JCPM Journal of Clinical Personalized Medicine 2334-3354 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/JCPM.2024.31017 JCPM-83109 JCPM20240100000_24195251.pdf 医药卫生 非静脉曲张性上消化道出血评估工具 Assessment Tool for Non Varicose Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding 1 * 3 2 青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁 青海大学附属医院消化内科,青海 西宁 null 04 01 2024 03 01 111 116 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

上消化道出血(upper gastrointestinal bleeding, UGIB)可由影响上消化道的几种病理引起,大致可分为非静脉曲张和静脉曲张,此综述中仅讨论前者。急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, ANVUGIB)是消化系统最常见的急症之一,其病因主要包括消化性溃疡、应激性溃疡、急慢性上消化道黏膜炎症、食管黏膜撕裂症及上消化道肿瘤等。根据患者病情的危险度进行评估,能够帮助医生快速制定合理的治疗方案并预测患者预后情况。近年来,出现了多种不同的病情危险度评估工具,用于评估不同类型、原因及严重程度的ANVUGIB患者。本文将对这些工具进行综述,比较它们的优缺点和适用范围,以期为医生提供科学准确的决策支持。 Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) can be caused by several pathologies that affect the upper gastrointestinal tract, which can be roughly divided into non varicose veins and varicose veins. This review only discusses the former. Acute non variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB) is one of the most common emergencies in the digestive system. Its causes mainly include peptic ul-cers, stress ulcers, acute and chronic upper gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation, esophageal mucosal tearing, and upper gastrointestinal tumors. Evaluating the risk of a patient’s condition can help doctors quickly develop a reasonable treatment plan and predict the patient’s prognosis. In recent years, various risk assessment tools have emerged for evaluating ANVUGIB patients of dif-ferent types, causes, and severity. This article will provide a review of these tools, and compare their advantages, disadvantages and applicability, in order to provide doctors with scientific and accurate decision support.

上消化道出血,急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血,Rockall危险评分系统,AIMS 65危险评分系统, Glasgow Blatchford危险评分系统 , Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB) Acute Non Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (ANVUGIB) Rockall Risk Score System (RS) AIMS 65 Risk Score System (AIMS 65) Glasgow-Blatchford Risk Score System (GBS)
摘要

上消化道出血(upper gastrointestinal bleeding, UGIB)可由影响上消化道的几种病理引起,大致可分为非静脉曲张和静脉曲张,此综述中仅讨论前者。急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, ANVUGIB)是消化系统最常见的急症之一,其病因主要包括消化性溃疡、应激性溃疡、急慢性上消化道黏膜炎症、食管黏膜撕裂症及上消化道肿瘤等。根据患者病情的危险度进行评估,能够帮助医生快速制定合理的治疗方案并预测患者预后情况。近年来,出现了多种不同的病情危险度评估工具,用于评估不同类型、原因及严重程度的ANVUGIB患者。本文将对这些工具进行综述,比较它们的优缺点和适用范围,以期为医生提供科学准确的决策支持。

关键词

上消化道出血,急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血,Rockall危险评分系统,AIMS 65危险评分系统, Glasgow Blatchford危险评分系统

Assessment Tool for Non Varicose Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding<sup> </sup>

Rong Zhang1, Yun Wang2*

1Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

2Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

Received: Feb. 19th, 2024; accepted: Mar. 15th, 2024; published: Mar. 22nd, 2024

ABSTRACT

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) can be caused by several pathologies that affect the upper gastrointestinal tract, which can be roughly divided into non varicose veins and varicose veins. This review only discusses the former. Acute non variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB) is one of the most common emergencies in the digestive system. Its causes mainly include peptic ulcers, stress ulcers, acute and chronic upper gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation, esophageal mucosal tearing, and upper gastrointestinal tumors. Evaluating the risk of a patient’s condition can help doctors quickly develop a reasonable treatment plan and predict the patient’s prognosis. In recent years, various risk assessment tools have emerged for evaluating ANVUGIB patients of different types, causes, and severity. This article will provide a review of these tools, and compare their advantages, disadvantages and applicability, in order to provide doctors with scientific and accurate decision support.

