WJCR World Journal of Cancer Research 2164-9049 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/WJCR.2023.134024 WJCR-73979 WJCR20230400000_96867554.pdf 医药卫生 中老年人群发生结直肠息肉相关危险因素分析 Risk Factors for Colorectal Polyps in Middle-Aged and Elderly People 瑞武 2 1 永福 3 1 青海大学研究生院,青海 西宁 青海大学附属医院消化内科,青海 西宁 null 27 09 2023 13 04 170 177 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

结直肠息肉是肠道黏膜上所有隆起性病变的总称,从肠粘膜表面突出到肠腔的息肉状病变。可累及整个消化道,其中以结肠和直肠息肉为最多,包括腺瘤性息肉(管状腺瘤、管状绒毛状腺瘤)及非腺瘤性息肉(如增生性息肉、炎性息肉等),小肠息肉比较少。其中结直肠腺瘤性息肉为结直肠癌的重要癌前病变。近年来,随着不健康的生活习惯及不合理饮食习惯的形成,结直肠息肉(Colorectal Polyps, CRP)发生率逐年升高,尤其中老年人群发病率居高不下,随着人口老龄化进展,将无疑对家庭及社会造成较大经济负担和压力。基于现有研究对中老年人群CRP发病的危险因素进行归纳总结,明确其发病的原因,对降低结直肠癌的发生率具有重要意义。 Colorectal polyps are a general term for all raised lesions on the intestinal mucosa, polyp-like lesions that protrude from the surface of the intestinal mucosa to the intestinal lumen. It can affect the entire digestive tract, of which colon and rectal polyps are the most, including adenomatous polyps (tubular adenoma, tubular villous adenoma) and non-adenomatous polyps (such as hyperplastic polyps, inflammatory polyps, etc.), and small intestinal polyps are relatively rare. Among them, colorectal adenomatous polyps are important precancerous lesions of colorectal cancer. In recent years, with the formation of unhealthy living habits and unreasonable eating habits, the incidence of colorectal polyps (CRP) has increased year by year, especially the incidence of middle- aged and elderly people remains high, with the progress of population aging, it will undoubtedly cause greater economic burden and pressure on families and society. Based on the existing research, it is of great significance to summarize the risk factors for the incidence of CRP in middle-aged and elderly people and clarify the causes of its occurrence, in order to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer.

中老年结直肠息肉,结直肠癌,个人息肉史,结直肠息肉的预防,代谢综合征, Colorectal Polyps in Middle-Aged and Elderly People Colorectal Cancer Personal Polyp History Prevention of Colorectal Polyps Metabolic Syndrome
摘要

结直肠息肉是肠道黏膜上所有隆起性病变的总称,从肠粘膜表面突出到肠腔的息肉状病变。可累及整个消化道,其中以结肠和直肠息肉为最多,包括腺瘤性息肉(管状腺瘤、管状绒毛状腺瘤)及非腺瘤性息肉(如增生性息肉、炎性息肉等),小肠息肉比较少。其中结直肠腺瘤性息肉为结直肠癌的重要癌前病变。近年来,随着不健康的生活习惯及不合理饮食习惯的形成,结直肠息肉(Colorectal Polyps, CRP)发生率逐年升高,尤其中老年人群发病率居高不下,随着人口老龄化进展,将无疑对家庭及社会造成较大经济负担和压力。基于现有研究对中老年人群CRP发病的危险因素进行归纳总结,明确其发病的原因,对降低结直肠癌的发生率具有重要意义。

关键词

中老年结直肠息肉,结直肠癌,个人息肉史,结直肠息肉的预防,代谢综合征

Risk Factors for Colorectal Polyps in Middle-Aged and Elderly People<sup> </sup>

Ruiwu Xing1, Yongfu Lu2*

1Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

2Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

Received: Sep. 17th, 2023; accepted: Oct. 8th, 2023; published: Oct. 19th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Colorectal polyps are a general term for all raised lesions on the intestinal mucosa, polyp-like lesions that protrude from the surface of the intestinal mucosa to the intestinal lumen. It can affect the entire digestive tract, of which colon and rectal polyps are the most, including adenomatous polyps (tubular adenoma, tubular villous adenoma) and non-adenomatous polyps (such as hyperplastic polyps, inflammatory polyps, etc.), and small intestinal polyps are relatively rare. Among them, colorectal adenomatous polyps are important precancerous lesions of colorectal cancer. In recent years, with the formation of unhealthy living habits and unreasonable eating habits, the incidence of colorectal polyps (CRP) has increased year by year, especially the incidence of middle-aged and elderly people remains high, with the progress of population aging, it will undoubtedly cause greater economic burden and pressure on families and society. Based on the existing research, it is of great significance to summarize the risk factors for the incidence of CRP in middle-aged and elderly people and clarify the causes of its occurrence, in order to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer.

