AP Advances in Psychology 2160-7273 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/AP.2023.138431 AP-71138 AP20230800000_45255059.pdf 人文社科 合作期刊 负性生活事件对青少年网络自我表露的影响:自我概念清晰性与心理特权的链式中介效应 The Impact of Negative Life Events on Adolescents’ Online Self-Disclosure: The Chain Mediating Effect of Self-Concept Clarity and Psychological Entitlement 1 2 null 济南大学教育与心理科学学院,山东 济南 02 08 2023 13 08 3437 3445 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

目的:考察青少年网络自我表露的影响因素以及自我概念清晰性与心理特权的链式中介作用。方法:采用负性生活事件量表,心理特权感量表,网络自我表露量表,自我概念清晰性量表,对654名中学生进行调查。结果:1) 负性生活事件与心理特权、网络自我表露呈正相关(r = 0.286, 0.219; P < 0.01),与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.394; P < 0.01)。心理特权与网络自我表露呈正相关(r = 0.275; P < 0.01),与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.283; P < 0.01)。网络自我表露与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.241; P < 0.01);2) 自我概念清晰性在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起部分中介作用,中介效应占比为25.56%。心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起部分中介作用,中介效应占比为19.28%。自我概念清晰性、心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起链式中介作用,中介效应占比为7.62%。结论:负性生活事件不仅可以直接预测青少年网络自我表露程度,而且还可以通过自我概念清晰性、心理特权的链式中介作用间接影响网络自我表露。 Objective: To investigate the influencing factors of adolescent online self-disclosure and the chain mediating effect of self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement. Method: A survey was con-ducted on 654 middle school students using the Negative Life Events Scale, Psychological Entitle-ment Scale, Online Self-Disclosure Scale, and Self-Concept Clarity Scale. Result: 1) Negative life events were positively correlated with psychological entitlement and online self-disclosure (r = 0.286, 0.219; P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with self-concept clarity (r = −0.394; P < 0.01). psychological entitlement is positively correlated with online self-disclosure (r = 0.275; P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with self-concept clarity (r = −0.283; P < 0.01). There is a negative corre-lation between online self-disclosure and self-concept clarity (r = −0.241; P < 0.01); 2) Self-concept clarity played a partial mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 25.56%. Psychological entitlement plays a partial mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 19.28%. Self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement play a chain mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 7.62%. Con-clusion: Negative life events can not only predict the degree of online self-disclosure among adoles-cents, but also indirectly affect online self-disclosure through the chain mediating effect of self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement.

负性生活事件,自我概念清晰性,心理特权,网络自我表露,青少年, Negative Life Events Self-Concept Clarity Psychological Entitlement Online Self-Disclosure Adolescents
摘要

目的:考察青少年网络自我表露的影响因素以及自我概念清晰性与心理特权的链式中介作用。方法:采用负性生活事件量表,心理特权感量表,网络自我表露量表,自我概念清晰性量表,对654名中学生进行调查。结果:1) 负性生活事件与心理特权、网络自我表露呈正相关(r = 0.286, 0.219; P < 0.01),与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.394; P < 0.01)。心理特权与网络自我表露呈正相关(r = 0.275; P < 0.01),与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.283; P < 0.01)。网络自我表露与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.241; P < 0.01);2) 自我概念清晰性在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起部分中介作用,中介效应占比为25.56%。心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起部分中介作用,中介效应占比为19.28%。自我概念清晰性、心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起链式中介作用,中介效应占比为7.62%。结论:负性生活事件不仅可以直接预测青少年网络自我表露程度,而且还可以通过自我概念清晰性、心理特权的链式中介作用间接影响网络自我表露。

关键词

负性生活事件,自我概念清晰性,心理特权,网络自我表露,青少年

The Impact of Negative Life Events on Adolescents’ Online Self-Disclosure: The Chain Mediating Effect of Self-Concept Clarity and Psychological Entitlement<sup> </sup>

Zhen Guo, Yiting Ding

School of Education and Psychological Science, University of Jinan, Jinan Shandong

Received: Jul. 8th, 2023; accepted: Aug. 8th, 2023; published: Aug. 24th, 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the influencing factors of adolescent online self-disclosure and the chain mediating effect of self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement. Method: A survey was conducted on 654 middle school students using the Negative Life Events Scale, Psychological Entitlement Scale, Online Self-Disclosure Scale, and Self-Concept Clarity Scale. Result: 1) Negative life events were positively correlated with psychological entitlement and online self-disclosure (r = 0.286, 0.219; P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with self-concept clarity (r = −0.394; P < 0.01). psychological entitlement is positively correlated with online self-disclosure (r = 0.275; P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with self-concept clarity (r = −0.283; P < 0.01). There is a negative correlation between online self-disclosure and self-concept clarity (r = −0.241; P < 0.01); 2) Self-concept clarity played a partial mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 25.56%. Psychological entitlement plays a partial mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 19.28%. Self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement play a chain mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 7.62%. Conclusion: Negative life events can not only predict the degree of online self-disclosure among adolescents, but also indirectly affect online self-disclosure through the chain mediating effect of self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement.

