ACM Advances in Clinical Medicine 2161-8712 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/ACM.2023.13112565 ACM-75911 ACM20231100000_96499912.pdf 医药卫生 胃癌癌前病变的诊疗研究进展 Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastric Cancer Precancerous Lesions 龙虎 2 1 书勤 2 1 新疆医科大学第四临床医学院自治区中医医院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 null 27 10 2023 13 11 18280 18285 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

胃癌(gastric cancer, GC)是一种发病率、死亡率较高的恶性肿瘤疾病,近5年中国新发胃癌68.9万例,2020年发病率居恶性肿瘤第3位。据全球数据(Globocan 2020),GC在全球死亡率居第4位,在中国死亡率居第3位,已成为我国乃至全球一个重要的公共卫生问题。一般而言,胃黏膜在发展为GC之前,需经多年早期胃癌(early gastric cancer, EGC)、胃癌前病变(gastric precancerous lesions, GPL)阶段。目前以根除幽门螺杆菌、COX抑制剂、非甾体类药物、改善胃动力、抑制胆汁反流以及手术等治疗。但治疗后仍会出现较多并发症、敏感性逐渐降低、副反应大等问题;故早期的筛查、识别和治疗可降低胃黏膜癌变的发生及发展,本综述就GC及GPL致病因素、诊疗以及相关机制做一综述。 Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. In the past five years, there were 689,000 new cases of gastric cancer in China, and the incidence rate ranked third among malignant tumors in 2020. According to the global data (Globocan 2020), the death rate of GC ranks fourth in the world and third in China, which has become an important public health problem in China and even in the world. In general, the gastric mucosa needs to go through the early gastric cancer (EGC) and gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) stages for many years before developing into GC. At present, Helicobacter pylori eradication, COX inhibitors, non-steroidal drugs, improvement of gastric motility, inhibition of bile reflux and surgery are the treatment. But after treatment, there are still more complications, sensitivity gradually decreased, side effects and other problems. Therefore, early screening, identification and treatment can reduce the occurrence and develop-ment of gastric mucosal cancer. This review reviews the pathogenic factors, diagnosis and treatment, and related mechanisms of GC and GPL.

胃癌,癌前病变,致病因素, Gastric Cancer Precancerous Lesions Pathogenic Factor
摘要

胃癌(gastric cancer, GC)是一种发病率、死亡率较高的恶性肿瘤疾病,近5年中国新发胃癌68.9万例,2020年发病率居恶性肿瘤第3位。据全球数据(Globocan 2020),GC在全球死亡率居第4位,在中国死亡率居第3位,已成为我国乃至全球一个重要的公共卫生问题 。一般而言,胃黏膜在发展为GC之前,需经多年早期胃癌(early gastric cancer, EGC)、胃癌前病变(gastric precancerous lesions, GPL)阶段。目前以根除幽门螺杆菌、COX抑制剂、非甾体类药物、改善胃动力、抑制胆汁反流以及手术等治疗。但治疗后仍会出现较多并发症、敏感性逐渐降低、副反应大等问题;故早期的筛查、识别和治疗可降低胃黏膜癌变的发生及发展,本综述就GC及GPL致病因素、诊疗以及相关机制做一综述。

关键词

胃癌,癌前病变,致病因素

Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastric Cancer Precancerous Lesions<sup> </sup>

Longhu Jia, Shuqin Lv*

Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fourth Clinical College of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi Xinjiang

Received: Oct. 23rd, 2023; accepted: Nov. 17th, 2023; published: Nov. 24th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality. In the past five years, there were 689,000 new cases of gastric cancer in China, and the incidence rate ranked third among malignant tumors in 2020. According to the global data (Globocan 2020), the death rate of GC ranks fourth in the world and third in China, which has become an important public health problem in China and even in the world. In general, the gastric mucosa needs to go through the early gastric cancer (EGC) and gastric precancerous lesions (GPL) stages for many years before developing into GC. At present, Helicobacter pylori eradication, COX inhibitors, non-steroidal drugs, improvement of gastric motility, inhibition of bile reflux and surgery are the treatment. But after treatment, there are still more complications, sensitivity gradually decreased, side effects and other problems. Therefore, early screening, identification and treatment can reduce the occurrence and development of gastric mucosal cancer. This review reviews the pathogenic factors, diagnosis and treatment, and related mechanisms of GC and GPL.

