准确预测页岩气井生产动态特征是页岩气藏开发的关键。然而,页岩气井通常具有初期产量递减快、后期产量低的生产变化特征,导致页岩气井产量预测难度大。因此,通过考虑页岩气赋存特征,结合等值渗流阻力法,建立了考虑吸附作用下的页岩气压裂水平井产量预测模型,并完成了模型的校验及分析。研究表明:页岩气吸附作用对气井产量影响显著,其中页岩气井产量受Langmuir体积因素影响高于Langmuir压力因素;裂缝半长和压裂段数对页岩气产量影响也是不可忽略的,尽管页岩气井产量与裂缝半长和压裂段数都呈正相关,但裂缝半长对于页岩气井整个生产阶段都有较大的影响,而压裂段数对气井产量的影响会随生产时间的增加而逐渐减小。 Accurate prediction of the production dynamic characteristics of shale gas wells is crucial and essential for the development of shale gas reservoirs. However, shale gas wells typically exhibit characteristics of rapid initial production decline and low output in later stages, which is difficult to accurately estimate the ultimate output of shale gas wells during the shale gas development process. Therefore, by considering the characteristics of shale gas occurrence, the production prediction model of shale gas fractured horizontal well under the consideration of adsorption is established with equivalent seepage resistance method, and then the model is verified and analyzed. The results show that shale gas adsorption has a significant effect on gas well production, and the effect of Langmuir volume factor is higher than that of Langmuir pressure factor. The impact of fracture half-length and number of fracturing stages on shale gas production cannot be ignored. Although the production of shale gas wells is positively correlated with the fracture half-length and number of fracturing stages, the fracture half-length has a great impact on the entire production stage of shale gas wells, and the impact of fracturing stages on the production of gas wells will gradually decrease with the increase of production time.
准确预测页岩气井生产动态特征是页岩气藏开发的关键。然而,页岩气井通常具有初期产量递减快、后期产量低的生产变化特征,导致页岩气井产量预测难度大。因此,通过考虑页岩气赋存特征,结合等值渗流阻力法,建立了考虑吸附作用下的页岩气压裂水平井产量预测模型,并完成了模型的校验及分析。研究表明:页岩气吸附作用对气井产量影响显著,其中页岩气井产量受Langmuir体积因素影响高于Langmuir压力因素;裂缝半长和压裂段数对页岩气产量影响也是不可忽略的,尽管页岩气井产量与裂缝半长和压裂段数都呈正相关,但裂缝半长对于页岩气井整个生产阶段都有较大的影响,而压裂段数对气井产量的影响会随生产时间的增加而逐渐减小。
页岩气,产量,数学模型,吸附
Haonan Zou, Kuilin Jiang, Yuchen Yang, Zhenhan Qu
School of Petroleum Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing
Received: Mar. 17th, 2024; accepted: Apr. 17th, 2024; published: Apr. 29th, 2024
Accurate prediction of the production dynamic characteristics of shale gas wells is crucial and essential for the development of shale gas reservoirs. However, shale gas wells typically exhibit characteristics of rapid initial production decline and low output in later stages, which is difficult to accurately estimate the ultimate output of shale gas wells during the shale gas development process. Therefore, by considering the characteristics of shale gas occurrence, the production prediction model of shale gas fractured horizontal well under the consideration of adsorption is established with equivalent seepage resistance method, and then the model is verified and analyzed. The results show that shale gas adsorption has a significant effect on gas well production, and the effect of Langmuir volume factor is higher than that of Langmuir pressure factor. The impact of fracture half-length and number of fracturing stages on shale gas production cannot be ignored. Although the production of shale gas wells is positively correlated with the fracture half-length and number of fracturing stages, the fracture half-length has a great impact on the entire production stage of shale gas wells, and the impact of fracturing stages on the production of gas wells will gradually decrease with the increase of production time.