Keywords:Colorectal Polyps in Middle-Aged and Elderly People, Colorectal Cancer, Personal Polyp History, Prevention of Colorectal Polyps, Metabolic Syndrome

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

大多数结直肠癌来源于原已存在的息肉,息肉是肠黏膜突起的病变,包括瘤性息肉(如腺瘤)及非瘤性息肉(如增生性息肉、炎性息肉等),最常见及临床最重要的息肉是腺瘤性息肉,占所有结直肠息肉的1/2~2/3。基于“腺瘤–不典型增生–癌”的癌变模式,结直肠腺瘤被认为是重要的癌前病变。但目前对于腺瘤性息肉发生的具体原因尚不清楚。鉴于及时切除结直肠腺瘤可显著降低结直肠癌的发病率 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ,因此早期发现并清除结直肠息肉是结直肠癌二级预防的重要措施 [ 3 ] 。临床开展结直肠息肉的筛查有助于结直肠癌的预防,而结肠镜既能提供金标准的诊断试验,又能行治疗性的息肉切除术,是检出和清除结直肠息肉的首选方法。但是由于社会经济因素、文化认知水平及结肠镜本身的侵入性等因素制约,其在临床的广泛应用受到限制。在美国筛查人群的结肠镜检查也仅在20%左右。目前国内部分研究采用分析结直肠腺瘤性息肉发病的高危因素与结肠镜检查相结合的筛查方案,并取得了一定的效果 [ 4 ] 。

结直肠息肉的发病率在全球范围内呈快速增长趋势。结直肠癌(Colorectal Cancer, CRC)是男性第三大常见癌症,女性第四大常见癌症 [ 5 ] ,是癌症死亡的第二大原因 [ 6 ] 。2019年全国癌症报告显示,CRC是我国第三大高发恶性肿瘤,占城市主要高发恶性肿瘤的第2位,农村的第5位 [ 7 ] 。青海地区位于青藏高原,为多民族聚居地,由于受到地理因素(高原低氧)、饮食因素(喜食腌制食物、酗酒)、医疗条件(早癌检出率低)的影响,该地区也是我国结直肠癌高发区。结直肠癌的发生机制中,腺瘤–腺癌途径最为重要 [ 8 ] ,多数患者进行早期结直肠病变切除后的5年生存率科可达90%,晚期病变的生存率不足10% [ 9 ] [ 10 ] 。因此结直肠腺瘤的早发现、早干预可有效降低结直肠癌的发病率,是结直肠癌的二级预防 [ 11 ] [ 12 ] 。研究表明,70%~90%的结直肠腺瘤性息肉可逐渐发展为结直肠癌 [ 13 ] ,因此结直肠腺瘤和其他类型的增殖性息肉被认为是CRC的癌前病变 [ 14 ] 。且腺瘤性息肉的检出率可有效降低结直肠癌的发病和死亡率,至少约78%可获得受益 [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] 。

2. 方法 2.1. 研究对象

选取2021年11月~2023年06月于青海大学附属医院消化内科住院的患者为研究对象,根据纳入与排除标准选取研究对象,所有入选者需均需完善肠镜、血常规。凡结肠镜检查发现息肉者常规取组织送病理检查。详细收集并记录所有研究对象的一般资料(年龄、性别、民族、BMI水平、文化程度等)、既往史(有无吸烟及饮酒史、有无高血压病史、有无2型糖尿病病史、有无个人息肉病史等)、实验室检查指标(血脂水平、尿酸水平等)。

2.2. 判定标准

(1) 年龄分组:45~59岁为中年组,≥60岁为老年组;

(2) 便秘定义:指大便次数减少(一般每周小于3次),伴有粪便量少、粪便干结、排便费力等;

(3) BMI采用“体重(kg)/身高(m2)”来评价。成年人BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2判定为超重;≥28 kg/m2为肥胖;

(4) 吸烟史定义:吸烟指数 ≥ 25 (每天吸烟至少5支,连续吸烟至少5年);

(5) 饮酒史定义:饮酒超过5年,每天饮酒 > 40 g/d (女性为 > 20 g/d)或两周内有大量饮酒史(>80 g/d);

(6) 2型糖尿病病史:既往明确诊断为2型糖尿病且目前正在治疗;

(7) 高血压病史:既往明确诊断为高血压疾病且目前正在治疗;