Keywords:Gastric Cancer, Precancerous Lesions, Pathogenic Factor

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 致病因素 1.1. 幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori, Hp)

Hp 被列为一级致癌物,是GC的主要环境性危险因素。研究认为89%的非贲门胃癌是由于慢性Hp感染引起 [ 1 ] 。由于Hp可通过淋巴系统和静脉回流系统进行传播,故慢性Hp感染既可以通过改变上皮–间质转化、细胞迁移和细胞侵袭而导致胃腺癌,也可以导致MALT淋巴瘤,而将幽门螺杆菌清除是治疗MALT淋巴瘤的重要方式 [ 1 ] 。当出现该类感染后,若无适当诊断和治疗,慢性感染将使GC发生的风险比一般人群高1.4至4.2倍。Ford [ 2 ] 等研究发现Hp清除后可降低GC发病率(RR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.40~0.72)和死亡率(RR = 0.61; 95% CI 0.40~0.92)。在基因易感性方面,部分亚洲人群在sej等位基因上表达点突变,从而促进Hp粘附胃粘膜。此外,亚洲人最大胃酸分泌量低于西方人群,这影响了组胺-2受体拮抗剂和奥美拉唑等质子泵抑制剂药物治疗的反应及黏膜防御和修复功能(研究表明:经五肽刺激后亚洲人的酸输出量为0.25 ± 0.11 mmol/h/kg,西方人的酸输出量为0.30 ± 0.10 (P < 0.01)) [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ,然后没有明确的数据解释两种人群发病率方面发病率的差异。

1.2. 烟草

吸烟被列为GC的I类致癌物。Praud [ 5 ] 等人进行系统性回顾认为,吸烟者患GC的风险增加25%。同时吸烟的强度和持续时间密切相关;与从不吸烟的人相比,超过20支/天的风险增加32%,吸烟持续时间超过40年的风险增加33%。戒烟后10年左右发生GC的概率与不吸烟者相似。吸烟与发育不良、慢性萎缩性胃炎和化生的发生有关。许多研究调查了GC发生的遗传基础 [ 6 ] 。GSTT1、SULT1A1、CYP1a1和NAT2基因的多态性可能与吸烟者个体对GC的易感性有关,如CDH1基因的高甲基化,在吸烟者中比在非吸烟者中表达得更多 [ 7 ] 。

1.3. 酒精

饮酒与GC风险增加有关,尤其是每天饮酒30克或更多的情况下,在Deng等人的荟萃分析中,饮酒者与非饮酒者发生GC的风险显著高于非饮酒者,比值比(OR)为1.20 [ 8 ] 。乙醇的第一代谢物乙醛可以通过抑制DNA甲基化诱导DNA损伤。

1.4. 肉类

加工肉类,如烟熏和腌制腊肉等,通常被定义为一级致癌物,食用红肉与GC的发展有关,食用红肉和加工肉类与GC风险增加相关,分别为41%和57%,相反,白肉与GC发展风险低有关,风险可降低约20% [ 9 ] 。一项研究显示,每天摄入100克红肉,GC风险升高26%,每天额外摄入50克加工肉类,风险升高72% [ 10 ] 。肉类中的血红素铁和n-亚硝基化合物可能与致癌反生有关,这些致癌物有助于DNA加合物的形成,是致癌的危险因素,食用白肉与GC呈负相关,因为白肉含有较少的血红素铁,而且它是多不饱和脂肪酸的来源,其通过明显减少慢性炎症(抑制IL-1和肿瘤坏死因子)、阻断环氧化酶-2和诱导细胞凋亡等具有抗增殖作用,起到预防癌变的作用 [ 11 ] 。

1.5. 肥胖

肥胖已被公认为多种癌症发生的相关危险因素,某荟萃分析分层分析显示,体重超重[体重指数(BMI) 25]与胃癌风险增加相关[优势比(OR) = 1.22;95%置信区间(CI) = 1.06~1.41],其中一项分层分析显示,超重体重与贲门癌[超重和肥胖(BMI 25),OR = 1.55,95% CI = 1.31~1.84]和非亚洲人胃癌(超重和肥胖,OR = 1.24,95% CI = 1.14~1.36)的风险增加相关,Yang等认为BMI与GC风险呈线性相关 [ 12 ] 。这说明,从BMI的增加,GC的发生率呈越来越高的趋势。与非贲门GC相比,肥胖与贲门GC的关系更为密切;并最终导致食管腺癌和贲门GC的发生,胰岛素抵抗、脂联素、瘦素和Igl1的水平的改变,糖皮质激素和类固醇激素的产生,氧化应激和高水平的炎症标志物都存在于肥胖患者中 [ 13 ] 。所有这些代谢变化都在癌症风险增加中发挥了重要作用。

