浓香型白酒窖泥微生物多样性与白酒品质息息相关,且可培养微生物被应用于各领域。本文采用厌氧技术对窖泥中微生物分离鉴定以及通过高通量的方式进行OTU划分、Alpha多样性分析、Beta多样性分析、分类学组成分析,以此为依据对微生物群落研究。结果表明:可培养微生物中梭菌属(56.3%)是优势菌,其次为乳酸菌(38.5%);不可培养微生物细菌优势门是厚壁菌门(66.0%),古菌是广古菌门(78.0%);从属水平结构分析,老窖泥优势菌属是互营乙酸氧化菌(24.4%),优势古菌属是甲烷囊菌属(53.9%);新窖泥优势菌属是己酸菌属和丁酸梭菌属(14.8%, 14.5%),优势古菌属是甲烷杆菌属(41.8%);窖泥内和窖泥外优势菌属是棒状杆菌属(16.2%, 14.5%),优势古菌属是甲烷短杆菌属(96.9%, 85.0%)。本研究为郎酒窖泥可培养菌株资源开发和不可培养微生物多样性的实际应用提供参考依据。 The microbial diversity in the cellar soil of strong-flavored white wine is closely associated with the quality of white wine, and culturable microorganisms are employed in many different industries; the microbial community was studied in this work using a high-throughput approach that included taxonomic composition analysis, OTU classification, diversity analysis (Alpha, Beta), and isolation and identification of the microorganisms in the cellar soil using anaerobic technology. The results indicated that Clostridium (56.3%) were the most common culturable microorganisms, followed by Lactobacillus (38.5%); the most common non-culturable microorganisms at the level of the bacterial phylum were Firmicutes (66.0%), and the most common archaea were Euryarchaeota (78.0%); based on the analysis of the genus level structure, the most common genus of the old cellar mud was in Syntrophaceticus (24.4%), and the dominant genus of the archaea was Methanoculleus (53.9%); the most common genera of the new cellar mud were Caproiciproducens (14.8%) and Clostridium (14.5%), and the most common archaea were Methanobacterium (41.8%); the most common mud outside and inside the cellar mud were Corynebacterium (16.2%, 14.5%) and the most common archaebacterium was Methanobrevibacter (96.9%, 85.0%). This study provides a foundation of reference for the cultivation of culturable strains and the valuable application of non-culturable microbial diversity in Langjiu basement muck.
浓香型白酒窖泥微生物多样性与白酒品质息息相关,且可培养微生物被应用于各领域。本文采用厌氧技术对窖泥中微生物分离鉴定以及通过高通量的方式进行OTU划分、Alpha多样性分析、Beta多样性分析、分类学组成分析,以此为依据对微生物群落研究。结果表明:可培养微生物中梭菌属(56.3%)是优势菌,其次为乳酸菌(38.5%);不可培养微生物细菌优势门是厚壁菌门(66.0%),古菌是广古菌门(78.0%);从属水平结构分析,老窖泥优势菌属是互营乙酸氧化菌(24.4%),优势古菌属是甲烷囊菌属(53.9%);新窖泥优势菌属是己酸菌属和丁酸梭菌属(14.8%, 14.5%),优势古菌属是甲烷杆菌属(41.8%);窖泥内和窖泥外优势菌属是棒状杆菌属(16.2%, 14.5%),优势古菌属是甲烷短杆菌属(96.9%, 85.0%)。本研究为郎酒窖泥可培养菌株资源开发和不可培养微生物多样性的实际应用提供参考依据。
厌氧技术,窖泥,浓香型白酒,微生物多样性,高通量测序
Xiaoling Lu*, Qi Yin, Yingli Li#
College of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing
Received: Dec. 7th, 2023; accepted: Jan. 22nd, 2024; published: Feb. 1st, 2024
The microbial diversity in the cellar soil of strong-flavored white wine is closely associated with the quality of white wine, and culturable microorganisms are employed in many different industries; the microbial community was studied in this work using a high-throughput approach that included taxonomic composition analysis, OTU classification, diversity analysis (Alpha, Beta), and isolation and identification of the microorganisms in the cellar soil using anaerobic technology. The results indicated that Clostridium (56.3%) were the most common culturable microorganisms, followed by Lactobacillus (38.5%); the most common non-culturable microorganisms at the level of the bacterial phylum were Firmicutes (66.0%), and the most common archaea were Euryarchaeota (78.0%); based on the analysis of the genus level structure, the most common genus of the old cellar mud was in Syntrophaceticus (24.4%), and the dominant genus of the archaea was Methanoculleus (53.9%); the most common genera of the new cellar mud were Caproiciproducens (14.8%) and Clostridium (14.5%), and the most common archaea were Methanobacterium (41.8%); the most common mud outside and inside the cellar mud were Corynebacterium (16.2%, 14.5%) and the most common archaebacterium was Methanobrevibacter (96.9%, 85.0%). This study provides a foundation of reference for the cultivation of culturable strains and the valuable application of non-culturable microbial diversity in Langjiu basement muck.