Keywords:Negative Life Events, Self-Concept Clarity, Psychological Entitlement, Online Self-Disclosure, Adolescents

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

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1. 引言

随着信息化进程的全面发展,使用社交网络成为一个非常普遍的事情。作为生长在这个时代的青少年,相对于现实世界自我表露,越来越多地倾向于使用社交媒体进行网络自我表露(Valkenburg et al., 2011)。网络自我表露是个体在网络空间中,运用文字、图表等多种形式,主动和被动地传递关于自己的信息的过程(Chen, 2013)。研究指出,被动性格人更倾向于使用社交媒体进行网络自我表露(Gentina & Chen, 2019)。同时偏好于网络自我表露的青少年,他们更倾向于表现出控制力过高或者过低,两种不稳定的个性倾向(Chen et al., 2017)。不仅如此,经常进行网络自我表露的青少年也具有一定的社交焦虑(Wang et al., 2011)。由此可见网络自我表露与青少年的心理状况密切相关,本研究在此基础上进行影响网络自我表露的内部机制讨,更好地揭示网络自我表露与青少年成长的关系。

负性生活事件是个体在生活中遭遇的各种问题,是造成心理压力,使得个体容易产生消极情绪情感的不愉快事件(刘贤臣等,1997)。研究表明负性生活事件与网络的使用程度显著相关(Li et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022),当个体面对负性生活事件的时候,很容易导致社交软件的过度使用(Mao et al., 2022)。主要是因为当个体面对负性生活事件的时候,很容易采取暂时消极回避的应对方式来缓解外界压力(Tang et al., 2014)。因此本研究假设,负性生活事件与网络表露程度呈正相关。

自我概念清晰性(self-concept clarity, SCC)指个体对自身看法感到明晰、确信、内部一致和跨时间稳定的程度(Campbell et al., 1996)。个体的自我概念清晰性与负性生活事件密切相关(Goodvin & Romdall, 2013),例如,负性生活事件会导致个体抑郁等内化问题(冯全升等,2023;蒋佩等,2023;涂巍等,2023)从而形成不良的自我概念,个体所经历越多的负性经历,越影响着他们自我概念的形成(Vogel & Bolino, 2020)。同时个体的自我概念清晰性与线上自我表露密切相关,相对于低自我概念清晰性的个体来说,高自我概念清晰性的个体往往较少进行线上自我表露(Strimbu & O’Connell, 2019),自我概念清晰性低的青少年往往倾向于使用社交网络进行自我表露(Fullwood et al., 2016)。因此本研究假设,自我概念清晰性在负性生活事件对网络自我表露的影响中起到中介作用。

不仅如此,负性生活事件与心理特权感密切相关,心理特权是一种感到有权利获得优待、豁免社会责任的稳定而普遍的主观信念或知觉(Campbell et al., 2004)。当个体遇到负性生活事件的时候很容易感到委屈,这又进一步激发了个体的心理特权感(Zitek et al., 2010),这种委屈所激发的错误归因会产生更高的心理特权,使得他们更加自私(Anastasio & Rose, 2014; Bai et al., 2020),从而又会导致更多的负性经历(Zitek et al., 2010)。同时,心理特权与自恋密切相关(Brunell & Buelow, 2018; Stronge et al., 2016),研究表明个体在高自恋的情况下往往倾向于进行更多的网络自我表露(Lee et al., 2020),因此本研究假设,心理特权在负性生活事件对网络自我表露的影响中起到中介作用。

自我概念清晰性与个体心理特权密切相关,当个体的自我概念清晰性低的时候,就很容易产生错误的自我认知,例如自恋(Edwards & Bond, 2012; Park et al., 2022),而自恋程度高的个体拥有着较高的心理特权(Karim, 2022)。对于经历负性生活事件的个体来说,会产生不清晰的自我概念进而对个体的心理特权产生影响(Stucke & Sporer, 2002),基于负性生活事件以及拥有较高心理特权感的个体都会导致个体社交软件的过度使用(Mao et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2020),因此本研究假设,自我概念清晰性与心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起着链式中介作用。

2. 对象与方法 2.1. 对象

采用整群抽样法,在山东省某中学共发放问卷700份,测试前争取被试同意,同时强调匿名性与保密性。有效回收问卷654份,有效回收率93.4%。其中男生437人占比48.4%,女生466人占比51.6%。

2.2. 方法 2.2.1. 负性生活事件量表(Negative Life Events Scale)