Keywords:Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB), Acute Non Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (ANVUGIB), Rockall Risk Score System (RS), AIMS 65 Risk Score System (AIMS 65), Glasgow-Blatchford Risk Score System (GBS)

Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

ANVUGIB是一种常见的医疗紧急情况,具有显著的发病率和死亡率 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] 。近几十年来,随着治疗策略、管理方案、抑酸方案的更新及内镜的不断发展,该病患者的住院率及死亡率较前有所下降 [ 4 ] 。研究显示美国近20年间UGIB的住院率下降了21%,从81/100,000例下降到67/100,000,UGIB患者中住院率降幅最大的病因是胃炎和消化性溃疡,分别降低了55%和30%。UGIB的全因住院死亡率下降了28%,降幅最大的是食管炎、食管黏膜撕裂症和肿瘤,分别下降了39%、36%和36% [ 2 ] ,ANVUGIB患者因时代和技术的不断发展,其主要病因的住院率和死亡率也随之降低,但仍高度依赖于紧急干预和重症监护 [ 5 ] [ 6 ] 。因此,要求医生能够对该病患者进行早期分类、准确估计其预后、及早进行紧急复苏和内窥镜检查,以进一步降低患者死亡率 [ 7 ] [ 8 ] 。目前,病情危险度评估工具的研发和应用成为临床医生关注的焦点 [ 7 ] ,国内外指南一致推荐运用经临床验证的预后评分系统来评估患者病情,以指导适时干预 [ 9 ] ,并建议使用风险评分来辅助临床决策 [ 10 ] [ 11 ] 。临床上常用于判断该病患者死亡率、再出血率、输血需求和止血的评分系统有Rockall、GBS和AIMS65评分等 [ 7 ] [ 12 ] 。AIMS 65与其他系统相比更容易计算,日常实践中更常用。然而,这些评分系统存在局限性 [ 13 ] 。最新开发的多种预后评分系统也逐渐应用于临床 [ 14 ] ,为求更快、更准确地识别需要立即住院和干预的高危患者,更好地利用资源,减少对早期内窥镜检查的需求及住院人数 [ 13 ] [ 15 ] ,减轻医疗保健系统的负担 [ 14 ] 。

2. 评分系统介绍 2.1. Rockall危险评分系统(Rockall Risk Score System, RS)

Rockall评分系统基于年龄、休克状况、伴发疾病、内镜诊断和内镜下出血征象。根据有无内镜检查结果分为内镜检查前RS (PRS)和完整RS (CRS),PRS只包括常规的临床指标,又称为临床Rockall评分系统,后者则是内镜检查前RS与内镜诊断下出血征象积分之和 [ 16 ] 。

2.2. AIMS 65危险评分系统(AIMS 65 Risk Score System, AIMS 65)

AIMS 65评分简单而准确 [ 17 ] ,基于白蛋白水平、凝血酶原时间、国际标准化比值、精神状态改变、收缩压以及年龄是否≥65岁 [ 7 ] 。

2.3. Glasgow Blatchford危险评分系统(Glasgow-Blatchford Risk Score System, GBS)

Glasgow-Blatchford评分包括收缩压、血尿素氮、血红蛋白等 [ 17 ] ,不需要内镜检查结果。

2.4. CHAMPS危险评分系统(CHAMPS Risk Score System, CHAMPS)

CHAMPS评分是一种简单的等权重评分 [ 18 ] ,基于6个变量包括Charlson合并症指数(Charlson Comorbidity Index, CCI) CCI ≥ 2、院内发作、白蛋白2.5 g/dL、精神状态改变、东部肿瘤协作组体力状态≥2、类固醇使用。最高评分为6分 [ 19 ] 。

