目的:评价失效模式与效应分析(Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, FMEA)在手术患者围术期安全核查中的应用效果。方法:根据FMEA方法,选取2020年1~6月的540例手术患者为对照组,2021年1~6月的540例手术患者为观察组,通过分析手术患者围术期安全核查流程的失效模式,确定13项失效模式为改善重点并制定整改措施,进一步比较失效模式与效应分析管理前后的风险优先指数(Risk Priority Number, RPN)及手术安全核查正确率、手术标识正确率,并评估整改的成效。结果:FMEA管理实施前后比较,RPN平均值从184下降至48.5;手术安全核查正确率从95.45%上升到99.42%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01);手术标识正确率从98.84上升到99.90%,但差异无统计学意义(P ˃ 0.05)。结论:FMEA用于手术患者的围术期安全核查,有助于发现流程改进中的潜在缺陷,显著降低RPN指数并提高手术安全核查率。 Objective: To evaluate the application effect of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) in perioperative safety check of surgical patients. Methods: Based on FMEA, 540 surgical patients from January to June 2020 were selected as the control group, and 540 surgical patients from January to June 2021 were served as the observation group. By analyzing the failure modes of the perioperative safety verification process of surgical patients, 13 failure modes were identified as the key points for improvement and corrective measures were developed. The Risk Priority Num-ber (RPN) before and after failure mode and effect analysis was compared, as well as the accuracy rate of surgical safety verification and surgical identification, and the effectiveness of recti-fication was evaluated. Results: The mean RPN value before and after FMEA management decreased from 184 to 48.5; the accuracy of surgical safety check increased from 95.45% to 99.42% with a statistical difference (P < 0.01); the correct rate of surgical identification increased from 98.84% to 99.90%, but no statistical difference was observed (P ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: As used for perioperative safety verification of surgical patients, FMEA is very helpful in identifying potential defects in process improvement, significantly reduces the risk priority index and increases the accuracy of surgical safety check.
目的:评价失效模式与效应分析(Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, FMEA)在手术患者围术期安全核查中的应用效果。方法:根据FMEA方法,选取2020年1~6月的540例手术患者为对照组,2021年1~6月的540例手术患者为观察组,通过分析手术患者围术期安全核查流程的失效模式,确定13项失效模式为改善重点并制定整改措施,进一步比较失效模式与效应分析管理前后的风险优先指数(Risk Priority Number, RPN)及手术安全核查正确率、手术标识正确率,并评估整改的成效。结果:FMEA管理实施前后比较,RPN平均值从184下降至48.5;手术安全核查正确率从95.45%上升到99.42%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01);手术标识正确率从98.84上升到99.90%,但差异无统计学意义(P ˃ 0.05)。结论:FMEA用于手术患者的围术期安全核查,有助于发现流程改进中的潜在缺陷,显著降低RPN指数并提高手术安全核查率。
FMEA,围术期,安全核查
Ling Lin, Xiujun He, Wenxing Dai, Xuefei Zhou*
Anesthesia and Operation Center, Beilun District People’s Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo Zhejiang
Received: Jul. 8th, 2023; accepted: Sep. 19th, 2023; published: Sep. 26th, 2023
Objective: To evaluate the application effect of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) in perioperative safety check of surgical patients. Methods: Based on FMEA, 540 surgical patients from January to June 2020 were selected as the control group, and 540 surgical patients from January to June 2021 were served as the observation group. By analyzing the failure modes of the perioperative safety verification process of surgical patients, 13 failure modes were identified as the key points for improvement and corrective measures were developed. The Risk Priority Number (RPN) before and after failure mode and effect analysis was compared, as well as the accuracy rate of surgical safety verification and surgical identification, and the effectiveness of rectification was evaluated. Results: The mean RPN value before and after FMEA management decreased from 184 to 48.5; the accuracy of surgical safety check increased from 95.45% to 99.42% with a statistical difference (P < 0.01); the correct rate of surgical identification increased from 98.84% to 99.90%, but no statistical difference was observed (P ˃ 0.05). Conclusion: As used for perioperative safety verification of surgical patients, FMEA is very helpful in identifying potential defects in process improvement, significantly reduces the risk priority index and increases the accuracy of surgical safety check.