(8) 个人息肉病病史:患者既往罹患有消化道息肉病史(胃息肉、结直肠息肉);

(9) 肿瘤家族史:一般将2代以内有血缘关系的一位或多为亲属曾患恶性肿瘤判断为阳性;

(10) 非酒精性脂肪肝:依据病史、辅助检查(B超检查)确诊为非酒精性脂肪肝;

(11) Hp感染:根据C13呼气实验结果进行筛选;

(12) 血脂水平:总胆固醇正常值为 < 5.18 mmol/L;甘油三酯正常值 < 1.7 mmol/L;低密度脂蛋白 < 3.37 mmol/L为正常值;高密度脂蛋白正常值为1.16~1.42 mmol/L;超过上述标准为血脂异常;

(13) 尿酸:尿酸的正常值为:男性:149~416 umol/L;女性:89~357 umol/L,超过上述标准为尿酸升高。

2.3. 纳排标准

纳入标准

(1) 年龄 ≥ 45岁以上者;

(2) 既往未接受过结直肠手术;

(3) 既往无恶性肿瘤病史;

(4) 接受结肠镜检查并行活组织病理检查;

(5) 取得知情同意自愿参与本研究;

(6) 病历资料完整。

排除标准

(1) 各种原因导致无法完成结肠镜检查者;

(2) 年龄 < 45岁以下患者;

(3) 病理活检证实为结直肠癌者;

(4) 既往有结直肠恶性肿瘤病史、结直肠切除史、其他恶性肿瘤病史、家族性腺瘤性息肉病;

(5) 严重的心、肺、肾、脑功能不全者;

(6) 不同意进入该项研究的患者及临床病理资料不完整。

2.4. 统计学方法

将收集的数据录入EXCEL表格,核对无误后导入SPSS 26.0统计软件。对于计量资料先行正态性检验,服从正态分布的采用 x ¯ ± s 表示,两两组间比较采用F检验。不服从正态分布的采用中位数(四分位数间距)表示,组间比较采用K-W检验。计数资料采用例数n表示,组间比较采用x2检验。分别将腺瘤性息肉组、非腺瘤性息肉组与正常对照组各指标进行统计学分析,检验水准α = 0.05,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义,先行单因素分析筛选出于腺瘤性息肉组、非腺瘤性息肉组发病相关参数后,再将相关指标纳入多因素非条件Logistic回归分析模型,筛选出腺瘤性息肉与非腺瘤性息肉发生的独立危险因素。

3. 结果 3.1. 老年人群发生结直肠息肉与性别、吸烟、TC、TG等的相关性 Correlation between colorectal polyps and gender, smoking history and other general data in middle-aged and elderly people (n %
变量 腺瘤性息肉组 (n = 204) 非腺瘤性息肉组 (n = 183) 正常对照组 (n = 198) x2 P
性别 112 (54.8)#* 101 (55.1)* 97 (49.0) 7.731 0.021
92 (45.2) 82 (44.9) 101 (51.0)
吸烟史 + 106 (52.1)* 93 (50.9)* 79 (40.1) 9.245 0.008
98 (47.9) 90 (49.1) 119 (59.9)
饮酒史 + 89 (43.6)* 69 (37.7)* 46 (23.0) 9.508 0.009
115 (56.4) 114 (62.3) 152 (77.0)
高血压病史 + 104 (51.1)* 100 (52.8)* 77 (39.1) 13.064 0.010
100 (48.9) 83 (47.2) 121 (60.9)
2型糖尿病病史 + 76 (37.2)#* 47 (25.6) 41 (20.8) 10.451 0.002
128 (62.8) 136 (74.4) 157 (79.2)
慢性便秘 + 111 (54.3)#* 66 (35.8) 67 (33.6) 9.878 0.007
93 (45.7) 117 (64.2) 131 (66.4)
NAFLD史 + 39 (18.9) 28 (15.4) 39 (19.8) 1.584 0.453
165 (81.1) 155 (84.6) 159 (80.2)
Hp感染 + 45 (22.3) 31 (17.0) 30 (15.0) 1.899 0.387
159 (77.7) 152 (83.0) 158 (85.0)
个人息肉史 + 48 (23.4)* 41 (22.6)* 21 (10.6) 6.879 0.032
156 (76.6) 142 (77.4) 178 (89.4)

表1. 中老年人群发生结直肠息肉与性别、吸烟史等一般资料相关性(n %)

