仍然按传统施磷量施肥,对烟叶外观质量造成不利影响;土壤速效磷含量大于10 mg/kg时,如果仍然按传统施磷量施肥,对烟叶评吸质量造成不利影响。 In order to explore the relationship between phosphorus content in tobacco planting soil and the quality of tobacco leaves produced in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province, 222 soil samples and 222 tobacco leaf samples from seven counties in Wenshan Prefecture were used as research objects, correlation analysis and difference significance analysis were used to analyze the relationship between soil phosphorus content and tobacco leaf appearance quality, physical characteristics, conventional chemical composition, sensory evaluation quality, as well as the differences of appearance quality, inner quality of tobacco leaves produced in different phosphorus content grades of soil. The results showed that: (1) there was a significant or extremely significant negative correlation between the total phosphorus content in soil and the color, oil content, maturity, and chromaticity of tobacco leaves; as the total phosphorus content of tobacco planting soil increases, the color, maturity, and chromaticity scores of tobacco leaves show a downward trend. (2) The phosphorus content in soil is significantly negatively correlated with the equilibrium moisture content and stem content of tobacco leaves, and extremely significantly negatively correlated with the filling value of tobacco leaves; within a certain range, the equilibrium moisture content score of tobacco leaves tends to decrease with the increase of total phosphorus content in the soil; the score of tobacco leaf filling value shows a significant upward trend as the total phosphorus content in the soil increases. (3) The total phosphorus content in soil is highly significantly positively correlated with the total nitrogen content of tobacco leaves, while it is highly significantly negatively correlated with the total sugar, reducing sugar, and sugar alkali ratio of tobacco leaves; the total alkaloids and total nitrogen content of tobacco leaves increase with the increase of soil phosphorus content, while the total sugar, reducing sugar content, and sugar alkali ratio of tobacco leaves show a downward trend with the increase of soil phosphorus content. (4) The total phosphorus content in soil is significantly negatively correlated with the roundness and aftertaste of smoke; as the content of available phosphorus in the soil increases, the scores of the four indicators of aroma quality, impurities, roundness, and dryness, as well as the total score of absorption, all show a downward trend; and the total phosphorus content in the soil increases, the overall score of aftertaste indicators and total evaluation scores show a downward trend. Based on comprehensive analysis, it is