西尔维娅·普拉斯是美国自白派诗歌的重要代表,其作品集中刻画男性主导话语中女性的身份困境及其身份建构,并因其大胆的身体书写而在英美文坛独树一帜。普拉斯诗歌中的女性人物被迫在男性凝视下规训自身,其自由言说受到压制。普拉斯借助女性人物的身体言说,探讨女性苦难、死亡、重生等话题,在审视女性身份困境的同时,向现实生活及文学创作领域的父权规训发起挑战,借以实现女性身份建构。 Sylvia Plath is one of the representatives of American confessional poetry who is known for her bold narrative about female body among the literary circles in both the US and the UK. Her works focus on the depiction of modern women’s identity dilemma and their construction of self-identity inside the male-dominated discourse. The female characters in Plath’s poems are forced to discipline themselves under the male gaze, and their freedom to speak for themselves is denied. Plath employs the technique of writing the body to discuss such topics as suffering, death, and rebirth faced by women. While examining the identity dilemma of women, she challenges the male-dominated discourse in both real life and the literary world for women’s construction of self-identity.
西尔维娅·普拉斯,自白派诗歌,身体言说,女性身份建构, Sylvia Plath
Confessional Poetry
Body Narrative
Construction of Female Identity
摘要
Sylvia Plath is one of the representatives of American confessional poetry who is known for her bold narrative about female body among the literary circles in both the US and the UK. Her works focus on the depiction of modern women’s identity dilemma and their construction of self-identity inside the male-dominated discourse. The female characters in Plath’s poems are forced to discipline themselves under the male gaze, and their freedom to speak for themselves is denied. Plath employs the technique of writing the body to discuss such topics as suffering, death, and rebirth faced by women. While examining the identity dilemma of women, she challenges the male-dominated discourse in both real life and the literary world for women’s construction of self-identity.
Keywords:Sylvia Plath, Confessional Poetry, Body Narrative, Construction of Female Identity
叙事者“自以为是的自治僭越”解释了普拉斯创造鱼这一意象的目的,“可怕的鱼不仅是衰老的象征,还是‘可怕自治’的象征,是为了审视她在痛苦找寻自我的过程中所凝视的文学文本中的女性” [
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] 。正如吉尔伯特和古芭(Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar)所说,“女性作家的自我反思始于对男性主导文学文本中的镜像进行深入审视” [
5
] 。普拉斯拒绝男性至上的文学文本,因为男性文本所谓的“真实”使女性成为男性规训的反射者,失去了言说的自由。《镜子》采用后现代叙事方式,聚焦女性身体和女性身体暴力,扭转男性凝视下的性别权力关系,让女性从被凝视者的角度解构男性主导的文学传统。
《尸房两景》(Two Views of a Cadaver Room)中所刻画的死亡景象没有《郁金香》那么温和。第一场景中被解剖的尸体、浸泡在实验瓶中的死胎、从死尸上割下来的心脏,都令人不寒而栗,与女实习生和白衣男孩平静且麻木的行为形成鲜明对比。第二场景提到了彼得·勃鲁盖尔的名画《死亡的胜利》(The Triumph of Death),普拉斯用勃鲁盖尔画作中的一对情人映射诗中女实习生与白衣男孩的爱情关系。如果说《郁金香》中的死亡体验给予叙事者的存在感还仅仅是一种可能,《尸房两景》中这种可能则被具体化了。第一场景中,白衣男孩把割下来的死者心脏当作爱情的礼物献给女实习生,让“愚蠢、脆弱”的“小国幸免于难”。如果诗歌中的“小国”象征普拉斯和她的女性人物所生存的世界,那么女实习生的死亡体验则使得海德格尔笔下的存在成为可能。
桑德拉·吉尔伯特在《美丽圣洁的飞翔神话:西尔维娅·普拉斯的生平与作品》(A Fine, White Flying Myth: The Life/Work of Sylvia Plath)一文中着重讨论了普拉斯文学作品中的女性自我与女性创作之间的关系,认为普拉斯的诗歌借助女性的身体言说来定义创造性女性自我的发生模式 [
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] 。普拉斯将诗歌视作抵抗父权规训的武器,她通过诗歌的女性叙述者,以她自身的真实体验为原型,抱着自我暴露的心态去展现她作为文学女性、作为女儿、母亲或妻子面对父权体制、男性话语时的真实感受,借助充满痛苦、疼痛、暴力甚至肉体死亡的身体言说,尝试女性独立身份的建构。然而,普拉斯诗歌并不局限于暴露式地展现自己的身心经历,而是超越其自身体验,揭示普遍意义上的女性话题,其目的在于通过其身体言说,戴着文学人物的面具,展示她对男性主导的现代文学传统和更广意义上男性权威的反抗。
致谢
衷心感谢导师刘风山的悉心指教以及国家社科基金的资助。
基金项目
国家社会科学基金项目“全球化语境中当代美国文学的冷战叙事研究”(20BWW039)。
文章引用
杨金道,刘风山. 西尔维娅·普拉斯诗歌中的身体言说与女性身份建构The Body Narrative and Construction of Female Identity in Sylvia Plath’s Poems[J]. 世界文学研究, 2024, 12(02): 84-91. https://doi.org/10.12677/wls.2024.122014
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