蛋白尿是肾脏病常见的临床症状,也是加重肾脏损伤的重要危险因素。国医大师张大宁是认为肾性蛋白尿产生的根本在于脾肾亏虚、肾虚血瘀,提出以补肾活血、健脾化湿为蛋白尿的总体治疗原则,根据个体病情差异,兼以固摄、升提、清热 、化痰诸法。通过对张教授治疗肾性蛋白尿的经验进行总结分析,以指导临床治疗。 Proteinuria is a common clinical symptom of kidney disease, and it is also an important risk factor for kidney injury. Daning Zhang, the master of traditional Chinese medicine, believed that the root of renal proteinuria was spleen and kidney deficiency, kidney deficiency and blood stasis, and put forward the overall treatment principle of proteinuria to invigorate the kidney and promote blood circulation, invigorate the spleen and remove dampness. According to the differences of individual conditions, the methods of retaining intake, elevating, clearing heat and eliminating phlegm were also used. Professor Zhang’s experience in the treatment of renal proteinuria was summarized and analyzed to guide clinical treatment.
蛋白尿是肾脏病常见的临床症状,也是加重肾脏损伤的重要危险因素。国医大师张大宁是认为肾性蛋白尿产生的根本在于脾肾亏虚、肾虚血瘀,提出以补肾活血、健脾化湿为蛋白尿的总体治疗原则,根据个体病情差异,兼以固摄、升提、清热 、化痰诸法。通过对张教授治疗肾性蛋白尿的经验进行总结分析,以指导临床治疗。
张大宁,肾性蛋白尿,肾虚血瘀,补肾活血
Fangyan Mao1,2, Xingguo Liu2*
1School of Health Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang Hubei
2Department of Nephropathy, Yichang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yichang Hubei
Received: Jul. 14th, 2023; accepted: Aug. 22nd, 2023; published: Sep. 4th, 2023
Proteinuria is a common clinical symptom of kidney disease, and it is also an important risk factor for kidney injury. Daning Zhang, the master of traditional Chinese medicine, believed that the root of renal proteinuria was spleen and kidney deficiency, kidney deficiency and blood stasis, and put forward the overall treatment principle of proteinuria to invigorate the kidney and promote blood circulation, invigorate the spleen and remove dampness. According to the differences of individual conditions, the methods of retaining intake, elevating, clearing heat and eliminating phlegm were also used. Professor Zhang’s experience in the treatment of renal proteinuria was summarized and analyzed to guide clinical treatment.
Keywords:Daning Zhang, Renal Albuminuria, Deficiency of Kidney and Blood Stasis, Reinforcing Kidney and Activating Blood Circulation
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在现代医学中,尿液蛋白质浓度大于100 mg/L或150 mg/24 h,蛋白质定性检查为阳性,称为蛋白尿。由于毛细血管内皮损伤、肾小球基底膜损伤、足突细胞损伤、炎症与免疫反应等导致肾小球滤过膜损伤,使蛋白质排泄超过正常范畴。蛋白尿不仅可以反映肾小球滤过膜的受损程度,也是加重肾脏损伤的重要危险因素,通过直接毒性作用、免疫介导、引发炎症反应、补体激活、自噬等多种途径加重肾脏损害 [