preliminarily believed that when the total phosphorus content in soil is greater than 1.5%, if the traditional phosphorus application rate is still applied, it will have a negative impact on the appearance quality of tobacco leaves; When the soil available phosphorus content is greater than 10 mg/kg, if the traditional phosphorus application rate is still applied, it will have a negative impact on the smoking quality of tobacco leaves.
【目的】为了探讨云南文山州植烟土壤磷含量与所产烟叶质量的关系,【方法】以云南省文山州7个县(市)的222份土壤和烟叶样品为研究对象,通过相关分析和差异显著性分析,研究了土壤磷含量与烟叶外观质量、物理特性、常规化学成分、感官评吸质量的相关性及不同磷含量档次土壤所产烟叶的外观质量、物理指标、常规化学成分、感官评吸质量的差异性。【结果】:(1) 土壤全磷含量与烟叶的颜色、油分、成熟度、色度呈显著或极显著负相关关系;随植烟土壤全磷含量档次升高,烟叶的颜色、成熟度、色度得分均表现为下降趋势。(2) 土壤磷含量与烟叶平衡含水率、含梗率均呈显著负相关,与烟叶填充值极显著负相关;在一定范围内,随土壤全磷含量档次升高,烟叶平衡含水率得分有降低趋势;随土壤全磷含量档次升高,烟叶填充值得分表现为明显的上升趋势。(3) 土壤全磷含量与烟叶总氮含量极显著正相关,与烟叶总糖、还原糖、糖碱比均为极显著负相关;烟叶总植物碱、总氮含量随土壤磷含量档次升高而增加,烟叶总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比有随土壤磷含量档次升高而下降的趋势。(4) 土壤全磷含量与烟气圆润感、余味显著负相关;随土壤速效磷含量档次升高,香气质、杂气、圆润感、干燥感4个指标得分和评吸总分均表现为下降趋势,随土壤全磷含量档次升高,余味指标得分和评吸总分总体表现为下降趋势。【结论】综合分析初步认为,土壤全磷含量大于1.5%时,如果仍然按传统施磷量施肥,对烟叶外观质量造成不利影响;土壤速效磷含量大于10 mg/kg时,如果仍然按传统施磷量施肥,对烟叶评吸质量造成不利影响。
烤烟,土壤磷含量,外观质量,常规化学成分,感官评吸质量
Yi Shen1, Tingting Sun2, Yumin Gu1, Tianyang Xu3, Pengfei Li3, Honghui Yin3, Yuqing Dou2*, Ding Yan1*
1Shanghai Tobacco Group Co. Ltd. Material Procurement Center, Shanghai
2Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Qingdao Shandong
3Yunnan Tobacco Company Wenshan Prefecture Company, Wenshan Yunnan
Received: Mar. 25th, 2024; accepted: May 17th, 2024; published: May 28th, 2024
In order to explore the relationship between phosphorus content in tobacco planting soil and the quality of tobacco leaves produced in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province, 222 soil samples and 222 tobacco leaf samples from seven counties in Wenshan Prefecture were used as research objects, correlation analysis and difference significance analysis were used to analyze the relationship between soil phosphorus content and tobacco leaf appearance quality, physical characteristics, conventional chemical composition, sensory evaluation quality, as well as the differences of appearance quality, inner quality of tobacco leaves produced in different phosphorus content grades of soil. The results showed that: (1) there was a significant or extremely significant negative correlation between the total phosphorus content in soil and the color, oil content, maturity, and chromaticity of tobacco leaves; as the total phosphorus content of tobacco planting soil increases, the color, maturity, and chromaticity scores of tobacco leaves show a downward trend. (2) The phosphorus content in soil is significantly negatively correlated with the equilibrium moisture content and