HJBM Hans Journal of Biomedicine 2161-8976 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/hjbm.2024.142027 HJBM-85414 hjbm2024142_141530311.pdf 医药卫生 儿科患者漏斗胸治疗 Treatment of Pectus Excavatum in Pediatric Patients 铁映 2 1 2 1 重庆医科大学附属儿童医院心胸外科,重庆 null 16 04 2024 14 02 246 250 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

漏斗胸是最常见的先天性胸壁畸形,其标志是前胸塌陷。关于手术矫正方法的文献越来越多,尽管在治疗方面仍然存在相当大的差异。本综述的主要目的是概述当前漏斗胸儿科患者治疗的演变。 Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common congenital chest wall anomaly, the hallmark of which is the caved-in appearance of the anterior chest. A growing body of literature exists surrounding methods of surgical correction, though considerable variability in management remains. The primary objectives of this review are to outline the current practices surrounding the care of pediatric patients with pectus excavatum.

Nuss手术,漏斗胸,漏斗胸微创修复术(MIRPE),儿科患者, Nuss Procedure Pectus Excavatum Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Excavatum (MIRPE) Pediatric Patients
摘要

漏斗胸是最常见的先天性胸壁畸形,其标志是前胸塌陷。关于手术矫正方法的文献越来越多,尽管在治疗方面仍然存在相当大的差异。本综述的主要目的是概述当前漏斗胸儿科患者治疗的演变。

关键词

Nuss手术,漏斗胸,漏斗胸微创修复术(MIRPE),儿科患者

Treatment of Pectus Excavatum in Pediatric Patients<sup> </sup>

Tieying Li, Gang Wang

Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing

Received: Feb. 22nd, 2024; accepted: Apr. 17th, 2024; published: Apr. 26th, 2024

ABSTRACT

Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common congenital chest wall anomaly, the hallmark of which is the caved-in appearance of the anterior chest. A growing body of literature exists surrounding methods of surgical correction, though considerable variability in management remains. The primary objectives of this review are to outline the current practices surrounding the care of pediatric patients with pectus excavatum.

Keywords:Nuss Procedure, Pectus Excavatum, Minimally Invasive Repair of Pectus Excavatum (MIRPE), Pediatric Patients

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 介绍

大多数先天性胸壁畸形(CWD)累及前胸壁。最常见的前部CWD是漏斗胸(PE),其次是隆胸(PC)。漏斗胸是最常见的先天性胸壁畸形,发生率为1/400 (0.25%) [ 1 ] 。目前漏斗胸的病理机制尚未明确,而肋软骨不成比例的过度生长、肋软骨中胶原含量的组织病理学变化以及横膈膜与胸骨的异常后拴被认为是其发生的促成因素 [ 2 ] 。缺陷也可能是不对称的,这通常与胸骨旋转和伴随的脊柱侧弯有关。多达5%的患者有胸壁畸形家族史和结缔组织疾病(如马凡氏综合征)是与漏斗胸相关的其他因素 [ 3 ] 。漏斗胸通常在年幼儿童中耐受性良好;然而,在青春期,畸形往往会随着快速的垂直生长而恶化,因此可能会出现受累肋软骨疼痛、运动不耐受和呼吸急促等症状 [ 4 ] 。治疗决策最终取决于患者对美容不适的感知,并得到严重程度指数和生理损害标志物等指标的支持 [ 5 ] 。漏斗胸修复术的转诊激增促进了大规模的临床分析,从而修改了治疗策略和技术改进,以提高患者安全性。CWD的生理效应仍存在争议。关于MIRPE对运动耐量、缺乏耐力、呼吸急促、心肺功能、身体姿势等的影响,一直存在争议。即使报道CWD治疗不同方面的文章数量从大约300篇(1980年至1989年)增加到1000多篇已发表的论文(2012年至2021年),有争议的争论仍将继续 [ 6 ] 。

2. 漏斗胸的治疗 2.1. 术前评估

漏斗胸畸形与各种心肺影响有关,但确切的关系一直存在争议。虽然漏斗胸在儿童中通常耐受性良好,但也有报道称,有症状如心悸(可能是由于短暂性房性心律失常所致)和劳力性呼吸困难或运动时心前区疼痛。漏斗胸手术修复后运动耐量改善的报道,包括呼吸困难和心动过速的减少,支持与身体畸形相关的潜在生理异常。漏斗胸患者也可能听到收缩期射血杂音,这是由于胸骨靠近肺动脉。病史或体格检查结果疑似结缔组织病(如马凡氏综合征)的患者也应转诊进行遗传咨询,因为有20种独特的遗传性疾病与漏斗胸有关 [ 7 ] 。心脏异常已被证明在多达84%的马凡综合征和胸畸形患者中同时发生 [ 3 ] 。所有有明显漏斗胸的患者都应接受超声心动图检查,尤其是那些正在考虑进行手术干预的患者,因为这可能发现二尖瓣脱垂、右心室流出道受压或主动脉根部扩张,这可能需要长期监测 [ 8 ] [ 9 ] 。

漏斗胸修复术后运动耐量的改善仍然是一个有争议的领域,归因于呼吸力学的改善以及心脏压迫的消退,这已被证明是更具临床相关性的参数 [ 10 ] 。在漏斗胸患者中,右心房被凹陷的胸骨压迫,最终导致每搏输出量减少。矫正手术已被证明会导致每搏输出量和耗氧量增加,这归因于胸前后尺寸的增加 [ 11 ] 。