2. 早期胃癌的筛查

理想情况下,筛查试验应该能识别出高危人群和早期病变。这可能有助于避免使用内镜检查,并在早期阶段诊断,早期治疗。

2.1. 血清标记物

生物标志物是在不同体液中客观测量的非侵入性检查,并作为生理和病理过程的指标进行评估。传统的肿瘤标志物(如CEA、Ca 199、Ca 125、Ca 724)对GC检测的敏感性不。因此,发现新的GC生物标志物已成为GC研究的重点。血清胃蛋白酶原(pepsinogen, PG)是预测GC及GC前病变研究最多的生物标志物之一,同时与GC死亡危险性相关,胃蛋白酶原I (PGI),是由胃底腺的主细胞来分泌的;胃蛋白酶原II (PGII)是由主细胞以及胃窦的幽门腺的黏液颈性细胞来分泌的;血清PGI和PGII水平随着胃炎的进展而改变;由于胃炎引起的底腺粘膜减少,血清PGI水平逐渐下降,而血清PGI水平保持相对稳定 [ 14 ] 。因此,血清PGI/PGII比值随着胃炎的进展而降低,反映了胃萎缩的严重程度。另一个与萎缩性胃炎相关的生物标志物是胃泌素-17 (G-17),它由G细胞分泌,其依赖于胃酸的水平,具有刺激胃酸分泌、刺激胃肠道运动的作用。Terasawa等人 [ 15 ] 验证了一组胃特异性生物标志物,包括PGI、PGI、G-17和Hp血清学,命名为GastroPanel,用于预测GC风险增加的患者群体中萎缩性胃炎的存在。

研究表明,DNA及RNA在很多肿瘤的发生发展中承担重要角色,通过影响其增殖、迁移的能力,以及评估GC患者的预后、监测肿瘤、预测治疗耐药性、量化疾病并进行实时癌症管理。“表观遗传”改变是基因表达的可遗传改变,不涉及DNA序列的永久改变,它们通常出现在癌症的早期阶段。这些改变与遗传信息,已成为癌症发展和进展的关键驱动因素 [ 16 ] 。研究较成熟的表观遗传改变是异常DNA甲基化,组蛋白修饰和非编码RNA表达失调。其中,非编码RNA的表达失调正发挥越来越重要的作用。它们包括长链非编码RNA (lncRNAs)和微小(miRNAs);LncRNAs是长度超过200个核苷酸的RNA转录物,没有蛋白质编码功能。它们通过复杂的信号通路影响肿瘤发生,并与miRNAs相互作用。它们的表达水平已被证明可以预测GC细胞的生物学行为,包括增殖、侵袭、转移和耐药性 [ 17 ] 。研究表明大量GC相关的lncRNAs在GC中上调,并通过多种机制诱导癌细胞的增殖和迁移,具有致瘤作用。如LINC00152过表达刺激GC癌细胞增殖,并通过与miRNAs相互作用调节HER2表达。同样,H19表达上调与GC患者侵袭深度高、TNM分期晚期、区域淋巴结转移和预后差等临床结果相关。lncRNAs的作用也被研究为GC治疗的可能靶点。事实上,lncRNAs可以通过使用miRNAs来进行基因编辑,并且在重组质粒中使用lncRNAs的调控序列可能具有治疗功能。这一证据开启了利用lncRNAs及其与miRNAs相互作用进行个性化医疗的可能性。血清中lncRNAs不稳定性限制了其在临床实践中的广泛应用,但它们提供了一个可能的未来,是GC早期发现和治疗的一个非常有前景的工具 [ 18 ] 。

miRNAs是一大类内源性小非编码RNA,长度为17~25个核苷酸。通过转录后基因调控,它们影响许多癌症类型的各种病理生物学过程的调节,5-miRNA特征(miR-1,miR-20,miR-27a,miR-34和miR-423-5p)被确定为诊断标记,并显示出比传统标记(CEA或CA19-9)更高的敏感性 [ 19 ] 。miRNA的改变发生在GC发病的早期,用于识别GC发展高风险患者。这一观察结果加强了它们在早期病变检测中的作用,从而在预防GC方面的作用 [ 20 ] 。

2.2. 内镜检查

内窥镜检查是诊断GC和EGC的金标准,数字化CE等技术的实施有可能进一步提高EGC的检出率。高达10%的胃癌前病变在GC诊断前的三年内被漏诊。这凸显了对上消化道内窥镜检查标准质量措施的需求 [ 21 ] 。