张大宁,国医大师,中医肾病学奠基人之一。在上世纪70年代末,张教授提出了“肾本学说”、“心–肾轴心系统学说”、“肾虚血瘀论”与补肾活血法、“补肾活血排毒三合一”等理论,对临床常见的诸如慢性肾炎、肾病综合征、糖尿病肾病、慢性肾衰竭等肾脏疾病有独到的治疗经验 [
中医对于蛋白尿的认识
在中医的发展过程中,并没有明确提出蛋白尿的名称。蛋白质是人体组织细胞的重要成分,也是保证人体生理功能的重要基础,按照蛋白质的特性,可将其归为中医理论中的“精微物质”,由后天脾胃化生,经心肺、三焦作用运输、布散全身,依赖肾的封藏固摄作用而储存于机体内,肝之疏泄又保障心脾肾等脏的正常功能。“夫精者身之本也”,精微物质“宜藏不宜泄”,精微物质失于封藏固摄,随尿液排出体外,形成蛋白尿,当属于中医“尿浊”、“虚劳”等病范畴。
蛋白尿的生成,病因病机错综复杂,但究其根本,总属于虚实夹杂、本虚标实,本虚责之肺脾肾等脏,标实有外感风邪、湿热之邪以及瘀血等有形之邪 [
《素问六节藏象论篇》中:“肾者,主蛰,封藏之本,精之处也”,肾为先天之本,主蛰守位,具有封藏固摄的功能。肾气不足,封藏失司,精微物质固摄不能,大量蛋白质随小便排出,临床即表现为蛋白尿。蛋白尿病位在肾,肾气不足为病之根本 [
《素问·经脉别论篇》中:“脾气散精,上归于肺,通调水道,下输膀胱。水精四布,五经并行,合于四时五藏阴阳,揆度以为常也”,脾为后天之本,运化水谷精微,灌四傍而充养五脏。脾虚致津液生成运行不能,水液输布失常,蓄积体内,郁久化热,最终累积于肾,伤及肾气,日久伤及肾之阴阳,精微失于固摄随小便而出 [
肺为娇脏,不耐寒热,在体合皮毛,外邪入侵,首先犯肺;肺气虚卫外不固,更易感受邪气而加重病情;肺主通调水道,肺失宣肃,水液输布排泄失常;金水相生,母病及子,肺气虚可导致肾脏封藏功能减退,导致蛋白质等精微物质随小便漏下 [
风为百病之长,易兼他邪致病。机体感受风邪,肺卫不固,首侵皮毛,循经入喉,循足少阴肾经下行达肾 [
湿为阴邪,其性黏滞、趋下,湿热互结,下注膀胱,导致精微外泄,发为蛋白尿 [
肾病大多病程绵长,久则邪入血络,致瘀血停滞,瘀血是肾病发展后期的必然结果。
肾性蛋白尿的病机不外虚实两方面,本虚主要指肺脾肾不足,标实有风、湿、热、瘀等邪气致病 [
补肾活血法是张教授基于肾虚血瘀理论提出的治疗大法 [
补肾药中避用附子,善用冬虫夏草,重用黄芪,配伍升麻。
张教授临床温补肾阳多用补骨脂、肉桂、淫羊藿等,以助阳化气,避免使用辛热纯阳之附子,一则附子大辛大热之品,易助湿生热,湿热蕴结,邪气留恋难以祛除;二则附子自身有毒,避免使用不当加重肾脏负担。
张教授善用冬虫夏草,其性味甘平,有补益肺肾,止血化痰之功。《本草纲目拾遗》有:“冬虫夏草性温暖,补精益髓,保肺气,实腠理”,使用冬虫夏草既可补足肾气,又可使肺气旺盛,水道通调,气化有权,且药性温和,利于减少尿蛋白。
黄芪是张老临床重用之品。《中国药典》中黄芪用量为9~30 g,众多名家在临床运用黄芪时,也多用到30 g,而张教授的一般用量是30~60 g,甚至可重用至90~120 g [
升麻味辛,微甘,《本草纲目》言其可行瘀血,《主治秘要》谓“其用有升阳于至阴之下也”,《本草汇言》:“升麻,散表升阳之剂也。如内伤元气,脾胃衰败,下陷至阴之分,升麻能疗之”。配伍升麻,能升能散,可行瘀血;升阳举陷,升阳于至阴之下,下陷可举,内伏可托,从而减少精气下泄 [
活血药中喜用三棱、莪术、丹参、川芎。
血瘀不仅是血液运行迟缓的病理状态,也是重要致病因素。张教授运用活血化瘀药物时喜用药力峻猛的三棱、莪术 [
临床多脾肾同病,补肾的同时不能忽视健脾之法。张大宁教授多以党参、山药、茯苓、白术等健运中州之品相配,取意于四君子汤、参苓白术散诸方,共奏补肾健脾之功。金樱子、芡实常常作为固定药对出现于方中,出自《洪氏集验方》,名为水陆二仙丹,金樱子酸涩,芡实甘涩,二者相须为用,加强收敛固涩之效,使肾气充沛的同时恢复封藏之功,固摄精微,达到降低蛋白尿的目的。冯中兴等学者通过临床研究证实水陆二仙丹可改善早期肾功能损害,降低尿中微量白蛋白 [
张大宁教授认为肾性蛋白尿的出现,是由于脾肾气虚,气机升降出入失调,导致脾之枢纽功能失调,肾失封藏,不能升清降浊,致使精微物质外泄,从尿液漏出。张教授临证惯用补肾升提法以恢复气机升降出入。常用黄芪、升麻、葛根等升提阳气。黄芪升麻配伍,法从补中益气汤,方中黄芪、人参补肾健脾,升麻、柴胡升举阳气。柴胡有升阳之功,张洁古、李东垣等古代医家认为柴胡具有“升阳劫阴”之弊,鉴于蛋白尿属“精气下泄”伤阴,张教授林临床多不用柴胡 [
脾虚湿蕴,久则化热,激素、免疫抑制剂等药物治疗蛋白尿有一定疗效,但长期应用有化热之弊,张教授在治疗蛋白尿时,重视清热化湿法的应用,多用土茯苓、蒲公英、败酱草、车前草或车前子等药物 [
张大宁教授认为肾性蛋白尿的病机以脾肾亏虚、肾虚血瘀为主,兼有风、湿、热等邪气,虚实夹杂而致病,在治疗上既要补益脾肾、固涩升提,也要兼以活血化瘀、清热利湿等法 [
毛芳艳,刘兴国. 国医大师张大宁治疗肾性蛋白尿经验浅析A Brief Analysis of the Experience of Daning Zhang, a Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine, in Treating Renal Proteinuria[J]. 中医学, 2023, 12(09): 2445-2449. https://doi.org/10.12677/TCM.2023.129366
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