stem content of tobacco leaves, and extremely significantly negatively correlated with the filling value of tobacco leaves; within a certain range, the equilibrium moisture content score of tobacco leaves tends to decrease with the increase of total phosphorus content in the soil; the score of tobacco leaf filling value shows a significant upward trend as the total phosphorus content in the soil increases. (3) The total phosphorus content in soil is highly significantly positively correlated with the total nitrogen content of tobacco leaves, while it is highly significantly negatively correlated with the total sugar, reducing sugar, and sugar alkali ratio of tobacco leaves; the total alkaloids and total nitrogen content of tobacco leaves increase with the increase of soil phosphorus content, while the total sugar, reducing sugar content, and sugar alkali ratio of tobacco leaves show a downward trend with the increase of soil phosphorus content. (4) The total phosphorus content in soil is significantly negatively correlated with the roundness and aftertaste of smoke; as the content of available phosphorus in the soil increases, the scores of the four indicators of aroma quality, impurities, roundness, and dryness, as well as the total score of absorption, all show a downward trend; and the total phosphorus content in the soil increases, the overall score of aftertaste indicators and total evaluation scores show a downward trend. Based on comprehensive analysis, it is preliminarily believed that when the total phosphorus content in soil is greater than 1.5%, if the traditional phosphorus application rate is still applied, it will have a negative impact on the appearance quality of tobacco leaves; When the soil available phosphorus content is greater than 10 mg/kg, if the traditional phosphorus application rate is still applied, it will have a negative impact on the smoking quality of tobacco leaves.
Keywords:Flue-Cured Tobacco, Soil Phosphorus Content, Appearance Quality, Conventional Chemical Composition, Sensory Evaluation Quality
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1982~2016年,我国磷肥年施用量由130万吨增至1600万吨,34年间增加了10倍多 [
在烟叶样品采集地块,取耕层0~20 cm代表性土壤样品。每一采样点按S型取10个位点的土壤,然后混合均匀,用四分法保留1 kg样品,风干过筛(2 mm),共计采集土壤样品222个。
本研究烟叶样品来自云南省文山州的7个烤烟种植县,分别是砚山(8个烟叶站)、丘北(11个工作站)、广南(6个工作站)、文山(7个工作站)、马关(4个工作站)、西畴(4个工作站)、麻栗坡(4个工作站),共计采集烟叶样品222份,等级为C3F。
土壤全磷含量采用GB 9837-1988土壤全磷测定法;土壤速效磷含量采用碳酸氢钠浸提–钼锑抗比色法。
按照烤烟国标GB2635-92的赋分规则,对烟叶样品的颜色、成熟度、叶片结构、身份、油分、色度6项指标进行赋分评价,6项指标权重依次为0.30、0.25、0.15、0.12、0.10、0.08计算外观质量总分 [
参照文献 [
总植物碱:按照YC/T 160-2002烟草及烟草制品总植物碱的测定连续流动分析法分析测定。总糖、还原糖:按照YC/T 159-2002烟草及烟草制品水溶性糖的测定连续流动分析法分析测定。总氮:按照YC/T 161-2002烟草及烟草制品总氮的测定连续流动分析法分析测定。钾:按照YC/T 173-2003烟草及烟草制品钾的测定连续流动分析法分析测定。氯:按照YC/T 162-2002烟草及烟草制品氯的测定连续流动分析法分析测定。