采用刘贤臣等(1997)编制的青少年负性生活事件量表,该量表一共26道题目,采用Likert 5点评分法,从低到高“1”表示“没有”“2”表示“轻度”“3”表示“中度”“4”表示“重度”“5”表示“极重”,得分越高说明负性生活事件对其影响越大。该量表在本研究中的α系数为0.93。

2.2.2. 心理特权感量表

采用由Campbell等(2004)编制,白杨等人修订的心理特权感量表。该量表一共9道题目,采用Likert 7点评分法,从低到高“1”表示“完全不同意”“2”表示“不同意”“3”表示“有点不同意”“4”表示“不确定”“5”表示“有点同意”“6”表示“同意”“7”表示“非常同意”,得分越高说明个体的心理特权水平越高。该量表在本研究中的α系数为0.92。

2.2.3. 网络自我表露量表

采用由Leung (2002)编制,曹玉(2014)改编的网络自我表露量表。该量表一共18道题目,采用Likert 7点评分法,从低到高“1”表示“非常不同意”“2”表示“比较不同意”“3”表示“有点不同意”“4”表示“不确定”“5”表示“有点同意”“6”表示“比较同意”“7”表示“非常同意”,得分越高说明个体的网络自我表露程度越高。该量表在本研究中的α系数为0.88。

2.2.4. 自我概念清晰性量表

采用由Campbell等人(1996)编制的自我概念清晰性量表。该量表一共12道题目,采用Likert 5点评分法,从低到高“1”表示“非常不同意”“2”表示“不同意”“3”表示“不确定”“4”表示“同意”“5”表示“非常同意”,其中,反向计分的题目由1、2、3、4、5、6、8、9、10、12,得分越高说明个体的自我概念清晰性越高。该量表在本研究中的α系数为0.69。

2.3. 统计处理

采用SPSS26、PROCESS模型4、模型7程序对数据进行有调节的中介效应分析。

2.4. 共同方法偏差检验

采用Harman单因子法检验进行共同方法偏差检验,提取出特征根大于1的因子14个,第一个因子的变异解释量为19.34%,小于临界值40%。因此本研究不存在严重的共同方法偏差。

3. 结果 3.1. 负性生活事件、心理特权、网络自我表露和自我概念清晰性的相关分析

分析结果表明,负性生活事件与心理特权和网络自我表露存在显著正相关,与自我概念清晰性存在显著负相关。心理特权与网络自我表露存在显著正相关与自我概念清晰性存在显著负相关。网络自我表露与自我概念清晰性存在显著负相关,见表1。

Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis results of each variable (r
变量 M SD 1 2 3 4
负性生活事件 2.668 0.693 1
心理特权 3.104 1.291 0.286** 1
网络自我表露 3.731 0.997 0.219** 0.275** 1
自我概念清晰性 2.973 0.615 −0.394** −0.283** −0.241** 1

表1. 描述性统计以及各变量的相关分析结果(r)

注:*P < 0.05,**P < 0.01,***P < 0.001,下同。

3.2. 负性生活事件对网络自我表露的影响,自我概念清晰性与心理特权的链式中介检验

采用SPSS Process宏程序,通过中介效应检验的非参数百分位Bootstrap方法,重复抽样5000次,计算偏差校正的Bootstrap95%的置信区间,同时,将调查问卷中的所有变量进行了标准化处理,检验青少年自我概念清晰性和心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露间的中介效应。

对模型中的回归方程进行参数估计,见表2和图1。结果表明:负性生活事件可以有效地正向预测心理特权和网络自我表露,负向预测自我概念清晰性;自我概念清晰性负向预测心理特权;自我概念清晰性负向预测网络自我表露,心理特权正向预测网络自我表露。

Analysis of chain mediation effect between negative life events and online self-disclosur
项目 方程1:自我概念清晰性 方程2:心理特权 方程3:网络自我表露
β t β t β t
负性生活事件 −0.41 −10.95*** 0.21 5.16*** 0.11 2.55**
自我概念清晰性 −0.19 −5.03*** −0.14 −3.48***
心理特权 0.21 5.20***
R 0.39 0.34 0.34
R2 0.16 0.12 0.11
F 119.81*** 42.85*** 27.71***

