目的:旨在探索泸州市城镇老年群体生理、心理及社会整体健康适能现状。方法:采用多阶段分层抽样,随机抽取泸州市两区县两街道60岁以上城镇老年人1227名进行问卷调查。结果:调查对象在生理适能(t = 4.65, p < 0.001)和心理适能方面(t = 2.88, p < 0.05),男性得分高于女性,但社会适能方面,男性得分低于女性(t = −3.94, p < 0.001);在各年龄段中,年龄越大生理适能(F = 61.74, p < 0.001)、心理适能(F = 8.86, p < 0.001)及社会适能状况(F = 12.23, p < 0.001)越差;在总体生理、心理和社会适能三个子量表中,与心理(69.49 ± 12.60)和社会适能(64.40 ± 12.66)相比,生理适能(55.43 ± 13.07)得分最低,差异有统计学意义(F = 380.41, p < 0.001)。结论:随着年龄增长,老年人健康适能状况呈下降趋势,相比于社会和心理适能,生理适能处于最低水平;心理适能水平女性低于男性,社会适能水平男性低于女性。因此,关注老年人生理健康适能的同时,应着重关注男性老人社会适能状况和女性老人心理适能状况,以提升老年人总体健康适能水平。 Background: With the deepening of aging, the evaluation of the health of the elderly is no longer based on the physiological indicators as the main research content, but needs to start from the overall health view, and carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the health status (physiological, psychological and social) of the elderly. Objective: To explore the status quo of mental, physical and social health fitness of urban aged groups. Methods: Stratified cluster sampling was used to randomly select 1227 urban elderly over 60 years old from 13 communities in two districts, two counties and two streets of Luzhou city for questionnaire survey. Results: In terms of physical fitness (T = 4.65, p < 0.001) and psychological fitness (T = 2.88, p < 0.05), male scores were higher than female, but in terms of social fitness, male scores were lower than female (T = −3.94, p < 0.001). The older the age was, the worse the physiological fitness (F = 61.74, p < 0.001), the psychological fitness (F = 8.86, p < 0.001) and the social fitness (F = 12.23, p < 0.001).In the three subscales of overall physiological, psychological and social fitness, compared with psychological (69.49 ± 12.60) and social fitness (64.40 ± 12.66), physiological fitness (55.43 ± 13.07) scored the lowest and had statistical significance (F = 380.41, p < 0.001).Conclusion With the increase of age, the health fitness of the elderly showed a downward trend, and compared with social and psychological fitness, physiological fitness was at the lowest level. The level of psychological fitness of women is lower than that of men, and the level of social fitness of men is lower than that of women. Therefore, while paying attention to the physical health fitness of the elderly, we should pay more attention to the social fitness of the elderly men and the psychological fitness of the elderly women, so as to improve the overall health fitness level of the elderly.