采用指数和法计算化学成分评价分值,见公式(1)。
J = ∑ K i × L i (1)
式中:
J——烤烟化学成分协调性综合质量分值;
Ki——第i个化学成分指标分值;
Li——第i个化学成分指标的权重。
总植物碱、总氮、还原糖、钾、氮碱比值、糖碱比、钾氯比、两糖比的权重分别为0.17、0.09、0.14、0.08、0.07、0.25、0.11、0.09 [
由上海烟草集团技术中心原料与配方研究人员按照行业标准YC/T138-1998进行评价,对烟气浓度、劲头、香气质、香气量、透发性、杂气、细腻柔和程度、圆润感、刺激性、干燥感、余味11个指标分别赋分(单项最高分为9分),计算出感官质量总分。
将土壤样本按《全国土壤全磷和有效磷含量分级标准》从低到高分为5类,原始数据采用Excel整理,应用DPS软件分别统计5类土壤的速效磷、全磷含量与所产烟叶外观质量分数、物理指标实测值、物理指标得分、常规化学成分、常规化学成分得分、感官评吸质量得分的相关关系;分别统计5类土壤所产烟叶外观质量分数、物理指标实测值、物理指标得分、常规化学成分、常规化学成分得分、感官评吸质量分数之间的差异显著性。
表1数据显示,土壤全磷含量与烟叶外观质量得分相关性较强。其中,植烟区土壤全磷的含量与烟叶的颜色、油分2项指标呈极显著负相关关系,与烟叶成熟度、色度2项指标呈显著负相关关系;而土壤速效磷含量与烟叶外观质量6项指标和总分均未达到显著相关性。
由表2可知,土壤速效磷方面,当植烟土壤速效磷含量为“<5 mg/kg”档次时,烟叶的6项外观质量指标和总分均为最高值;速效磷含量为“<5 mg/kg”、“10~20 mg/kg”2档土壤所产烟叶的颜色、油分、色度、外观总分4项指标得分均极显著高于“20~40 mg/kg”档次。土壤全磷方面,随植烟土壤全磷档次升高,烟叶的颜色、成熟度、色度3项指标得分均表现为下降趋势;土壤全磷含量为“<0.50%”档次土壤所产烟叶的颜色、油分得分极显著高于“>1.50%”土壤,土壤全磷含量为“<0.50%”档次土壤所产烟叶的成熟度、叶片结构得分显著高于“>1.50%”土壤。
种类 Category | 颜色Color | 成熟度Maturity | 叶片结构 Leaf Structure | 身份 Body | 油分 Oil | 色度 Chroma | 外观总分 score of appearance quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷 | −0.0817 | −0.1048 | 0.0137 | −0.0196 | −0.1042 | −0.0769 | −0.0647 |
全磷 | −0.1998** | −0.1658* | 0.0426 | 0.0622 | −0.1839** | −0.1705* | −0.1248 |
表1. 土壤磷素含量与烟叶外观质量得分相关系数
注:*代表5%显著水平,**代表1%显著水平。
种类 Category | 档次 grades | 颜色Color | 成熟度Maturity | 叶片结构 Leaf Structure | 身份 Body | 油分 Oil | 色度 Chroma | 外观总分 score of appearance quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷 (mg/kg) | <5 | 8.44a, A | 8.25a, A | 8.33a, A | 8.11a, A | 7.17a, A | 6.56a, A | 55.06a, A |
5~10 | 7.99ab, AB | 7.91ab, A | 7.80a, A | 7.56b, A | 6.84ab, AB | 6.01ab, AB | 52.09ab, AB | |
10~20 | 8.15a, AB | 8.00a, A | 7.99a, A | 7.85ab, A | 6.85a, AB | 6.21a, AB | 53.08a, AB | |
20~40 | 7.81b, B | 7.62b, A | 7.95a, A | 7.70ab, A | 6.56b, B | 5.77b, B | 51.23b, B | |
>40 | 8.05ab, AB | 7.83ab, A | 8.07a, A | 7.79ab, A | 6.76ab, AB | 6.17ab, AB | 52.81ab, AB | |
全磷(%) | <0.50 | 8.45a, A | 8.23a, A | 8.13a, A | 7.94ab, A | 7.15a, A | 6.50a, A | 54.64a, A |
0.50~0.75 | 8.04b, AB | 7.95ab, A | 7.82b, A | 7.59b, A | 6.82ab, AB | 6.14ab, AB | 52.33ab, AB | |
0.75~1.00 | 8.09ab, AB | 7.84ab, A | 7.90ab, A | 7.69ab, A | 6.69bc, AB | 6.06ab, AB | 52.23ab, AB | |
1.00~1.50 | 7.98bc, AB | 7.82ab, A | 8.25a, A | 8.01a, A | 6.83ab, AB | 6.00b, AB | 52.90a, AB | |
>1.50 | 7.57c, B | 7.50b, A | 7.81b, A | 7.67ab, A | 6.31c, B | 5.64b, B | 50.19b, B |
表2. 不同档次速效磷含量土壤所产烟叶的外观质量分数差异性
注:小写字母代表5%显著水平,大写字母代表1%显著水平。
种类 Category | 叶长 Leaf length | 叶宽 Leaf width | 单叶重 Leaf weight | 平衡含水率 Equilibrium moisture content | 含梗率 Stem Containing rate | 填充值 Filling power |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷 | 0.0766 | 0.0243 | 0.0244 | −0.1336* | 0.0411 | 0.1422* |
