古代诸政权间也保持着多样化的交流交往交融的方式,和亲便是其中的一种。义成公主和亲即隋文帝册封宗室杨谐的女儿为义成公主,并派遣使者长孙晟等人护送与启民可汗和亲一事。此事在《隋书》与《北史》中多有记载,也散见于其他史书。但关于义成公主和亲时间、使者等问题的相关史料较为零散且存在差异性。故爬梳相关正史与碑石等文献,进行深入探讨。此外,义成公主和亲一事对突厥与隋、唐政权间的关系起到重要作用,通过研究可以窥见和亲对中原政权与突厥依存关系的影响。 The ancient regimes maintained a variety of ways of exchanges and interactions, and Political Marriage was one of them. When Princess Yicheng left the fortress, Emperor Wen of Sui canonized the daughter of Yang Xie of the clan as Princess Yicheng, and sent messengers such as Changsun Sheng to escort, and got married with Qimin Khan. There are many records in the “Suishu” and “Beishi”, and are also scattered in other history books. However, the relevant historical materials on the time of Princess Yicheng’s marriage and the envoy are relatively scattered and have differences. Therefore, this is why it is important to study carefully the relevant official history, steles and other documents to conduct in-depth discussions. In addition, the Political Marriage of Princess Yicheng played an important role in the relationship between the Turks and the Sui and Tang regimes. Through research, we can gain a glimpse of the dependence between the Central Plains regime and the Turks.
古代诸政权间也保持着多样化的交流交往交融的方式,和亲便是其中的一种。义成公主和亲即隋文帝册封宗室杨谐的女儿为义成公主,并派遣使者长孙晟等人护送与启民可汗和亲一事。此事在《隋书》与《北史》中多有记载,也散见于其他史书。但关于义成公主和亲时间、使者等问题的相关史料较为零散且存在差异性。故爬梳相关正史与碑石等文献,进行深入探讨。此外,义成公主和亲一事对突厥与隋、唐政权间的关系起到重要作用,通过研究可以窥见和亲对中原政权与突厥依存关系的影响。
突厥,隋,和亲,义成公主,萧皇后
Xinmeng Sun
School of History and Culture, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot Inner Mongolia
Received: Feb. 26th, 2024; accepted: Mar. 4th, 2024; published: Apr. 12th, 2024
The ancient regimes maintained a variety of ways of exchanges and interactions, and Political Marriage was one of them. When Princess Yicheng left the fortress, Emperor Wen of Sui canonized the daughter of Yang Xie of the clan as Princess Yicheng, and sent messengers such as Changsun Sheng to escort, and got married with Qimin Khan. There are many records in the “Suishu” and “Beishi”, and are also scattered in other history books. However, the relevant historical materials on the time of Princess Yicheng’s marriage and the envoy are relatively scattered and have differences. Therefore, this is why it is important to study carefully the relevant official history, steles and other documents to conduct in-depth discussions. In addition, the Political Marriage of Princess Yicheng played an important role in the relationship between the Turks and the Sui and Tang regimes. Through research, we can gain a glimpse of the dependence between the Central Plains regime and the Turks.
Keywords:Turkic, Sui Dynasty, Political Marriage, Princess Yicheng, Empress Xiao
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突厥史是我国古代民族史的重要组成部分。突厥我国古代北方的一个游牧民族,在公元六世纪,通过击败铁勒、柔然等部族逐渐强盛起来,发展成为一个强大政权。西魏大统十七年(551年)六月,突厥首领土门与西魏长乐公主和亲,为突厥与中原和亲之始 [
关于早期突厥与隋的和亲研究,起源于上个世纪,林幹、薛宗正、崔明德等学者均对义成公主和亲一事的相关方面展开了研究 [
义成公主和亲一事是隋文帝时期的重要事件,不仅对启民可汗所部与隋政权间的关系起到重要促进作用,也成为了唐政权发展初期与突厥矛盾重重的重要因素。隋义成公主与北周的千金公主有相似之处,都是中原政权更迭的见证者,自己的家族都成为了朝代更迭的牺牲品。而受传统道德观念影响,在国恨家仇面前,她们都很难轻易归顺新兴政权,遂积极支持突厥可汗与新兴的中原政权发起战争,但最终还是成为了战争的牺牲品。故义成公主的和亲也影响到了隋、唐与突厥之间的关系。根据相关正史与碑石等文献记载,研究义成公主和亲一事,可以窥见隋的外交政策以及和亲对中原政权与突厥依存关系的影响。
隋开皇十七年(597年),突厥突利可汗的迎亲使者跟随长孙晟回大兴城。隋文帝令迎亲使者“舍之太常,教习六礼”,并护送宗室之女安义公主与突利可汗和亲 [
关于义成公主具体和亲时间,学术界尚存在争议。相关研究如,林幹认为义成公主和亲时间为隋开皇十九年(599年)的十月 [
根据《隋书》与《北史》的《突厥传》记载,隋开皇十九年(599年),“时安义公主已卒,上以宗女义城公主妻之” [
综上可知,安义公主去世时间,应在隋开皇十九年(599年)的冬十月甲午之前。安义公主去世后,才下令长孙晟送义成公主与启民可汗和亲。义成公主具体和亲时间,应在隋开皇十九年(599年)的冬十月甲午之后,隋开皇二十年(600年)之前。而关于义成公主具体和亲时间的歧义或因翻阅史料时,仅关注于此事件发生于六月高炯与杨素出击玷厥之后,而忽视两件事中间的筑大利城一事。因为筑大利城一事在此处亦没有确切的时间记载,容易被混淆为六月发生的事件,遂致义成公主和亲时间一同被误认为发生于六月。而查阅相关史料的《皇帝本纪》可知大利城筑于“冬十月甲午”,故和亲时间应为隋开皇十九年(599年)冬十月甲午日后。
关于护送义成公主和亲的使者构成,学术界关注较少,《隋书》史载长孙晟“持节送义城公主” [
启民可汗与隋的第二次和亲,再次引起都蓝可汗的不满,遂对启民可汗发起进攻,相关史料记载,“又击之”,“侵掠不已” [
以上通过爬梳辨析相关史料,隋开皇十七年(597年),安义公主与启民可汗和亲,作为隋与突厥关系友好的象征。隋开皇十九年(599年)的冬十月甲午之后,隋开皇二十年(600年)之前,为延续隋与突厥友好关系,长孙晟、柳謇之、李景等护送义成公主前往和亲,进一步稳固了隋与突厥启民可汗部的军事同盟。隋大业十年(614年),启民可汗去世后,义成公主相继成为始毕可汗,处罗可汗,颉利可汗的妻子 [
可见,和亲稳固了早期突厥与隋之间的相互依存关系,加强了政治、军事和文化联系,启民可汗帮助隋政权降低了战争损失,隋为启民可汗提供了驻防保护,稳定了边疆政治局势。但是依存关系的失衡也导致了隋与突厥间的矛盾,引发了雁门之围。故依存关系的稳定有助于维护和平局势,促进双方更好的发展。
内蒙古师范大学研究生科研创新基金资助项目(CXJJS23022),“早期突厥与中原诸政权的依存关系研究”的阶段性研究成果之一。
孙新萌. 隋代义成公主和亲探析A Study on Princess Yicheng’s Political Marriage in the Sui Dynasty[J]. 历史学研究, 2024, 12(02): 119-122. https://doi.org/10.12677/ojhs.2024.122019