3. 现有的评分系统和新型评分系统的研究

2013~2016年韩国的一项回顾性研究,通过AIMS 65、GBS、Rockall评分和内镜检查前Rockall评分对ANVUGIB患者进行分层。研究结果指出该患者中四个评分系统都同样预测了ICU入院的需要。但是,AIMS 65评分更容易计算,可在内镜检查之前进行,并且死亡率随着AIMS 65评分的增加而增加,AIMS 65评分系统似乎比GBS系统更准确地预测死亡率。该研究建议,应在日常实践中使用AIMS 65预测该病患者出血的严重程度 [ 7 ] 。2021~2023年贵州航天医院消化内科通过研究ANVUGIB患者,比较Rockall、AIMS65、GBS不同评分系统对患者结局的预测价值。结果显示3种评分系统对ANVUGIB患者结局均具有一定预测价值,但价值均较低。其中AIMS 65评分简单而准确,可预测急性上消化道出血患者的住院死亡率、住院时间和治疗费用 [ 17 ] 。也有研究表明,AIMS 65评分不适合用于预测患者是否需要内镜干预 [ 7 ] 。

2019年研究指出GBS是最临床有用的风险评估评分,可正确识别非常低风险的患者,适合门诊管理 [ 15 ] 。2023年一项叙述性研究同样指出GBS评分适用于门诊安全管理的低风险患者,是最准确的工具 [ 13 ] 。由于评分计算的复杂性,在常规临床实践中难以计算GBS,并且RS需要内镜检查结果 [ 7 ] 。未来仍需要大规模多中心的研究进一步证实。

2017~2018年间一项旨在评估GBS、AIMS 65评分在非静脉曲张和静脉曲张患者中表现的前瞻性研究指出与静脉曲张相比,非静脉曲张中预测复合结局(包括需要住院干预和42天死亡率)的预后评分准确度更高。同样,与静脉曲张相比,非静脉曲张中这些评分预测42天再出血的准确性更高 [ 14 ] 。2018~2019年英国胃肠病学会指出,AIMS 65已被证明最准确地预测上消化道出血(Upper gastrointestinal bleeding, UGIB)患者的死亡率。在识别可在门诊进行管理的低风险患者方面,GBS评分优于其他评分。总体而言,与静脉曲张出血相比,非静脉曲张患者的预后评分准确性更高 [ 20 ] 。另有研究指出AIMS 65评分系统更应推荐用于评估肝硬化急性静脉曲张出血患者的死亡率 [ 21 ] 。虽然目前有几种死亡率预测评分可用于ANVUGIB患者。但是,大多数可用评分需要内镜数据。对于世界各地的许多急诊部门来说,内镜检查很难或不可能获得 [ 22 ] 。因此,有关急诊就诊的UGIB患者的回顾性研究指出,AIMS 65评分优于GBS评分 [ 22 ] 。

2021年,Matsuhashi等人开发了一种新的评分,CHAMPS评分,以预测ANVUGIB患者的死亡率 [ 19 ] 。在该研究中,CHAMPS评分与GBS、AIMS 65、ABC评分和内镜前RS在预测ANVUGIB患者中的低风险患者方面具有显著更高的区分能力 [ 19 ] 。CHAMPS评分不需要内镜检查数据,用于ANVUGIB患者的风险分层。在该研究中,它在识别低风险患者方面表现相对较好。它可能有助于临床医生管理低风险患者早期出院。2019年韩国的回顾性研究指出AIMS 65和ABC评分的低风险分类不足以保证安全出院,其中AIMS 65评分为0或1的患者的死亡风险较低为0.5%,但是这些结果可能是由于研究人员纳入了不太严重的患者,该研究死亡率为3.3%,而2015年的研究死亡率为4.2%,且死亡事件罕见易造成各个评分系统应用的局限性 [ 7 ] 。2023年的研究通过CHAMPS、AIMS 65将患者分类为低风险,分别为26%、65.6%,低风险组的住院死亡率分别计算为0%、20.8%,与AIMS 65系统相比,CHAMPS低风险患者中未观察到死亡率,CHAMPS评分似乎有利于安全出院 [ 18 ] 。但是,关于新CHAMPS评分在不同人群中风险分层或预测死亡率的有效性的研究尚未提出。CHAMPS评分在预测研究人群的住院死亡率方面的性能优于GBS,与ABC、AIMS 65评分相似。有必要在更多人群中进行前瞻性研究,以确认CHAMPS评分在临床实践中的性能 [ 18 ] 。