注:两两比较采用卡方分割法;#与非腺瘤性息肉组相比P < 0.05;*与正常对照组比P < 0.05。

Correlation between colorectal polyps and TC, TG, etc. in middle-aged and elderly peopl
变量 腺瘤性息肉组 (n = 204) 非腺瘤性息肉组 (n = 183) 正常对照组 (n = 198) H/F P
TC (mmol/L) 3.30 (2.74, 3.91)#* 2.85 (2.42, 3.40) 2.99 (2.51, 3.56) 12.41 0.020
TG (mmol/L) 1.31 (0.96, 2.04)#* 1.03 (0.84, 1.39) 1.08 (0.86, 1.86) 8.549 0.014
HDL (mmol/L) 1.01 (0.87, 1.23) 0.96 (0.75, 1.18) 0.99 (0.82, 1.33) 2.829 0.243
LDL (mmol/L) 2.32 (1.93, 2.87)* 2.31 (1.77, 2.64)* 2.01 (1.34, 2.38) 18.33 < 0.01
UA (umol/L) 343 (286, 412)* 334 (288, 410) 312 (258, 367) 7.912 0.019
BMI (kg/m2) 23.48 ± 2.94 23.83 ± 2.81 23.70 ± 3.53 0.238 0.788

表2. 中老年人群发生结直肠息肉与TC、TG等的相关性

注:#与非腺瘤性息肉组相比P < 0.05;*与正常对照组比P < 0.05。

经单因素分析与中老年人群发生腺瘤性息肉组显著相关的指标有:性别、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、2型糖尿病、个人息肉史、便秘、尿酸、TC、TG、LDL (表1,表2所示)。与非腺瘤性息肉组发生显著相关的指标有:性别、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、个人息肉史、尿酸、LDL (表1,表2所示)。

3.2. 中老年人群发生结直肠息肉相关危险因素的回归分析 中老年人群发生腺瘤性、非腺瘤性息肉相关危险因素的回归分析

经单因素分析与腺瘤性息肉组发生显著相关的指标有:性别、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、2型糖尿病、个人息肉史、便秘、尿酸、TC、TG、LDL (表1,表2所示),入选上述指标为自变量X,以是否为腺瘤性息肉为因变量Y。赋值如下:男性 = 1,女性 = 0;吸烟 = 1,不吸烟 = 0;饮酒 = 1,不饮酒 = 0;有高血压 = 1,无高血压 = 0;有2型糖尿病 = 1,无2型糖尿病 = 0;有个人息肉史 = 1,无个人息肉史 = 0;便秘 = 1,无便秘 = 0;男性尿酸 > 428 umol/L = 1,尿酸 ≤ 428 umol/L = 0;女性尿酸 > 357 umol/L = 1,尿酸 ≤ 357 umol/L = 0;TC > 5.18 mmol/L = 1,TC ≤ 5.18 mmol/L = 1;TG > 1.7 mmol/L = 1,TG ≤ 1.7 mmol/L = 0;LDL > 3.37 mmol/L = 1,LDL ≤ 3.37 mmol/L = 0。

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors related to adenomatous polyp group in middle-aged and elderly populatio
变量 回归系数 R OR 95% CI
下限 上限
性别 0.166 0.685 1.181 0.529 2.639
吸烟 0.485 0.245 1.625 0.717 3.683
饮酒 0.834 0.023 2.302 1.120 4.728
高血压 0.788 0.022 2.199 1.121 4.313
2型糖尿病 0.725 0.059 2.066 0.974 3.382
个人息肉史 0.801 0.023 0.423 0.151 1.190
便秘 0.773 0.027 2.167 1.092 4.302
尿酸 0.003 0.120 1.003 0.999 1.007
TC 0.506 0.024 1.659 1.069 2.575
TG 0.002 0.992 1.000 0.927 1.079
LDL 0.891 0.001 2.437 1.442 4.121

表3. 中老年人群发生腺瘤性息肉组相关危险因素的多因素Logistic回归分析

经单因素分析与非腺瘤性息肉组发生显著相关的指标有:性别、吸烟、饮酒、高血压、个人息肉史、尿酸、LDL (表1,表2所示),入选上述指标为自变量X,以是否为非腺瘤性息肉为因变量Y。赋值如下:男性 = 1,女性 = 0;吸烟 = 1,不吸烟 = 0;饮酒 = 1,不饮酒 = 0;有高血压 = 1,无高血压 = 0;有个人息肉史 = 1,无个人息肉史 = 0;男性尿酸 > 428 umol/L = 1,尿酸 ≤ 428 umol/L = 0;女性尿酸 > 357 umol/L = 1,尿酸 ≤ 357 umol/L = 0;TC > 5.18 mmol/L = 1,LDL > 3.37 mmol/L = 1,LDL ≤ 3.37 mmol/L = 0。

