应激被广泛认为是记忆变化的潜在诱因,它对记忆既有有利影响,也有不利影响。本综述论文旨在全面概述目前对应激诱发记忆变化的理解,重点关注应激对记忆形成、巩固、检索和遗忘的影响机制。除此之外,本文还讨论了这些发现对旨在改善应激个体记忆表现的干预措施的影响。 Stress is widely recognized as a potential trigger of memory change, with both favorable and unfa-vorable effects on memory. The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of stress-induced memory changes, focusing on the mechanisms by which stress affects memory formation, consolidation, retrieval and forgetting. In addition to this, the paper discusses the implications of these findings for interventions aimed at improving memory performance in stressed individuals.
Stress is widely recognized as a potential trigger of memory change, with both favorable and unfavorable effects on memory. The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of stress-induced memory changes, focusing on the mechanisms by which stress affects memory formation, consolidation, retrieval and forgetting. In addition to this, the paper discusses the implications of these findings for interventions aimed at improving memory performance in stressed individuals.
当对刺激进行有效编码以后,就会进入下一阶段:存储。存储中编码信息的质量会随时间的变化而变化。信息处理模型根据信息的特点和持续时间,将信息存储在不同的记忆系统中(Cowan, 1988; Mutlu et al., 2022)。短期记忆暂时储存信息,而长期记忆储存信息的时间更长。记忆功能的变化可能是由于将信息从短期记忆转移到长期记忆的干扰、衰减或巩固过程等因素造成的。
当对刺激进行编码以及储存以后,就到了记忆加工的最后阶段:提取。提取是指一段时间后再访问存储信息的过程(Cowan et al., 2021)。语境、线索、提取策略的可用性等因素将会潜在影响记忆提取的效果。并且,在记忆提取这个过程中也可能会受到有意识加工(如:刻意回忆)或自动加工(如:识别)的潜在调节。
加工层次框架(Levels of Processing Framework)相较于信息加工模型不同,它强调加工深度在记忆功能中的作用。根据这一理论,记忆性能受信息在语义上(即基于意义)而不是表面上(即基于物理特征)加工程度的影响。因此,加工层次框架将对刺激进行的记忆加工分为浅加工和深加工(Lockhart & Craik, 1990)。
浅加工涉及到对基于刺激的物理特征的编码,如刺激的外观或声音。在日常生活中,当我们需要记住一个单词只注意到单词的物理性外观(字母)而不考虑它的意思,这就意味着我们对该记忆目标只进行了浅加工。浅层加工的信息更容易被遗忘,并且与其他方面的关联有限,这就是说浅加工形成的记忆表征将会非常脆弱。与浅层加工相比,更深层次的加工,也就是涉及到对记忆刺激进行精细加工和产生有意义的连接,能更好地形成记忆表征以在后期对该表征维持和检索。深度加工包括语义的编码和与已有知识的连接。这种级别的加工将会在目标刺激上绑定更多表征以促进更好的储存表现(Dragomir & Niculescu, 2022; Gallo et al., 2008; Innocenti et al., 2010)。如果能够将需要加工的刺激信息与个人经历联系起来,形成联想,这就有可能形成更加稳定和丰富的记忆表征以提升记忆功能的表现(Gilboa & Moscovitch, 2021)。加工层次框架的不同加工程度表明,通过在编码期间操纵对目标刺激的加工深度,记忆功能可以随着这种加工深度随之发生变化。通过鼓励个体进行更深入、更有意义的加工,记忆性能就可以得到改善。
除此之外,记忆功能变化的理论还涉及到双加工理论(Dual-Process Theory)。该理论认为,记忆功能可能会受到回忆和熟悉两个不同水平的认知加工的影响(Bronstein et al., 2019; Jones & Jacoby, 2001; Wixted, 2007)。回忆指的是有意识地、费力地检索过去事件的具体细节,其中涉及到与储存在记忆当中相关的详细信息的检索,如具体事件、背景细节或源记忆(记住信息在哪里遇到)。回忆依赖于有意识的努力,并与海马体和相关的大脑区域相关(Schneider et al., 2021)。注意、编码深度和细化等因素影响记忆。而熟悉是指一种没有能力回忆具体细节的感觉,具体来说,熟悉是一种不需要有意识回忆具体细节的熟悉感或识别感。这是一个自动的、毫不费力的加工,即使在明确回忆失败时也会发生(Wittwer et al., 2022)。双加工理论认为记忆功能的改变可能是由于这两个过程的相对贡献的改变。