已经提出了几种量化漏斗胸缺损严重程度的方法,其中最常见的是哈勒指数(HI),它是胸部的最大横径与畸形最深处从胸骨到脊柱的最小前后距离之比 [ 12 ] 。胸部计算机断层扫描(CT)是用于最初计算HI的成像方式,并且仍然是术前成像的主要方法,测量值为3.25或更高,用作手术矫正保险范围的必要条件。

胸部CT也可用于评估心脏压迫或其他胸腹异常的存在,并可采用低剂量放疗方案。有证据表明,在测量HI方面,平片胸片等同于CT,一些小组建议将其用作平均风险患者漏斗胸术前评估的主要工具,因为辐射剂量减少 [ 13 ] [ 14 ] 。

2.2 手术治疗

如果患者出现胸部外观不适,并且符合以下两项或多项标准,则通常建议对漏斗胸进行手术矫正:胸部CT或MRI显示心脏或肺部受压,HI为3.25或更高,通过PFT评估发现限制性肺疾病,心脏传导异常,体能异常或开放或闭合手术干预后漏斗胸复发 [ 15 ] 。

2.2.1. 漏斗胸微创修复术(MIRPE)

1998年,Nuss首次描述了一种使用胸骨后杆在不分裂肋软骨的情况下抬高胸骨的技术。MIRPE (目前最常用的手术方法)包括通过胸骨下方和心脏前方的双侧胸廓小切口插入一根凸金属棒,该切口与畸形的曲率一致。Nuss描述了将长夹子穿过纵隔推进到胸部的另一侧,然后使用穿过导路的脐带将夹子从相反方向引导。然后使用胶带进行牵引,将钢筋拉过胸膜腔。就位后,将杠铃旋转,凸面朝后,以矫正胸骨和肋骨凹陷 [ 16 ] 。

由于该手术前胸壁无切口,不需截骨,具有微创、手术时间短、恢复快、矫形效果好、胸壁稳定和胸廓张力与弹性正常等优点,逐步在欧美等国家推广,并且在21世纪初在国内开展。由于Nuss手术步骤相对简单,易于掌握,其优势明显,广受患者和医生的欢迎。如今,中国较大的医疗中心均能开展Nuss手术,基本取代了Ravitch术及其他传统漏斗胸术式,成为现今中国漏斗胸的主要手术方式。

2.2.2. 开放性手术修复

虽然现在大多数漏斗胸修复术都是通过微创Nuss手术完成的,但一些外科医生在胸壁严重不对称、混合胸肌畸形或不希望胸骨后杆位超过两年的患者中使用开放修复术 [ 5 ] 。Ravitch推广的开放性修复术使用前胸壁切口对变形的肋软骨进行软骨下切除术。通过胸骨进行横向楔形截骨术,然后用支柱抬高闭合胸骨。在软骨重整期间,使用前胸骨或胸骨后入路采用支柱固定以稳定骨折胸骨的位置 [ 17 ] 。开放技术存在有限的变化,包括各种胸骨抬高方式,例如将护套钢丝放置在胸骨后面并在术后连接到外部支架(称为伦纳德手术),或使用合成网吊床支架 [ 18 ] 。尽管当由经验丰富的外科医生进行时,微创和开放技术都被证明可有效矫正漏斗胸,但对于所有患者的优越技术缺乏共识。最终需要在拔除钢筋后进行长期随访,手术选择应因患者而异。

2.2.3. 非手术治疗

尽管MIRPE被认为是漏斗胸的金标准治疗,但需要在缺陷矫正和疼痛管理方面有效的侵入性较小的治疗方式。Schier及其同事在2005年将漏斗胸的首次非手术治疗描述为真空钟。该装置是一个放置在前胸上方的吸盘,并连接到患者激活的手泵,用于将压力降低到大气压以下15%,从而导致胸骨抬高 [ 19 ] 。

2.2.4. 术后疼痛管理

漏斗胸手术修复后的疼痛控制通常具有挑战性,并且是住院时间(LOS)的重要因素 [ 4 ] 。对于MIRPE尤其如此,尽管与成人相比,儿科人群中慢性术后疼痛的发生率总体较低 [ 20 ] 。方案化疼痛管理和多模式疼痛控制的最新进展显着减少了MIRPE术后LOS和麻醉剂的使用。最初的策略包括胸腔硬膜外麻醉和患者自控镇痛(PCA),通常用作口服止痛药的桥梁 [ 21 ] 。

2.2.5. 复发性漏斗胸

漏斗胸手术矫正后的一个可怕的并发症是畸形复发,据报道,这种情况发生在2%~10%的病例中 [ 22 ] 。多种因素被认为是导致复发的原因,包括发育过程中的手术时机、胸骨后支柱维持的持续时间以及马凡综合征患者的固有结缔组织功能障碍 [ 23 ] 。据报道,在没有支柱固定的马凡氏病患者中,复发风险很高;因此,建议所有患有马凡氏病和漏斗胸的儿童都使用支柱固定进行修复 [ 24 ] 。

3. 结论

漏斗胸患儿的护理在术前评估、手术和非手术技术以及术后管理方面不断发展。尽管关于该主题的文献广泛,但缺乏关于这些患者术前评估和治疗的国际共识指南,这为这些领域的未来研究工作提供了机会。

基金项目

本章节为作者提供“资助信息”的示例。

文章引用

李铁映,王 刚. 儿科患者漏斗胸治疗Treatment of Pectus Excavatum in Pediatric Patients[J]. 生物医学, 2024, 14(02): 246-250. https://doi.org/10.12677/hjbm.2024.142027

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