Keywords:FMEA, Perioperative Period, Safety Check
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手术室是医院内公认的医疗风险高发部门,全球每年因手术致死人数约100万,致残人数则高达700万之众 [
选取2020年1~6月FMEA管理实施前540例手术患者为对照组,2021年1~6月FMEA管理实施后540例手术患者为观察组。排除存在意识不清、严重精神障碍、认知或沟通障碍的患者。观察组年龄(49.67 ± 16.95)岁,最小17岁,最大82岁;对照组年龄(48.85 ± 16.58)岁,最小18岁,最大81岁。两组患者的临床资料进行比较,均无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。
FMEA是一种全新的质量管理模式,可前瞻性地对某个流程可能发生的失效模式进行量化分析,识别出失效的原因和影响,并为避免失效制定可行性措施 [
流程 | 潜在失效模式 | 潜在失效原因 | 潜在失效影响 | S | O | D | RPN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
标记手术 部位标识 | 手术标识 遗漏、错误 | 手术标识意识不足 | 手术部位错误 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 180 | |
手术标识 考核机制不完善 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 108 | ||||
手术标识制度、 流程不完善 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 124 | ||||
手术标识 要求知晓不足 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 108 | ||||
手术标识 监督力度不足 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 192 | ||||
手术标识 工具准备不全 | 8 | 4 | 4 | 128 | ||||
入手术间核查 | 麻醉 开始前 | 手术安全核查遗漏、错误 | 手术安全核查 缺乏约束方法 | 手术信息错误、 手术错误 | 8 | 8 | 3 | 192 |
医护对手术安全核查要求不明确 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 320 | ||||
手术安全核查 无客观监测手段 | 5 | 7 | 4 | 140 | ||||
手术 开始前 | 手术安全核查 监督力度不足 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 245 | |||
医护未进行 手术安全核查 | 9 | 6 | 6 | 324 | ||||
未逐项进行 手术安全核查 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 224 | ||||
患者离开手术室前 | 手术安全核查考核 机制不完善 | 无法行补救措施 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 108 |
表1. 手术患者围术期安全核查失效模式分析表(n = 540)
FMEA管理小组成员结合围术期手术患者术前、术中、术后的各个环节,运用FMEA分析步骤,梳理现行围术期手术核查流程,流程包括:开具手术通知单→核对手术通知单→标记手术部位标识→接患者前核查→入手术室核查→入手术间核查→手术结束核查。然后针对流程中的每一步列出可能导致围术期安全核查的失效模式,分析其潜在失效原因及潜在后果,并根据专业临床经验、论文查新及共同讨论后,完成失效模式严重度(Severity, S)、发生频率(Occurrence, O)、探测度(Detection, D)三个维度的评分,根据评分结果计算各失效模式的风险系数(Risk Priority Number, RPN),RPN = S × O × D。S、O、D的取值在1~10之间。RPN的范围在1~1000之间,RPN值越大,安全隐患越大,需要优先解决。小组成员对每个失效模式进行评分,得出RPN平均值为184,也确立了RPN值最高的13个项目,见表1。并设定改进目标:RPN值平均值 ≤ 100。
在医疗行业中,RPN ≥ 100的失效模式必须解决。根据危害分析,FMEA管理小组确立13项失效模式为改善重点,并制定相应的改进措施,主要包括:1) 医护手术标识、手术安全核查意识不足。其主要因素为医护人员责任心欠缺,手术相关要求了解不足以及技术能力的欠缺。应巩固医护人员安全与法制教育等理论知识以及技能的培训,同时加强医患之间的沟通 [
评价指标包括:① 实施FMEA管理前后13个项目RPN值的变化;② 实施FMEA管理前后手术安全核查正确率及手术标识正确率的变化。每月手术安全核查正确率 = 每月抽查中符合标准的分数/每月抽查总分 × 100%。每月手术标识正确率 = 每月抽查手术标识正确例数/每月抽查手术例数 × 100%。
采用SPSS 21.0统计学软件对数据进行处理分析,计数资料采用例数(百分率) [n (%)]表示,组间比较采用x2检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
实施FMEA管理前后,RPN平均值从184下降至48.5,降幅十分明显,详见表2。
项目 | FMEA管理 实施前RPN值 | FMEA管理 实施后RPN值 |
---|---|---|
医生手术标识意识不足 | 180 | 48 |
手术标识考核机制不完善 | 108 | 27 |
手术标识制度不完善 | 124 | 24 |
手术标识要求知晓不足 | 108 | 45 |
手术标识监督力度不足 | 192 | 24 |
手术标识工具准备不全 | 128 | 18 |
手术安全核查缺乏约束方法 | 192 | 96 |
医护对手术安全核查要求不明确 | 320 | 27 |
手术安全核查检查无客观监测手段 | 140 | 72 |
手术安全核查监督力度不足 | 245 | 100 |
医护对手术安全意识不足未查 | 324 | 90 |
医护手术安全核查未逐项核查 | 224 | 36 |
手术安全核查考核机制不完善 | 108 | 24 |
表2. FMEA管理实施前后RPN值变化(n = 540)
实施FMEA管理前后,手术安全核查正确率明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),手术标识正确率较前有所提高,但差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),详见表3。
组别 | 例数 | 手术安全核查正确率 | 手术标识正确率 |
---|---|---|---|
对照组 | 540 | 95.46% | 98.70% |
观察组 | 540 | 99.42% | 99.72% |
x2值 | 17.746 | 2.801 | |
P值 | < 0.001 | 0.089 |
表3. 两组手术安全核查正确率及手术标识正确率比较(n = 540)
FMEA理论关注的重点是事前预防而非事后纠正,在错误发生前采取相应措施加以预防,有效降低风险事件 [
手术安全核查作为手术室护理质控管理的重要内容,鲜有文献报道如何利用质控管理工具有效优化该项工作流程、提高核查质量 [
手术安全核查过程的多环节和多人员因素,决定了临床护理常规的“三查七对”制度并不能覆盖围术期手术安全核查的各个环节和群体 [
FMEA作为国际上已得到认可的风险管理方法,在降低用药错误风险 [
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