目的:旨在探索泸州市城镇老年群体生理、心理及社会整体健康适能现状。方法:采用多阶段分层抽样,随机抽取泸州市两区县两街道60岁以上城镇老年人1227名进行问卷调查。结果:调查对象在生理适能(t = 4.65, p < 0.001)和心理适能方面(t = 2.88, p < 0.05),男性得分高于女性,但社会适能方面,男性得分低于女性(t = −3.94, p < 0.001);在各年龄段中,年龄越大生理适能(F = 61.74, p < 0.001)、心理适能(F = 8.86, p < 0.001)及社会适能状况(F = 12.23, p < 0.001)越差;在总体生理、心理和社会适能三个子量表中,与心理(69.49 ± 12.60)和社会适能(64.40 ± 12.66)相比,生理适能(55.43 ± 13.07)得分最低,差异有统计学意义(F = 380.41, p < 0.001)。结论:随着年龄增长,老年人健康适能状况呈下降趋势,相比于社会和心理适能,生理适能处于最低水平;心理适能水平女性低于男性,社会适能水平男性低于女性。因此,关注老年人生理健康适能的同时,应着重关注男性老人社会适能状况和女性老人心理适能状况,以提升老年人总体健康适能水平。
城镇老年人,老人,老年群体,健康适能,现状调查
Lusheng He1, Jing Fu2*, Li Zhang1, Chencong Nie1, Yao Chen1, Tingmei Liu1, Li Tang1
1Department of Oncology, Zigong Fourth People’s Hospital, Zigong Sichuan
2School of Nursing, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou Sichuan
Received: Dec. 6th, 2023; accepted: Jan. 7th, 2024; published: Jan. 17th, 2024
Background: With the deepening of aging, the evaluation of the health of the elderly is no longer based on the physiological indicators as the main research content, but needs to start from the overall health view, and carry out a comprehensive evaluation of the health status (physiological, psychological and social) of the elderly. Objective: To explore the status quo of mental, physical and social health fitness of urban aged groups. Methods: Stratified cluster sampling was used to randomly select 1227 urban elderly over 60 years old from 13 communities in two districts, two counties and two streets of Luzhou city for questionnaire survey. Results: In terms of physical fitness (T = 4.65, p < 0.001) and psychological fitness (T = 2.88, p < 0.05), male scores were higher than female, but in terms of social fitness, male scores were lower than female (T = −3.94, p < 0.001). The older the age was, the worse the physiological fitness (F = 61.74, p < 0.001), the psychological fitness (F = 8.86, p < 0.001) and the social fitness (F = 12.23, p < 0.001).In the three subscales of overall physiological, psychological and social fitness, compared with psychological (69.49 ± 12.60) and social fitness (64.40 ± 12.66), physiological fitness (55.43 ± 13.07) scored the lowest and had statistical significance (F = 380.41, p < 0.001).Conclusion With the increase of age, the health fitness of the elderly showed a downward trend, and compared with social and psychological fitness, physiological fitness was at the lowest level. The level of