Keywords:Anaerobic Technology, Cellar Mud, Strong-Flavoured White Wine, Microbial Diversity, High-Throughput Sequencing
Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
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白酒作为中国传统的酒类,具有悠久的历史和独特的酿造工艺 [
随着厌氧菌培养技术以及测序技术的发展,学者们开始从微生态的角度研究窖泥微生物群落 [
郎酒产自四川省泸州市,是川酒中浓香型代表之一,具有“香、醇、浓、绵、甜、净” [
样品及材料:窖泥样品由郎酒股份有限公司提供,窖泥均采集新窖泥、老窖泥、窖泥内、窖泥外、新批次窖泥样品,编号分别为WN、WO、WI、WE、PT (其中WN、WO、WI、WE为一个批次,PT为另一批次)。
试剂及耗材:细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,北京天根生化科技有限公司;无水乙醇,重庆川东化工有限公司;Marker LDL200,日本Takara;琼脂糖,上海生工生物工程股份有限公司;Gold View核酸染料,北京赛百盛基因技术有限公司;Axyprep DNA凝胶回收试剂盒,AXYGEN公司。
主要仪器有EG200厌氧工作站、T100TMThermal型PCR仪、SIGMA 1-14离心机、NanoPhotometer®N50超微量分光光度计、Quanti FluorTM-ST蓝色荧光定量系统等。
实验在厌氧平台N2/H2/CO2(95:2:3)进行,在10毫升无菌水的离心管中加入1克窖泥,充分混匀并放置1 h析出上清。在无菌水中梯度稀释后,均匀涂布PYG培养基琼脂平板上,37℃孵育2天。挑取单菌落在平板上纯化三次。通过16S rDNA基因测序和EzBioCloud细菌鉴定服务,对菌株进行物种水平的鉴定。
送至上海生工生物工程股份有限公司,利用Illumina PE250平台测序。细菌的16S rRNA定制扩增引物为338F (5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3')和806R (5'-TGCTGCCTCCCTAGGAGT-3'),古菌扩增引物为Arch344F (5'-ACGGGGYGCAGCAGGCGCGA-3')和Arch915R (5'-GTGCTCCCCCGCCAATTCCT-3')扩增V3-V4可变区。高通量测序及序列分析步骤具体参照文献进行 [
对测序原始数据参照文献进行处理 [
从窖泥样品中共分离出96株菌,通过16S rDNA序列分析鉴定出1个门水平,其中54株(56.3%)梭菌属,37株(38.5%)乳酸菌属,5株(5.2%)属于芽胞杆菌属。在54株梭菌属中,有9种不同的菌种,其中Clostridium tyrobutyricum共18株,占32.1%,其次Clostridium amylolyticum和Clostridium diolis各8株,占14.3%;Clostridium butyricum共7株,占12.5%;Clostridium beijernckii共5株,占8.9%;Clostridium guangxiense共4株,占7.1%。具体见表1:
Genus | Species | Species Similarity (%) | Species Number | proportion |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clostridium | Clostridium tyrobutyricum | 99.7 | 18 | 33.3 |
Clostridium amylolyticum | 100 | 8 | 14.8 | |
Clostridium diolis | 100 | 8 | 14.8 | |
Clostridium butyricum | 99.8 | 7 | 13.0 | |
Clostridium beijernckii | 100 | 5 | 9.3 | |
Clostridium guangxiense | 100 | 4 | 7.4 | |
Clostridium saccharobutylicum | 99.8 | 2 | 3.7 | |
Clostridium paraputrificum | 99.8 | 1 | 1.8 | |
Clostridium intestinale | 97.3 | 1 | 1.8 | |
Lactobacillus | Lactobacillus acidipiscis | 100 | 33 | 89.2 |
Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans | 100 | 2 | 5.4 | |
Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis | 100 | 2 | 5.4 | |
Bacillus | Bacillus mediterraneensis | 99.9 | 3 | 60.0 |
Bacillus paralicheniformis | 100 | 2 | 40.0 |
表1. 窖泥分离鉴定菌株统计表
OTU (Operational Taxonomic Units)是测序序列按97%的相似度进行归类和OTU划分,进行比对后获得每个OTU所对应的分类学信息。根据我们研究的5个样本OTU划分结果,绘制Venn图,见图1。5种窖泥的细菌群落结构存在显著差异,独有OTU占比分别为:新窖泥16.3%,老窖泥27.7%,窖泥内13.3%,窖泥外20.2%,最新批次窖泥32.1%,这可能是窖泥产浓香型白酒品质差异的原因。其中窖泥内和窖泥外的相似性更高,说明窖泥不同位置微生物差异较大。
图1. OTU分布Ven图
Alpha多样性分析是指特定环境或生态系统内的多样性,主要用来反应微生物菌落的丰度和多样性。表2中汇总了5个样品细菌微生物多样性的指数,其中最新批次窖泥微生物多样性较高。老窖泥和新窖池窖泥样品物种丰度(Chao指数)分别为364.08、301.68,物种多样性(Shannon指数)分别为3.2022、3.218,结果与黄润娜 [
指标项目 | 老窖泥 | 新窖泥 | 窖泥内 | 窖泥外 | 最新批次窖泥 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chao | 364.08 | 301.68 | 384.04 | 462.26 | 484.01 |
Shannon | 3.2022 | 3.218 | 2.4867 | 3.2074 | 4.0848 |
覆盖率% | 99.86 | 99.86 | 99.83 | 99.80 | 99.80 |
表2. 窖泥中细菌微生物多样性指数表
PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis),即偏最小二乘法判别分析,是多变量数据分析技术中的判别分析法,经常用来处理分类和判别问题。采用该方法分析结果见图2,PLS-DA图中X轴的差异可解释全面分析的26.1%,Y轴的差异可解释全面分析的18.08%,累计为44.18%,说明这两个主成分可以解释44.18%的信息。窖泥内和窖泥外分布在一、二象限,最近批次窖泥分布在第三象限,老窖泥和新窖泥样品分布在第四象限。由此可见,新窖泥和老窖泥样品与窖泥内和窖泥外在空间排布上呈现出明显的区分,说明这两种窖泥细菌群结构存在差异。
图2. 基于OUT水平的PLS-DA
5个样本在门水平细菌群落结构中(图3),新窖泥和老窖泥优势门是厚壁菌门(Firmicutes) (图4),窖泥内和窖泥外优势门是放线菌门(Actinobacteria) (图5),最近批次中厚壁菌门比放线菌门略多。在属水平细菌群落结构中(图6),新窖泥优势属是丁酸菌属和己酸菌属(Clostridium, Caproiciproducens),老窖泥优势菌属是互营乙酸氧化菌属(Syntrophaceticus),窖泥内优势菌是棒状杆菌属和奇异菌属(Corynebacterium, Atopobium),窖泥外优势菌是棒状杆菌属和乳酸杆菌属(Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus) (图7),最近批次中物种较为丰富且有很多未被注释到的菌属。其中己酸菌属是浓香型生产中非常重要的产酸微生物 [
图3. 细菌菌落组成(门水平)
图4. 厚壁菌门相对丰度
图5. 放线菌门相对丰度
图6. 细菌群落组成(属水平)
图7. 细菌属水平相对丰度
5种窖泥的古菌群落结构差异不明显,独有OTU占比分别为:新窖泥14.0%,老窖泥4.7%,窖泥内7.8%,窖泥外80.2%,最新批次窖泥16.1%,其中窖泥外古菌总OUT数量较多。由此看出窖泥中古菌多样性与窖龄呈负相关,这与邓杰 [
图8. OTU分布Ven图
由表3可知,5个样品古菌微生物多样性的指数中窖泥外古菌微生物多样性最高。老窖泥和新窖池窖泥样品物种丰度(Chao指数)分别为43.25、54.48,物种多样性(Shannon指数)分别为1.1371、1.1696。窖泥内和窖泥外物种丰度(Chao指数)分别为60.72、263.38,物种多样性(Shannon指数)分别为0.1840、0.8131。最新批次窖泥的Chao指数为55.15、Shannon指数为0.4363。有意思的是窖泥外Chao指数明显高于其余四组,但是Shannon指数最高的是新窖泥,这结果说明窖泥质量和窖泥老化存在关系。