2013~2020年美国大学一项单中心队列研究指出,与其他计算的评分相比,ABC评分在预测UGIB患者30天死亡率方面表现最佳,并且在预测下消化道出血患者30天死亡率方面表现良好 [ 1 ] 。此外,在Mules等人的另外三项研究指出,ABC评分优于UGIB患者30天死亡率的所有其他评分 [ 23 ] [ 24 ] ,虽然这些评分存在一些差异 [ 25 ] 。2020~2021年中国20家三级医院进行了一项前瞻性多中心研究,这是一项在中国UGIB人群中开展的大规模、多中心、真实世界研究。研究通过比较ABC、AIMS-65、GBS和pRS四种评分评估AUGIB患者的死亡率和再出血率。ABC评分对90天死亡和再出血的预测优于GBS和AIMS 65评分。所有四种评分系统预测再出血的有效性均为中等 [ 24 ] 。2021年一项国际多中心研究与以往评分相比,最终得出ABC评分在预测ANVUGIB患者死亡率方面具有良好的性能,可以早期识别和针对性管理高或低死亡风险的患者 [ 26 ] 。但是,ABC评分是一种新发现的评分系统,目前缺乏大规模的外部验证,它的优点是计算过程并不复杂,并且适用于所有消化道出血患者 [ 26 ] 。然而,每个评分在预测再出血方面的表现并不令人满意。需要更新的预测模型来预测患者的再出血率 [ 24 ] 。虽然一些评分系统已在中国人群中得到验证,但大规模的前瞻性研究仍相对较少 [ 24 ] 。

4. 各评分系统结果分析

目前多数研究仍存在局限性,多为单中心回顾性研究,样本量较小且来源单一,可能会限制结果的普遍性并导致选择偏倚 [ 11 ] 。尽管预后评分系统有可能比个体临床判断更客观、更容易地传达给负责管理的临床医生 [ 27 ] [ 28 ] ,但是每一种方法都可能检测不同的结果,外部验证的差异很大。有些预测工具依赖于内窥镜结果,因此对于患者的早期评估并不理想。一些血流动力学不稳定的危重患者在住院期间无法完成内镜检查,因此如果绝对依赖内镜检查结果来判断预后,结果会存在偏倚 [ 24 ] 。当ANVUGIB患者入院时,大多数患者将接受高密度治疗(如液体复苏,大剂量质子泵抑制剂治疗和输血),因此患者的生化实验室检查结果可能会在住院期间发生剧烈变化。因此,根据入院时的结果计算的风险评分直接预测患者的预后可能不切实际 [ 24 ] 。ANVUGIB发生后,肠道对血液中的物质进行重吸收,产生蛋白质代谢产物,包括尿素氮,若出血量较大,则尿素氮水平升高幅度较大,可能会影响ANVUGIB患者结局,增加再出血、病死风险 [ 17 ] 。临床医生的患者管理可能包含主观决定。不同的治疗方式可能会影响患者的住院死亡率,从而影响结果 [ 18 ] 。与预测死亡率相比,大多数评分对再出血的研究相对较少,有些评分在预测再出血方面的表现并不理想 [ 29 ] 。未来,我们可能需要开发一种新的预测模型,能够在高危UGIB患者入院时更好地识别出他们,并且能够真实且实时监测病情进展,这对临床实践会有更实际的帮助 [ 24 ] 。

5. 结论

不同ANVUGIB患者病情危险度评分系统各有优劣,医生在使用时应根据患者的具体情况选择合适的评估工具。同时,还需要进一步研究和验证这些评估工具的准确性和适用性,比较它们的优缺点,以为临床实践提供更加可靠的依据。未来仍需要研究人员不断地探索新的评分系统,以期为患者谋求更多的临床获益。

文章引用

张 蓉,王 昀. 非静脉曲张性上消化道出血评估工具Assessment Tool for Non Varicose Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding[J]. 临床个性化医学, 2024, 03(01): 111-116. https://doi.org/10.12677/JCPM.2024.31017

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