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors associated with nonadenomatous polyp group in middle-aged and elderly populatio
变量 回归系数 R OR 95% CI
性别 0.766 0.074 2.173 0.927~5.092
吸烟 0.386 0.346 1.472 0.659~3.288
饮酒 0.246 0.573 1.279 0.543~3.013
高血压 0.791 0.031 2.207 1.073~4.538
个人息肉史 1.147 0.036 0.318 0.109~0.928
尿酸 0.002 0.411 1.002 0.997~1.006
LDL 0.428 0.125 1.535 0.888~2.654

表4. 中老年人群发生非腺瘤性息肉组相关危险因素的多因素Logistic回归分析

4. 讨论

研究表明结直肠癌属于老年性疾病,年龄是结直肠癌发生的主要危险因素,随着年龄增加,结直肠腺瘤性息肉发病率增高 [ 16 ] 。且随着人群的老龄化,中老年结直肠癌也会相应增多。在西方国家,结直肠癌的发病高峰在70~80岁,< 40岁占比 < 5% [ 17 ] ,>50岁占93% [ 18 ] ,> 80岁约占30% [ 19 ] ;中国约60%的结直肠癌患者 > 70岁,43%的患者 > 75岁,其中位年龄为70岁 [ 20 ] 。因此,结直肠腺瘤性息肉作为结直肠癌的癌前病变,在中老年人群中及时做到结直肠腺瘤性息肉的早筛早治尤为重要。

饮酒是许多疾病的危险因素,尤其是大量饮酒。Wang等 [ 21 ] 的纳入10项观察性研究的Meta分析显示,大量饮酒可增加结肠、直肠远端息肉发生的风险,而少量饮酒与远端结直肠息肉发生风险增加不明显相关。饮酒导致结直肠息肉发生的机制尚不清楚。本研究中腺瘤性息肉组饮酒比例明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),故及时戒酒可很好预防结直肠癌的发生。

一项随访表明中老年人群中较高的收缩压和舒张压,以及2期高血压,都与药物治疗中发生结直肠腺瘤的较高风险相关,测量血压可以确定后续患结直肠腺瘤风险增加的个体 [ 22 ] 本研究中腺瘤性息肉组饮酒比例明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),当明确诊断为2型高血压时应及时干预。

关于个人息肉史与结直肠癌风险之间关系的现有数据尚无定论。一些研究报告表明有个人息肉史患者患结直肠癌的风险增加 [ 23 ] 。本研究中项研究表明,既往患息肉可增加结直肠癌发生的可能,应加强筛查。

慢性便秘组患者的结直肠癌和良性结直肠肿瘤的患病率均明显高于无慢性便秘组,并且患病率随着便秘的严重程度增加而升高 [ 24 ] 。由于关于便秘与结直肠息肉及结直肠癌的相关性的研究结论存在矛盾,且便秘可能作为结直肠肿瘤发生的预警症状。本研究中以中老年人群为研究对象,根据所收集资料证实慢性便秘可致结直肠息肉的发生,故建议中老年人应养成定期排便的好习惯,多食蔬菜、水果和粗纤维食品,避免形成便秘,以减少结直肠肿瘤的形成。

高水平的血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白可能与结直肠腺瘤患病率增加有关 [ 25 ] 。本研究中血清甘油三酯与结直肠息肉的发生无统计学意义(P > 0.05),可能与实验误差及检测差异相关,后续应进一步求证。

综上所述饮酒、高血压、个人息肉史、慢性便秘、总胆固醇升高、低密度脂蛋白升高对结直肠息肉的发生提供了预防价值,应进一步应用于临床。本研究不足之处:本研究病史记录可能存在偏倚。息肉诊断及病理可能存在误差。其中Hp感染情况不排除存在假阴性或假阳性可能。故仍需更广泛的研究证实。

5. 结论

饮酒、高血压、个人息肉史、慢性便秘、总胆固醇升高、低密度脂蛋白升高为中老年人群患腺瘤性息肉的独立危险因素(表3所示)。高血压、个人息肉史为中老年人群患非腺瘤性息肉发生的独立危险因素(表4所示)。当中老年人群有上述危险因素时,应加强随访。

文章引用

邢瑞武,芦永福. 中老年人群发生结直肠息肉相关危险因素分析Risk Factors for Colorectal Polyps in Middle-Aged and Elderly People[J]. 世界肿瘤研究, 2023, 13(04): 170-177. https://doi.org/10.12677/WJCR.2023.134024

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