psychological fitness of women is lower than that of men, and the level of social fitness of men is lower than that of women. Therefore, while paying attention to the physical health fitness of the elderly, we should pay more attention to the social fitness of the elderly men and the psychological fitness of the elderly women, so as to improve the overall health fitness level of the elderly.
Keywords:Urban Elderly, The Old Man, Elderly Population, Health-Related Fitness, Status
Copyright © 2024 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
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我国老龄化呈起步早、发展快、程度深等特点 [
根据我国对老年人的界定,60周岁及以上的公民为老年人,因此本研究的调查对象纳入标准为:①年龄 ≥ 60岁的城镇居民。② 具备正常行为能力,有一定的读写认知能力,能独立表达个人感受和观点。③ 可以独立完成或在调查员的协助下完成问卷填写。本研究经西南医科大学医学伦理委员会审核批准,研究对象均知情同意。
1) 一般资料问卷
自行设计,包括年龄、性别、民族、宗教信仰、体重指数、文化程度、婚姻状况、家庭及个人月收入、职业、医保状况。
2) 调查工具
健康适能评定量表V1.0 (Healthy Fitness Measurement Scale Version 1.0, HFMS V1.0) [
采用多阶段分层抽样方法,随机抽取某市两区两街道若干社区60岁以上老年人口调查。按照性别和年龄(60~69岁,70~79岁,80岁~)随机选取调查对象。通过电子问卷和现场问卷相结合的方法收集数据。共发放问卷1270份,回收有效问卷1227份,有效回收率为96.6%。
使用Epidata双人录入数据。应用SPSS21.0统计软件处理数据,连续变量的统计描述用( x ¯ ± s )表示,分类变量的描述性统计用频数和百分率表示,两样本均数的比较采用t检验,多组随机设计资料采用方差分析。以p < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
共调查老年人口1270名,回收有效问卷1227份,有效回收率为96.6%。调查对象男性534名,女性693名。平均年龄为(71.58 ± 7.92)岁,平均身高为(157.79 ± 8.38) cm,平均BMI为(23.46 ± 3.60),平均腰围为(80.69 ± 8.68) cm,以汉族、小学初中文化和低收入者居多。详见表1。
项目 | 人数(n) | 构成比(%) | 项目 | 人数(n) | 构成比(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 男 女 | 534 693 | 43.5 56.5 | 民族 汉 其他 | 1222 5 | 99.6 0.4 |
宗教信仰 有 无 年龄(岁) 60~69 70~79 80岁以上 | 50 1777 555 454 218 | 4.1 95.9 45.2 37.0 17.8 | 婚姻状况 未婚(从未结婚) 已婚 离婚 丧偶 其他 | 13 885 18 309 2 | 1.1 72.1 1.5 25.2 0.1 |
职业 企事业单位人员 商业、服务业人员 农林牧渔业人员 生产运输人员 军人 其他人员 | 352 83 403 113 17 259 | 28.6 6.8 32.8 9.3 1.4 21.1 | 文化程度 从未上学 小学 初中 高中/中专/职高 大专 本科及以上 | 229 512 297 135 38 16 | 18.6 41.7 24.2 11 3.1 1.3 |
BMI <18.5 18.5~24 24~28 >28 | 95 593 418 121 | 7.7 48.3 34.1 9.9 | 家庭月收入(元) 3000以下 3000~6000 6000~9000 9000~12000 12000以上 | 716 400 81 21 9 | 58.4 32.6 6.6 1.7 0.7 |
表1. 调查对象的一般人口学特征分布
男性生理适能得分高于女性(t = 4.65, p < 0.001),在各年龄段中,年龄越大生理适能得分越低(F = 61.74, p < 0.001)。详见表2。
项目 | 生理适能得分(M ± SD) | 统计量t/F | p值 |
---|---|---|---|
性别 | |||
男 | 57.39 ± 12.88 | 4.65 | < 0.001 |
女 | 53.92 ± 13.03 | ||
年龄(岁) | |||
60~69 | 59.55 ± 12.91 | 61.74 | < 0.001 |
70~79 | 53.25 ± 12.44 | ||
80以上 | 49.52 ± 11.31 |
表2. 生理适能在不同年龄阶段及性别的组间比较