Keywords:Shale Gas, Production, Mathematical Model, Adsorption
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天然气作为一种清洁低碳的化石能源,是化石能源向新能源转换的重要过渡能源,在全球能源绿色低碳转型中发挥重要作用 [
目前我国技术可采页岩气储量可达8.82 × 108m3[
基于上述分析,现有的页岩气产量计算方法均有一定不足。因此,本文将基于页岩气渗流阻力理论,结合物质平衡方法,建立了页岩气压裂水平井产量预测模型。该模型物理意义明确,推导简便,且易于计算,能准确地表征页岩气井生产动态特征。
由于页岩气藏孔隙度和渗透率极低,且具有自生自储特征,因此,可将页岩气藏视为封闭气藏。根据物质守恒原理,页岩气藏的物质平衡方程(气体体积守恒)的基本形式为:
式中: G f i 为页岩储层原始游离气量,m3; G a i 为页岩储层原始吸附气量,m3;Gf为页岩储层当前游离气量,m3;Ga为页岩储层当前吸附气量,m3;Gp为页岩储层累计产出气量,m3。
通过考虑页岩气体积、孔隙体积和束缚水的体积,可得原始条件下页岩气藏容积为:
V c i = V p − V w c = A g h ϕ ( 1 − S w c ) (2)
页岩气藏原始吸附气体积为:
G a i = ρ s V b 1000 V a i (3)
式中:Ag为气藏面积,m2;h为气藏厚度,m; ϕ 为孔隙度,无因次;Swc为束缚水饱和度,无因次;Vp为气藏孔隙体积,m3;Vwc为气藏束缚水体积,m3。
当气藏产出一定气量Gp之后,地层压力从pi下降到某一压力p时,页岩气藏吸附气体积:
G a = ρ s V b 1000 V a (4)
其中,页岩气吸附量用Langmuir模型进行表示:
V a = V L p p L + p (5)
气藏孔隙体积减小量:
Δ V p = V p c p Δ p (6)
束缚水体积膨胀量:
Δ V w c = V p c w Δ p (7)
其中
Δ p = p i − p (8)
因此,页岩气藏当前体积为:
V c = V c i ( 1 − c p + c w S w c 1 − S w c Δ p ) (9)
式中:ρs为岩石密度,kg/m3;Vb为气藏体积,m3;Va为页岩储层当前吸附气量,m3;cp为岩石压缩系数,1/MPa;cw为地层水压缩系数,1/MPa。
封闭气藏中的原始气量为:
G f i = V f i B g i = V c i B g i (10)
其中,体积系数可表示为:
B g i = p s c Z s c T s c Z i T i p i (11)
当前地面游离气量体积为:
G f = V c B g = V c i B g ( 1 − c p + c w S w c 1 − S w c Δ p ) (12)
其中,体积系数可表示为:
B g i = p s c Z s c T s c Z i T i p (13)
将式(3)、式(4)、式(10)和式(12)代入式(1),并整理得:
p Z ( 1 − c c Δ p ) = p i Z i ( 1 − G p f G f i ) (14)
其中,
G p f = G p − ρ s V b 1000 ( V a i − V a ) (15)
c c = c p + c w S w c 1 − S w c (16)
式中:Bgi为原始条件下气体体积压缩系数,1/MPa; V f i 为原始地下游离气量;Zsc为标准状态压因子,无因次;Tsc为标准状态温度,K;Psc为标准状态压力,MPa;Zi为气藏当前地层压缩因子,无因次;Ti为气藏原始地层温度,K;Pi为气藏原始地层压力,MPa。
根据渗流阻力法,并利用面积等值原则,建立压裂水平井产能公式为:
q s c = π N h Z s c T s c [ ψ ( P ) − ψ ( P w f ) ] P s c T [ 1 k m ln x e 2 x f + 1 k f ln ( 1 r w e f 2 L x f π N ) ] (17)
其中,
ψ ( P ) = 2 ∫ P i P P μ Z d P (18)
式中:L为压裂水平井有效长度,m;N为压裂段数,段;xe为储层宽度,m;kf为裂缝渗透率,mD;km为储层渗透率,mD;xf为裂缝半长,m;qsc为地面条件下日产气量,104m3/d;ψ为地层压力对应的拟压力,MPa2/(mPa·s);ψ (Pwf)为井底流压对应的拟压力,MPa2/(mPa·s)。
选取四川盆地某页岩气井真实生产数据,首先通过该井实际日产气量,利用本文所建的产量预测模型反算出井底流压,然后根据井底流压的拟合情况完成所建模型的可靠性分析。拟合结果如图1所示,新建的产量预测模型能够较好地描述出真实气井的井底流压变化特征。因此,本文所建的产量预测模型是可靠的。
图1. 页岩气压裂水平井产量预测模型计算结果评价图
1) 吸附作用
页岩气主要以游离态和吸附态两种形式赋存于页岩储层中,不同地质条件下,页岩气的赋存状态有较大差异 [
图2. Langmuir体积对页岩气压裂水平井产量影响分析图
图3. Langmuir压力对页岩气压裂水平井产量影响分析图
2) 裂缝段数
多级压裂水平井技术已是页岩气藏成功开发的核心技术 [
图4. 压裂段数对页岩气压裂水平井产能影响分析图
3) 裂缝半长
由图5可知,当裂缝半长由30 m分别提高至60 m、90 m和120 m时,稳产期由407天分别增至942天、1648天和2179天,增大倍数分别为1.31倍、3.05倍和4.35倍,气井累计产量由1.25 × 108m3分别增至1.89 × 108m3、2.41 × 108m3和2.95 × 108m3,增大倍数依次为0.51倍、0.93倍和1.35倍。因此,在不考虑经济约束条件下,增大裂缝半长将有利于提高气井产能。
图5. 裂缝半长对页岩气压裂水平井产能影响分析图
本文基于物质平衡方法建立了页岩气压裂水平井产量预测模型,并且通过真实页岩气井生产数据对该模型进行了校验。在此基础上,完成了吸附作用、压裂半长和压裂段数对页岩气井产量的影响规律研究。计算分析表明:
1) Langmuir体积对页岩气井产量的影响要高于Langmuir压力,若不考虑页岩气吸附作用则会显著低估气井产量。因此,考虑页岩气吸附作用并准确获取吸附参数是提高页岩气井产量预测结果可靠性的关键因素之一。
2) 页岩气井产量与裂缝半长和压裂段数都呈正相关,但裂缝半长对于页岩气井整个生产阶段都有较大的影响,而压裂段数对气井产量的影响会随生产时间的增加而逐渐减小,因此在页岩气储层改造时应充分发挥二者的协同效应。
重庆科技学院大学生科技创新训练计划项目(项目编号:2023144);重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(项目编号:CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0264);重庆市教委科学技术研究项目青年项目(项目编号:KJQN202201517);重庆科技学院人才引进科研启动资助项目(项目编号:ckrc2022025)。
邹昊男,蒋葵霖,杨雨晨,曲政翰. 页岩气压裂水平井产量预测模型研究Research on Production Prediction Model of Shale Gas Fracturing Horizontal Well[J]. 渗流力学进展, 2024, 13(01): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.12677/apf.2024.131001
https://link.cnki.net/urlid/21.1357.TE.20240305.1339.007, 2024-03-07.