全磷 | −0.0776 | −0.1982** | −0.1187 | −0.2174** | 0.1284 | 0.2156** |
表3. 土壤磷素含量与烟叶物理指标相关系数
注:*代表显著相关;**代表极显著相关。
植烟区土壤磷素含量与烟叶物理指标得分相关性分析如表3所示,可知土壤速效磷含量与烟叶平衡含水率呈显著负相关,与烟叶填充值显著正相关;土壤全磷含量与烟叶叶宽、平衡含水率极显著负相关,与烟叶填充值极显著正相关。
种类 Category | 单叶重 Leaf weight | 平衡含水率 Equilibrium moisture content | 含梗率 Stem containing rate | 填充值 Filling power |
---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷 | −0.0126 | −0.1407* | −0.0543 | 0.1443* |
全磷 | 0.1430* | −0.2307** | −0.1535* | 0.2335** |
表4. 土壤磷含量与烟叶物理指标得分相关系数
注:*代表显著相关;**代表极显著相关。
表4数据显示,文山植烟区土壤磷素含量与烟叶物理指标得分存在较强相关关系;土壤速效磷含量与烟叶平衡含水率得分显著负相关,与烟叶填充值得分显著正相关;土壤全磷含量与烟叶单叶重得分、填充值得分分别为显著和极显著正相关,与烟叶平衡含水率得分、含梗率得分分别为极显著和显著负相关。
表5数据显示,速效磷含量“5~20 mg/kg”档次的土壤所产烟叶平衡含水率得分最高,超过此档次烟叶平衡含水率开始下降;随土壤速效磷含量增加,烟叶填充值得分有趋高现象。植烟土壤全磷含量高于“>1.5%”档次时,随全磷含量档次增加烟叶平衡含水率大幅下降;随土壤全磷含量档次增加,烟叶填充值得分表现为明显的上升趋势。
种类 Category | 档次 grades | 单叶重 Leaf weight | 平衡含水率 Equilibrium moisture content | 含梗率 Stem containing rate | 填充值 Filling power |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷 (mg/kg) | <5 | 64.29a, A | 95.25ab, A | 84.92a, A | 38.60b, A |
5~10 | 64.90a, A | 96.71a, A | 81.94a, A | 43.01ab, A | |
10~20 | 70.51a, A | 96.19a, A | 83.14a, A | 44.33ab, A | |
20~40 | 64.18a, A | 93.92b, A | 81.90a, A | 46.58ab, A | |
>40 | 67.44a, A | 94.00ab, A | 81.46a, A | 50.27a, A | |
全磷 (%) | <0.50 | 65.31abc, A | 95.29a, AB | 83.13ab, AB | 3.09bc, B |
0.50~0.75 | 64.95bc, A | 96.78a, A | 83.69a, AB | 3.08c, B | |
0.75~1.00 | 62.76c, A | 95.67a, A | 85.24a, A | 3.18bc, AB | |
1.00~1.50 | 70.42ab, A | 94.63 a, AB | 81.21ab, AB | 3.23ab, AB | |
>1.50 | 74.72a, A | 91.21b, B | 75.07b, B | 3.41a, A |
表5. 不同档次磷素含量土壤所产烟叶的物理指标得分差异性
注:小写字母代表5%显著水平,大写字母代表1%显著水平。
植烟区土壤磷素含量与烟叶常规化学成分及衍生指标相关性分析如表6所示,土壤速效磷含量与烟叶常规化学成分的10项指标相关性较弱,都未达到显著水平。土壤全磷含量与烟叶常规化学成分及衍生指标相关性较强,土壤全磷含量与烟叶总氮含量为极显著正相关;与烟叶总糖、还原糖、糖碱比均呈极显著负相关。
种类 Category | 总植物碱 Total alkaloids | 总糖 Total sugar | 还原糖 Reducing sugar | 总氮 Total nitrogen | 钾Potassium | 氯Chloride | 糖碱比 Reducing sugar/alkali | 氮碱比 Nitrogen /alkaloid | 两糖比 Reducing sugar/Total sugar | 钾氯比 Potassium /chloride |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷 | 0.1043 | −0.1279 | −0.0731 | 0.0756 | −0.0576 | −0.0031 | −0.1215 | −0.0855 | 0.0839 | −0.0216 |
全磷 | 0.1242 | −0.2593** | −0.2188** | 0.1923** | −0.0466 | 0.1210 | −0.1751** | −0.0157 | 0.1064 | −0.1168 |
表6. 土壤磷素含量与烟叶常规化学成分含量相关系数
注:**代表极显著相关。
种类 Category | 总植物碱 Total alkaloids | 还原糖 Reducing sugar | 总氮 Total nitrogen | 钾Potassium | 糖碱比 Reducing sugar/alkali | 氮碱比 Nitrogen /alkaloid | 两糖比 Reducing sugar/Total sugar | 钾氯比 Potassium /chloride | 总分 Total score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷 | −0.0793 | −0.0872 | −0.0259 | 0.0129 | −0.0577 | −0.0073 | −0.0028 | −0.1156 | −0.0746 |
全磷 | −0.0134 | 0.0305 | 0.0299 | −0.0627 | 0.0206 | 0.0549 | 0.0281 | −0.1066 | −0.0538 |