HPA轴在应对应激时会被激活,从而释放皮质醇等糖皮质激素(Herman & Tasker, 2016)。一些研究已经发现,皮质醇对个体在陈述性记忆表现存在有害影响(Cohen et al., 2020; de Quervain et al., 2000; Dos Santos et al., 2018; Newcomer et al., 1999)。除此之外,皮质醇可通过促进对情绪显著信息的编码来增强记忆的形成和巩固(Borrell et al., 1983, 1984; Cunningham et al., 2021)。这些效应依赖于杏仁核基底外侧核的完整(Roozendaal & McGaugh, 1997; Guadagno et al., 2021),它被认为通过对海马和尾状核或壳核等其他结构的影响来增强记忆巩固(Packard, Cahill, & McGaugh, 1994; Gann et al., 2023)。虽然肾上腺素不易穿过血脑屏障,但它可能通过外周β肾上腺素受体介导的反馈影响中枢记忆(McGaugh, 2000)。
应激反应也会激活SNS,导致儿茶酚胺(如肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素)的释放,而儿茶酚胺可通过激活杏仁核和海马来促进记忆的形成和巩固(李佳琪等,2017;James et al., 2021)。然而,长期接触儿茶酚胺会损害记忆检索,并导致神经元损伤。应激还能调节神经可塑性机制,包括对记忆形成和巩固至关重要的长期电位和长期抑制(Kumar, 2011)。应激引起的神经可塑性机制的变化会改变突触连接的强度,从而导致记忆表现的变化(Deppermann et al., 2014)。
在分子水平上,神经递质调节和表观遗传修饰被认为是应激导致记忆改变的关键机制。神经递质如去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺调节记忆巩固和提取过程。表观遗传修饰,包括DNA甲基化和组蛋白乙酰化,可调节基因表达模式,影响记忆的形成和可塑性(Mifsud et al., 2011)。目前涉及动物模型和人类研究的研究提供了有价值的证据,支持应激诱发记忆变化的复杂性。
记忆作为一种认知功能,探索应激状态下记忆的改变可以作为一个切入点以深入探究应激对于其他以及更高层次的认知功能所带来的影响。应激会对记忆过程产生不同的影响,具体取决于应激暴露的时间、强度和持续时间。一般来说,急性应激反应会增强记忆的形成和巩固,而慢性应激反应则会损害记忆检索并导致遗忘(黄雅梅等,2014;Costanzi et al., 2021)。急性应激反应可以通过提高信息的显著性来增强记忆的形成,从而更好地进行编码。急性应激还能促进信息从短期记忆向长期记忆的转移,从而增强记忆的巩固(Henckens et al., 2009; Corbett et al., 2017)。长期暴露于应激之下将会形成慢性应激,慢性应激将会破坏从长期记忆中检索以前编码的信息,从而影响记忆检索。除此之外,长期暴露于应激下还会损害记忆巩固并诱发海马体萎缩,从而导致遗忘(Lindau et al., 2016)。
改善应激个体记忆表现的一种方法涉及实施应激管理技术。这些技巧旨在降低应激水平,促进放松,最终增强记忆过程。应激管理技巧的例子包括正念冥想、深呼吸练习、渐进式肌肉放松和瑜伽。这些技术已经被发现可以降低应激激素水平,改善认知功能,增强记忆能力。通过减轻应激和促进心境平静,这些干预措施可以优化记忆编码、巩固和提取(Wolever et al., 2012; Mittal et al., 2022)。
认知行为疗法是另一种可以有效改善应激个体记忆表现的干预措施。CBT侧重于识别和修正导致应激和记忆困难的消极思维模式和行为。通过各种认知重组技术,个体学会挑战并用更有适应性和积极的想法取代消极的想法。这可以帮助缓解应激,通过减少焦虑和提高记忆任务中的注意力来提高记忆表现(Meichenbaum, 2017; McCrae et al., 2022)。
有规律的体育锻炼已被证明对记忆和认知功能有很多好处,包括对减轻应激的影响。运动促进内啡肽的释放,内啡肽是大脑中天然的增强情绪的化学物质。它还增加大脑的血流量和氧供应,刺激神经发生和改善神经可塑性。这些生理变化可以增强记忆的形成、巩固和提取。应激程度高的人群可以考虑在日常生活中,加入有规律的锻炼可以改善记忆表现和整体认知功能(Mandolesi et al., 2018)。
选择健康的生活方式也有助于改善应激个体的记忆表现(Gibson, 2006)。这包括确保充足的睡眠,保持均衡的饮食,避免过量饮酒和使用药物。充足的睡眠对巩固记忆至关重要,因为它允许大脑有效地处理和存储信息(Chambers, 2017)。富含抗氧化剂、维生素和ω-3脂肪酸的营养饮食有助于大脑健康,增强认知功能(Stavrinou et al., 2020)。相反,过量饮酒和药物使用会损害记忆过程,并对整体大脑功能产生不利影响(Salmanzadeh et al., 2020; Ernst et al., 2022)。
参加记忆训练计划对那些有应激的人来说是有益的。这些项目包括练习特定的记忆技巧和策略,如记忆装置和可视化练习。记忆训练可以通过改善注意力集中、组织和阐述信息来增强记忆编码、存储和检索过程(Bovy et al., 2022)。此外,参加记忆训练项目可以增加自信心,减少与记忆任务相关的焦虑,从而提高记忆表现(Youngs et al., 2021)。
许 珂. 应激引起记忆改变的相关机制及其改善方法The Mechanism Associated with Stress-Induced Memory Alterations and Improvement Methods[J]. 心理学进展, 2023, 13(12): 6312-6321. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2023.1312806
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