3. 早期胃癌的治疗 3.1. 内镜下手术

内镜黏膜剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD)由于其具有微创、费用低、术后恢复快、切除病灶精确等优势,已经逐渐取代传统的外科切开手术,有研究表明,接受ESD和外科传统手术的EGC患者5年总生存率分别为92.6%和95.89%,总体生存率和临床结局未见明显差异 [ 22 ] 。内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)是首个用于EGC检查的内镜方法,但操作较为简单,主要适用于直径 <2 cm,局限于黏膜层的分化型肿瘤 [ 23 ] ;有研究指出EMR对>10 mm病变的整体切除率明显低于ESD;ESD现已成为治疗GC首选方式,但是也存在一定并发症,比如穿孔及出血 [ 23 ] 。Qian [ 24 ] 等发现ESD和手术切除EGC的临床结果,患者行ESD的适应症均为研究中的ESD适应症包括所有无溃疡的分化型粘膜内癌、直径3厘米且有溃疡的分化型粘膜内癌、直径2厘米且无溃疡的未分化型粘膜内癌以及无溃疡且肿瘤直径3厘米的分化型粘膜下浸润癌,结果显示,ESD组患者住院时间较短,手术时间短,出血、胃病、穿孔等不良事件较少;此外,两组(手术组和ESD组)在5年总生存率和5年无复发生存率方面没有统计学差异:手术组和ESD组的5年总生存率分别为96.1%和91.4%。最近的一项系统性回顾分析 [ 25 ] 纳入了9项研究,按照绝对适应症与扩大适应症ESD,结果显示与胃切除术相比,ESR与更短的住院时间和更少的术后并发症相关。ESR治疗的复发率高于手术治疗(风险比(HR) = 3.56 95% CI 1.86~6.84),Tae等 [ 26 ] 的研究比较了ESD和EGC手术后的主观生活质量。ESD组的入组标准为绝对适应症;结果显示,ESD组患者与主观生活质量显著高于手术组,因此,如前所述,当符合ESR适应症时,应考虑将ESR作为EGC的一线治疗。

3.2. 腹腔镜联合内镜手术

腹腔镜联合内镜手术(laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery, LECS)结合内镜和腹腔镜优点,进行胃局部切除和区域淋巴结清扫,为早期胃癌的根治性切除提供了一种更为有效的手术方式。LECS在早期胃癌治疗方面的应用不断增多,从最初的腹腔镜辅助内镜下全层切除术,逐步衍生出非暴露技术腹腔镜–内镜联合入路肿瘤切除术、非暴露内镜下胃壁翻转术等多种改良术式,并可联合(前哨淋巴结引流区)区域淋巴结清扫或前哨淋巴结导航手术,扩大了内镜手术适应证,在确保根治的前提下,最大限度保留了正常胃的组织结构和功能,必将成为未来早期胃癌治疗中的重要发展方向 [ 27 ] 。其不仅可以进行胃局部切除和区域淋巴结清扫,同时还可以对胃内病灶进行清除,为早期胃癌的根治性切除提供了一种精准化、个性化和最大可能功能保留的方式。其主要包括① 经典暴露式LECS主要治疗治疗具有潜在淋巴结转移风险、超出内镜下切除适应证的早期胃癌患者;② 改良式LECS,主要包括NEWS式、CLEAN-NET式、非暴露双镜联合简单缝合全层切除术。

4. 总结

由于我国的饮食、气候等原因,我国是GC的高发国家,目前多种新型内镜诊断技术的应用使得GC的阳性率在不断提高,GC是一个严重的公共卫生问题,因为它的死亡率和发病率仍然很高,并且在世界范围内不断增长。早干预、早治疗是降低死亡率的关键。首先,生活方式在癌症的发生及发展中起着重要作用,医生应更多地关注改变生活方式,减少危险因素。此外,应提高患者的宣教及认知清除Hp。对于GC风险较高的患者,可以考虑使用现有的筛查试验,如血清标志物或内镜检查,对癌前病变的监测和仔细的内镜检查可以提高早期GC的预防和发现。事实上,早期病变的发现是至关重要的,因为EGC的治疗是微创的。ER是目前EGC的金标准,具有较低的LNM风险,手术微创入路为EGC患者提供了良好的长期肿瘤预后和良好的生活质量。然而,检测早期病变的主要障碍是全球范围内缺乏系统的GC筛查试验,即使现在有大量的癌前病变知识基础。因此,应该实施和鼓励对癌前病变和病变进行广泛的人群筛查,进而减少GC的发生。

文章引用

贾龙虎,吕书勤. 胃癌癌前病变的诊疗研究进展Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastric Cancer Precancerous Lesions[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(11): 18280-18285. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.13112565

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