表7. 土壤磷素含量与烟叶常规化学成分得分相关系数
土壤速效磷和全磷含量与烟叶常规化学成分及衍生指标的相关性较弱,都未达到显著水平,见表7。
种类 Category | 档次 Grades | 总植物碱 Total alkaloids | 总糖 Total sugar | 还原糖 Reducing sugar | 总氮 Total nitrogen | 钾Potassium | 氯Chloride | 糖碱比 Reducing sugar/alkali | 氮碱比 Nitrogen /alkaloid | 两糖比 Reducing sugar/Total sugar | 钾氯比 Potassium /chloride |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷(mg/kg) | <5 | 2.12b, A | 34.18a, A | 26.59a, A | 1.79b, B | 1.82a, A | 0.14a, A | 16.98a, A | 0.86a, A | 0.78a, A | 14.01a, A |
5~ 10 | 2.37ab, A | 31.58b, AB | 23.43b, B | 1.94ab, AB | 1.88a, A | 0.17a, A | 14.20abc, AB | 0.84a, A | 0.75a, A | 12.68a, A | |
10~ 20 | 2.33ab, A | 31.68b, AB | 23.35b, B | 2.00a, AB | 1.94a, A | 0.17a, A | 14.99ab, AB | 0.89a, A | 0.74a, A | 12.93a, A | |
20~ 40 | 2.56a, A | 30.72b, B | 22.75b, B | 2.04a, A | 1.88a, A | 0.17a, A | 12.75c, B | 0.81a, A | 0.75a, A | 12.98a, A | |
>40 | 2.45ab, A | 30.35b, B | 23.55b, B | 2.04a, A | 1.84a, A | 0.17a, A | 13.35bc, AB | 0.85a, A | 0.78a, A | 12.34a, A | |
全磷(%) | <0.50 | 2.19c, A | 32.99a, A | 25.22a, A | 1.86b, A | 1.92a, A | 0.15b, A | 16.73a, A | 0.88a, A | 0.77ab, A | 14.32a, A |
0.50~ 0.75 | 2.30bc, A | 32.23ab, A | 23.84ab, AB | 1.95ab, A | 1.93a, A | 0.16ab, A | 15.11ab, A | 0.87a, A | 0.74ab, A | 13.38a, A | |
0.75~ 1.00 | 2.52c, A | 31.46ab, A | 23.09bc, BC | 1.99ab, A | 1.83a, A | 0.16b, A | 13.24b, A | 0.81b, A | 0.74b, A | 12.53a, A | |
1.00~ 1.50 | 2.48ab, A | 30.89b, AB | 23.32b, ABC | 2.05a, A | 1.91a, A | 0.17ab, A | 13.33b, A | 0.84ab, A | 0.76ab, A | 12.68a, A | |
>1.50 | 2.42abc, A | 28.52 c, B | 21.77c, C | 2.10a, A | 1.86a, A | 0.19a, A | 13.00b, A | 0.89a, A | 0.77a, A | 11.57a, A |
表8. 不同档次磷素含量土壤所产烟叶的常规化学成分含量差异性
注:小写字母代表5%显著水平,大写字母代表1%显著水平。
表8数据显示,不同档次磷素含量土壤所产烟叶的常规化学成分含量差异性较大。土壤速效磷含量方面,烟叶总植物碱、总氮含量随土壤速效磷档次升高而增加;烟叶总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比有随土壤速效磷档次升高而下降的趋势。土壤全磷含量方面,表现出相同趋势,烟叶总植物碱、总氮含量随土壤全磷档次升高而上升;烟叶总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比有随土壤全磷档次升高而下降的趋势。
种类 Category | 档次 Grades | 总植物碱 Total alkaloids | 还原糖 Reducing sugar | 总氮 Total nitrogen | 钾Potassium | 糖碱比 Reducing sugar/alkali | 氮碱比 Nitrogen /alkaloid | 两糖比 Reducing sugar/Total sugar | 钾氯比 Potassium /chloride | 总分 Total score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷(mg/kg) | <5 | 91.54a, A | 94.76a, A | 94.78a, A | 87.51a, A | 79.85a, A | 91.09ab, A | 72.94a, A | 99.06a, A | 87.86a, A |
5~10 | 85.20a, A | 92.40a, A | 92.71a, A | 87.05a, A | 76.51a, A | 87.27b, A | 68.38a, A | 99.76a, A | 84.73a, A | |
10~20 | 89.26a, A | 92.19a, A | 89.70a, A | 86.15a, A | 76.73a, A | 91.25a, A | 71.24a, A | 98.86a, A | 85.91a, A | |
20~40 | 86.74a, A | 91.97a, A | 90.50a, A | 85.56a, A | 76.27a, A | 89.24ab, A | 68.27a, A | 98.42a, A | 84.69a, A | |