男性心理适能得分高于女性(t = 2.88, p < 0.05),在各年龄段中,年龄越大心理适能得分越低(F = 8.86, p < 0.001)。详见表3。
项目 | 心理适能得分(M ± SD) | 统计量t/F | p值 |
---|---|---|---|
性别 | |||
男 | 70.66 ± 12.23 | 2.88 | 0.004 |
女 | 68.58 ± 12.81 | ||
年龄(岁) | |||
60~69 | 71.06 ± 12.44 | 8.86 | < 0.001 |
70~79 | 68.63 ± 12.71 | ||
80以上 | 67.28 ± 12.33 |
表3. 心理适能在不同年龄阶段及性别的组间比较
男性社会适能得分低于女性(t = −3.94, p < 0.001),在各年龄段中,年龄越大社会适能得分越低(F = 12.23, p < 0.001)。详见表4。
项目 | 社会适能得分(M ± SD) | 统计量t/F | p值 |
---|---|---|---|
性别 | |||
男 | 62.79 ± 12.14 | −3.94 | <0.001 |
女 | 65.65 ± 12.92 | ||
年龄(岁) | |||
60~69 | 66.07 ± 12.47 | 12.23 | <0.001 |
70~79 | 63.88 ± 12.46 | ||
80以上 | 61.23 ± 12.94 |
表4. 社会适能在不同年龄阶段及性别的组间比较
男性健康适能得分高于女性(t = 2.32, p < 0.05),在各年龄段中,年龄越大健康适能得分越低(F = 40.84, p < 0.001)。在总体生理、心理和社会适能三个维度中,与心理和社会适能相比,生理适能得分最低且有统计学意义(F = 380.41, p < 0.001)。详见表5。
项目 | 健康适能得分(M ± SD) | 统计量t/F | p值 |
---|---|---|---|
性别 | |||
男 | 63.13 ± 10.18 | 2.32 | 0.020 |
女 | 61.75 ± 10.43 | ||
年龄(岁) | |||
60~64 | 65.00 ± 10.12 | 40.84 | < 0.001 |
65~69 | 61.04 ± 10.09 | ||
70~74 | 58.34 ± 9.61 | ||
健康适能 生理适能 心理适能 社会适能 | 55.43 ± 13.07 69.49 ± 12.60 64.40 ± 12.66 | 380.41 | <0.001 |
表5. 总体健康适能在不同年龄阶段及性别的组间比较
男性生理适能状况好于女性,年龄越大生理适能水平越差。
调查结果显示,男性生理适能状况好于女性,可能由于男性运动量和运动强度大于女性,继而身体抵抗力上升。且研究发现 [
在不同年龄段中高龄老人生理适能状况明显低于低龄老人,这与高龄老人器官退化、功能衰退有密切关系,且研究发现 [
男性心理适能状况好于女性,年龄越大越心理适能水平越低。
男性心理适能状况好于女性,可能使由于男性内心较强大,能沉着冷静地应对所发生的事件,而女性性格较男性内敛,心思细腻,易多虑、心理承受能力较低。因此,应洞悉老年女性心理健康问题,针对心理问题做出及时干预,使其形成豁达开朗的心理环境,提升其心理适能水平。
在各年龄组中,年龄越大越心理适能水平越低,可能是由于随着年龄的增长,自身生理适能水平逐渐降低,使其产生焦虑、担忧等负性心理,老年人在子女成年离家、组建新家庭等因素的影响下,常常处于无人陪伴的状态 [
女性社会适能状况好于男性,高龄老人社交明显减少。
随着经济水平地提高和各类社交活动的增多,女性更有意愿参加各类社会活动,增加了其社交的机会,而老年男性兴趣爱好总体少于女性,参加各类社会活动的次数也明显低于女性。因此,女性应在社交活动中起带动作用,鼓励老年男性加入其中,扩大其兴趣爱好,增加其社交频率和社交积极性。
在各年龄组中,高龄老人社交明显减少,可能是由于老年人生理适能状况越发低下,身体状况不能支持有效社交,使其社交能力逐步下降。且随着年龄增大,身边朋友相继离开,朋友圈在逐渐缩小,而接触新朋友的几率下降,社会适能状况愈发低下。虽然老年人随着年龄增长机体已不支持有效社交,但网络的快速发展拉近了人与人之间的距离,老年人应充分利用网络资源,建立自己新的朋友圈,扩大社交范围,增强社交能力,提升自身社会适能水平。
在生理、心理、社会适能中,生理适能处于最低水平,心理适能处于最高水平。
随着年龄增长生理适能处于最低水平,老年人各项机能呈下降趋势,且年龄越大身体机能退化越严重,力量、心肺功能、活动耐力等下降程度尤为突出。老年人社会适能处于较低水平,与杨雪等 [
我国城镇老年群体健康适能状况总体处于偏低水平,应重点关注老年群体生理适能,但同时也要关注老年群体的心理和社会适能,提升老年人总体健康适能水平,在今后的研究中应扩大样本量的同时扩大样本来源,增加研究的广泛性和全面性。
自贡市科技局项目(2022CYGY28)自贡市哲学社会科学人文健康中心项目(JKRWY22-08)自贡市卫健委一般项目(22yb013)。
何路生,傅 静,张 丽,聂臣聪,陈 瑶,刘亭梅,唐 梨. 泸州市城镇老年群体健康适能现状调查与分析 Investigation and Analysis on the Status Quo of Urban Elderly Population’s Health Fitness[J]. 护理学, 2024, 13(01): 60-66. https://doi.org/10.12677/NS.2024.131010
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