指标项目 | 老窖泥 | 新窖泥 | 窖泥内 | 窖泥外 | 最新批次窖泥 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chao | 43.25 | 54.48 | 60.72 | 263.38 | 55.15 |
Shannon | 1.1371 | 1.1696 | 0.1840 | 0.8131 | 0.4363 |
覆盖率% | 99.98 | 99.98 | 99.98 | 99.96 | 99.98 |
表3. 窖泥中古菌微生物多样性指数表
采用PLS-DA方法分析结果见图9,PLS-DA图中第一主成分解释占全面分析的85.23%,第二主成分解释占全面分析的4.17%,累计为89.4%,说明这两个主成分可以解释89.4%的信息。新窖泥和老窖泥分布在第一象限,窖泥内和最近批次窖泥分布在第四象限,窖泥外分布在第二、四象限。由此可见,窖泥外在空间排布上呈现出明显的区分,说明窖泥外细菌群结构存在差异。
图9. 基于OUT水平的PLS-DA
在古菌群落门水平结构中(图10),新窖泥丰度较高的是广古菌门(Euryarchaeota) (图11),老窖泥中是盐杆菌门(Halobacterota) (图12),窖泥内、窖泥外、最近批次窖泥广古菌门占比最高。在古菌群落属水平结构中(图13),新窖泥丰度较高的是甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium),老窖泥丰度较高的是甲烷囊菌属、甲烷短杆菌属(Methanoculleus, Methanobrevibacter),窖泥内、最近批次、窖泥外优势菌是甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)。但窖泥外除优势菌外不可培养古菌次之(图14),窖泥内和窖泥外为古菌组成相似,但丰度存在差异。老窖泥与新窖泥相比,老窖泥甲烷囊菌属(Methanoculleus)更为丰富。因此可以看出甲烷短杆菌属和甲烷囊菌属是构成浓香型白酒的主要古菌属。甲烷菌在窖泥中发挥重要作用,催化H2和CO2产生甲烷 [
图10. 古菌群落组成(门水平)
图11. 广古菌门相对丰度
图12. 放线菌门相对丰度
图13. 古菌群落组成(属水平)
图14. 古菌属水平相对丰度
窖泥采用厌氧分离技术共鉴定出96株,其中54株(56.3%)梭菌属,37株(38.5%)乳酸菌属,5株(5.2%)属于芽胞杆菌属。Illumina PE250测序发现,在新窖泥、老窖泥、窖泥内、窖泥外和最近批次窖泥5个样品中,最近批次窖泥样品的细菌和古菌群落结构与多样性略多,其中可划分OUT数相差较大,细菌群落最多的是最近批次窖泥,最少的是窖泥内;古菌群落最多的是窖泥外,最少的是老窖泥。细菌多样性门水平上优势菌门是厚壁菌门,古菌门水平上是广古菌门。老窖泥中优势菌属是互营乙酸氧化菌,优势古菌属是甲烷囊菌属;新窖泥优势菌属是己酸菌属和丁酸梭菌属,优势古菌属是甲烷杆菌属;窖泥内和窖泥外优势菌属是棒状杆菌属,优势古菌属是甲烷短杆菌属。通过可培养和不可培养微生物结果显示差异较大,老窖泥存在退化情况,提示窖泥微生物资源有待继续开发和窖泥养护问题需要重视。
窖泥样本中我们共分离96株,主要是梭菌和乳酸菌。其中梭菌谢树贵 [
在5个样本中最近批次窖泥中细菌多样性更高,可以由此推测窖泥离开窖池环境时间与微生物多样性的关系:浓香型白酒窖泥中细菌多样性与窖泥离开窖池环境有着深层关系,且随着窖泥离开时间的增加而减少,但窖泥离开窖池环境时间与古菌多样性差异较小。新窖泥与老窖泥相比,细菌多样性门水平差异很小,属水平存在一定差异,其中老窖泥互营乙酸氧化菌属较高,根据郭壮 [
浓香型白酒窖泥中的古菌多样性较少,新窖泥、老窖泥、窖泥外、窖泥内和最近批次窖泥5个样品中,新窖泥古菌多样性略低于其余4个样本的窖泥,此发现与李文芳 [
目前,白酒窖泥中微生物由于培养技术的限制,以及微生物需要周围环境的各类物质作为正常生长因子,99%的微生物还未被培养出来。厌氧技术是分离培养窖泥微生物主要手段,而多样性主要手段是高通量测序。厌氧培养箱采用科学先进手段达到厌氧环境的高精度、箱内装有紫外灯可避免杂菌污染,有利于特殊厌氧环境微生物分离培养后的实际应用以及增加微生物资源库。对于微生物多样性高通量测序技术的应用及范围也越来越广。相对DGGE较为全面和准确的反应窖泥微生物的差异和客观反映低丰度的重要功能。高通量测序技术结合生物信息学结合分析数据 [
卢小伶,尹 琦,李迎丽. 浓香型白酒窖泥中微生物可培养与不可培养多样性分析Analysis of the Culturable and Non-Culturable Diversity of Microorganisms in Cellar Mud of Strong-Flavoured White Wine[J]. 微生物前沿, 2024, 13(01): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.12677/AMB.2024.131001