>40 | 83.27a, A | 89.36a, A | 91.09a, A | 85.12a, A | 76.42a, A | 89.69ab, A | 65.31a, A | 99.49a, A | 83.70a, A | |
全磷 (%) | <0.50 | 89.46a, A | 91.66a, A | 88.42ab, A | 88.44a, A | 78.01a, A | 92.70a, A | 72.62a, A | 99.18ab, A | 86.70a, A |
0.50~0.75 | 91.29a, A | 91.94a, A | 91.58ab, A | 85.54a, A | 83.34a, A | 89.03a, A | 71.84a, A | 99.30a, A | 87.43a, A | |
0.75~1.00 | 78.08b, B | 91.93a, A | 88.35b, A | 85.67a, A | 70.79a, A | 89.11a, A | 66.06a, A | 97.80b, A | 81.77b, B | |
1.00~1.50 | 90.34a, A | 92.79a, A | 94.37a, A | 86.05a, A | 74.75a, A | 89.10a, A | 69.18a, A | 99.49a, A | 85.47a, A | |
>1.50 | 87.07ab, AB | 90.45a, A | 89.29ab, A | 88.02a, A | 76.19a, A | 92.76a, A | 66.09a, A | 99.16ab, A | 84.91ab, AB |
表9. 不同档次磷素含量土壤所产烟叶的常规化学成分得分差异性
注:小写字母代表5%显著水平,大写字母代表1%显著水平。
由表9可知,不同速效磷档次土壤所产烟叶的常规化学成分得分存在一定差距。速效磷方面,随植烟土壤速效磷档次升高,所产烟叶的还原糖和钾得分呈现下降趋势;速效磷“>40 mg/kg”档次土壤所产烟叶的两糖比得分明显偏低。全磷方面,未有规律性结果。
种类 Category | 浓度 Smoke richness | 劲头 Impact | 香气质 Quality of aroma | 香气量 Volume of aroma | 透发性 Penetrability | 杂气 Offensive odors | 细腻柔和程度 Softness | 圆润感 Roundness | 刺激性 Irritating | 干燥感 Dry sensation | 余味 aftertaste | 评吸总分 Total score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷 | −0.0588 | 0.1044 | −0.0842 | −0.0752 | −0.0632 | −0.0377 | −0.1023 | −0.1296 | 0.0137 | −0.0798 | −0.0938 | −0.0626 |
全磷 | 0.0222 | 0.1404* | −0.1143 | −0.1067 | −0.1194 | −0.0431 | −0.1105 | −0.1871** | −0.0515 | −0.1007 | −0.1558* | −0.0465 |
表10. 土壤磷含量与烤烟感官评吸得分相关系数
注:*代表显著相关;**代表极显著相关。
植烟区土壤磷素含量与烤烟感官评吸得分相关性如表10所示,土壤速效磷含量与烟叶感官评吸质量相关性较弱,均未达到显著水平;土壤全磷含量与烤烟的劲头得分显著正相关,与圆润感、余味2项指标得分分别为极显著、显著负相关关系。
香气质香气量杂气劲头刺激性干燥感苦涩感Bitter feeling残留Residual稳定性Stability总分
如表11所示,植烟土壤磷素含量档次与烟叶感官评吸质量存在一定相关关系。土壤速效磷含量方面,随土壤速效磷档次升高,劲头指标得分有增加趋势,其中速效磷“20~40 mg/kg”和“>40 mg/kg”2个档次土壤所产烟叶的劲头得分显著高于速效磷5~10 mg/kg;但香气质、杂气、圆润感、干燥感4个指标得分和评吸总分均表现为下降趋势;其中,“<5 mg/kg”土壤所产烟叶的圆润感得分极显著高于“20~40 mg/kg”和“>40 mg/kg”2个档次,速效磷“5~10 mg/kg”档次土壤所产烟叶的干燥感得分显著高于“20~40 mg/kg”和“>40 mg/kg”2个档次。
土壤全磷含量方面,随土壤全磷含量档次升高,劲头指标得分有明显的增加趋势,其中全磷含量“1.00~1.50%”和“>1.50%”2个档次土壤所产烟叶的劲头、圆润感得分分别显著、极显著高于全磷“<0.50%”档次;但余味指标得分和评吸总分总体表现为下降趋势,其中,“<5 mg/kg”、“0.75~1.00%”2个档次土壤所产烟叶的余味得分显著高于“20~40 mg/kg”和“>40 mg/kg”2个档次。
种类 Category | 档次 Grades | 浓度 Smoke richness | 劲头 Impact | 香气质 Quality Of aroma | 香气量 Volume of aroma | 透发性 Penetrability | 杂气 Offensive odors | 细腻柔和程度 Softness | 圆润感 Roundness | 刺激性 Irritating | 干燥感 Dry sensation | 余味 aftertaste | 评吸总分 Total score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
速效磷(mg/kg) | <5 | 5.82a, A | 5.20ab, A | 5.81ab, A | 5.79a, A | 5.67a, A | 5.65a, A | 5.89a, A | 5.85a, A | 5.76ab, A | 5.64ab, A | 5.80a, A | 68.55a, A |
5~ 10 | 5.72a, A | 5.19b, A | 5.83a, A | 5.61a, A | 5.54a, A | 5.61a, A | 5.92a, A | 5.70ab, AB | 5.80a, A | 5.78a, A | 5.80a, A | 68.09a, A | |
10~ 20 | 5.84a, A | 5.30ab, A | 5.78ab, A | 5.75a, A | 5.63a, A | 5.16b, A | 5.85a, A | 5.70ab, AB | 5.70ab, A | 5.69ab, A | 5.71a, A | 67.39a, A | |
20~ 40 | 5.83a, A | 5.37a, A | 5.69b, A | 5.71a, A | 5.60a, A | 5.40ab, A | 5.76a, A | 5.62b, B | 5.67b, A | 5.63b, A | 5.67a, A | 67.38a, A | |
>40 | 5.73a, A | 5.35a, A | 5.71ab, A | 5.62a, A | 5.55a, A | 5.21ab, A | 5.80a, A | 5.63b, B | 5.78ab, A | 5.60b, A | 5.70a, A | 67.24a, A | |
全磷(%) | <0.50 | 5.78ab, A | 5.20b, A | 5.69a, A | 5.84a, A | 5.63a, A | 5.65a, A | 5.94a, A | 5.60b, B | 5.76a, A | 5.68ab.AB | 5.77a, A | 68.03a, A |
0.50~ 0.75 | 5.81ab, A | 5.27ab, A | 5.76a, A | 5.80a, A | 5.63a, A | 5.28ab, A | 5.85ab, A | 5.64b, AB | 5.75a, A | 5.73a, A | 5.77a, A | 67.76a, A | |
0.75~ 1.00 | 5.71b, A | 5.28ab, A | 5.67a, A | 5.75a, A | 5.57a, A | 5.47ab, A | 5.83ab, A | 5.65b, AB | 5.70a, A | 5.69ab.AB | 5.71ab, A | 67.40a, A | |
1.00~ 1.50 | 5.88a, A | 5.37a, A | 5.70a, A | 5.70a, A | 5.61a, A | 5.20b, A | 5.77b, A | 5.71ab, AB | 5.70a, A | 5.59b, B | 5.67b, A | 67.34a, A | |
>1.50 | 5.81ab, A | 5.36a, A | 5.63a, A | 5.70a, A | 5.54a, A | 5.29ab, A | 5.79ab, A | 5.81a, A | 5.67a, A | 5.64abAB | 5.67b, A | 67.57a, A |
表11. 不同档次磷含量土壤与烤烟的感官评吸质量差异性
注:小写字母代表5%显著水平;大写字母代表1%显著水平。
1) 据龙梦洁的研究,随土壤速效磷的增加可提高土壤中的活性磷,但活性磷的增加会影响烟叶的外观品质,比如油分、成熟度、颜色 [
2) 本文研究显示,植烟区土壤磷素含量与烟叶物理指标得分相关性较强,表现为土壤速效磷含量、土壤全磷含量与烟叶平衡含水率、含梗率均呈显著负相关,说明文山部分植烟土壤磷含量水平较高,应该减少磷肥得施用量。刘坤的研究结果显示,在云南罗平富磷土壤上,平衡含水率随着施磷量增加而减少,减量施磷降低了含梗率 [
3) 本研究数据显示,不同档次磷素含量土壤所产烟叶的常规化学成分含量差异性较大。方秀等研究显示,烟叶锌含量随土壤有效磷含量的升高而降低,土壤有效磷对烟叶锌含量存在极显著影响,高含量的土壤有效磷会拮抗烟株对土壤有效锌的吸收,而土壤有效锌含量与烟叶化学成分含量的相关性较密切 [
4) 本研究结果显示,随土壤速效磷、土壤全磷含量增加,劲头指标得分均有增加趋势;但是,随土壤速效磷含量增加,香气质、杂气、圆润感、干燥感4个指标得分和评吸总分均表现为下降趋势;随土壤全磷含量增加,余味指标得分和评吸总分总体表现为下降趋势。这与章新、陈利军的研究结果相吻合,章新、陈利军等认为,在富磷土壤上大量施用磷肥可导致烟叶质量,特别是香气质得分的下降 [
文山州不同磷含量档次植烟土壤所产烟叶的外观质量、物理特性、常规化学成分及感官评吸质量均有明显差异。
1) 土壤全磷含量与烟叶的颜色、油分、成熟度、色度呈负相关关系;随植烟土壤全磷含量增加,烟叶的颜色、成熟度、色度得分均表现为下降趋势。土壤磷含量与烟叶平衡含水率、含梗率均呈显著负相关,与烟叶填充值极显著负相关。植烟土壤全磷含量大于0.5%时,随全磷含量增加烟叶平衡含水率得分有降低趋势;随土壤全磷含量增加烟叶填充值得分表现为明显的上升趋势。
2) 土壤全磷含量与烟叶总氮含量正相关,与烟叶总糖、还原糖、糖碱比均为负相关;烟叶总植物碱、总氮含量随土壤磷含量增加而上升,烟叶总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比有随土壤磷含量增加而下降的趋势。随土壤磷含量增加,劲头指标得分均有增加趋势;随土壤速效磷含量增加,香气质、杂气、圆润感、干燥感4个指标得分和评吸总分均表现为下降趋势;随土壤全磷含量增加,余味指标得分和评吸总分总体表现为下降趋势。
3) 综合分析初步认为,文山州土壤全磷含量大于1.5%时,如果仍然按传统施磷量施肥,对烟叶外观质量造成不利影响;土壤速效磷含量大于10 mg/kg时,如果仍然按传统施磷量施肥,对烟叶评吸质量造成不利影响。因此,文山州烤烟生产应重视不同磷含量土壤进行分类推荐磷肥施用量,在土壤全磷含量大于1.5%、土壤速效磷含量大于10 mg/kg的植烟区域减少磷肥施用量。
上海烟草集团有限责任公司项目[上烟集团文山州根茎类病害综合防治技术研究与推广20223100001-40542]。
沈 毅,孙婷婷,顾毓敏,徐天养,李鹏飞,殷红慧,窦玉青,闫 鼎. 云南文山州土壤磷素含量与烤烟质量的关系Analysis on the Relationship between Soil Phosphorus Content and Flue-Cured Tobacco Leaf Quality in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province[J]. 植物学研究, 2024, 13(03): 328-338. https://doi.org/10.12677/br.2024.133035