表2. 负性生活事件与网络自我表露的链式中介效应分析

中介效应结果见表3和图1。结果显示,总效应显著,效应值为0.223,95%的置信区间为[0.147, 0.299],不包含0。青少年负性生活事件对网络自我表露的直接效应显著,效应值为0.106,95%的置信区间为[0.024, 0.188],不包含0,效应占比47.53%,说明青少年负性生活事件可以直接预测网络自我表露。青少年负性生活事件对网络自我表露的影响是通过3条中介路径来进行的:第一条间接路径“负性生活事件→自我概念清晰性→网络自我表露”效应值为0.057,bootstrap 95%置信区间的上下限不包括0,效应占比25.56%,“负性生活事件→自我概念清晰性→网络自我表露”中介效应显著,说明自我概念清晰性在负性生活事件和网络自我表露之间起部分中介作用;第二条间接路径“负性生活事件→心理特权→网络自我表露”效应值为0.043,bootstrap 95%置信区间的上下限不包括0,效应占比19.28%,“负性生活事件→心理特权→网络自我表露”中介效应显著,说明心理特权在负性生活事件和网络自我表露之间起部分中介作用;第三条间接路径“负性生活事件→自我概念清晰性→心理特权→网络自我表露”效应值为0.017,bootstrap 95%置信区间的上下限不包括0,效应占比7.62%,“负性生活事件→自我概念清晰性→心理特权→网络自我表露”链式中介效应显著,说明自我概念清晰性和心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露使用之间起链式中介作用。综上可知,自我概念清晰性、心理特权不仅可以单独起到中介作用,还可以通过自我概念清晰性–心理特权感起到链式中介作用。

Mediating effect and confidence interva
中介路径 效应值 占总效应比例 95% BootCI上限 95% BootCI下限
负性生活事件→自我概念清晰性→网络自我表露 0.057 25.56% 0.022 0.098
负性生活事件→心理特权→网络自我表露 0.043 19.28% 0.022 0.068
负性生活事件→自我概念清晰性→心理特权→网络自我表露 0.017 7.62% 0.010 0.029
总间接效应 0.117 52.47% 0.072 0.165
直接效应负性生活事件→网络自我表露 0.106 47.53% 0.024 0.188
总效应 0.223 0.147 0.299

表3. 中介效应和置信区间

图1. 链式中介效应模型

4. 讨论 4.1. 负性生活事件与网络自我表露的关系

研究结果表明,负性生活事件影响着青少年线上自我表露的重要因素之一,受负性生活事件影响的青少年更倾向于网络自我表露,这也与以往的研究一致(Wang et al., 2018)。青少年处于人生发展的特殊阶段,心理特点闭锁性与开放性共存。一方面想要他人了解自己,另一方面却又关闭着自己的心门不愿与真实世界交流林崇德(2009)。所以在他们遇到困难的时候,很多情况下都倾向于依赖网络,而不是在现实生活中将压力释放出来(Hua et al., 2022; Zhen et al., 2020),这又进一步增加了青少年的线上自我表露(Bianchi et al., 2022)。由此可见负性生活经历多的青少年,更倾向于使用网络进行自我表露。

4.2. 自我概念清晰性的中介作用

本研究发现,自我概念清晰性在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起到部分中介的作用。当个体所经历的负性事件越多,越影响其自我概念的清晰性(Matsushita, 2005)。主要因为负面的经历容易使个体形成消极的自我观,进而影响其自我概念清晰性(Wong et al., 2019),同时自我概念清晰性低的个体,更倾向于使用网络进行自我展示(Appel et al., 2018; Fullwood et al., 2016),进一步又增加了个体的网络自我表露。

4.3. 心理特权的中介作用

本研究发现,心理特权在负性生活事件与线上自我表露之间起到部分中介的作用。具体而言,当个体经历较多负性生活事件的时候,就会意识到自己受到不公平的对待,这个时候就会增加自己的防御心理,认为自己需要比多人多一些待遇,来缓解这种不平衡的冲突感,进而增加了个体的心理特权(Zitek et al., 2010)。同时心理特权感与自恋密不可分,当个体心理特权感高的时候也意味着个体拥有更多的自恋(Karim, 2022)。而自恋程度高的个体,倾向于进行线上自我表露去获得满足感(Lee et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2016a; Liu et al., 2016b),负性生活事件高的青少年往往拥有更多的心理特权感从而更倾向于网络自我表露。

4.4. 自我概念清晰性和心理特权感的链式中介作用

在探究青少年负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间的关系时,研究还发现了由自我概念清晰性和心理特权构成的链式中介,这也与以往的研究一致(Stucke & Sporer, 2002)。当青少年经历较多负性生活事件往往会降低个体的自我概念清晰性(Evans et al., 2015; Lee-Flynn et al., 2011),而自我概念相对于低的青少年往往有着更高的心理特权,认为自己在经历不好的事情之后相对于他人自己应该更加被关注以及拥有更多的权力(Anastasio & Rose, 2014),在这种错误自我认知情况下,个体会产生心理特权感,伴随着自恋的心理特权感,进一步加深了青少年在网络上进行自我表露程度(Liu et al., 2016b)。

5. 结论

本研究通过探讨负性生活事件对网络自我表露产生影响的内部机制,验证了自我概念清晰性与心理特权对此产生的链式中介效应。负性生活事件不仅可以通过影响自我概念清晰性或心理特权影响青少年的网络自我表露,而且还可以通过影响自我概念清晰性去影响心理特权,进而对青少年网络自我表露产生影响。因为我们可以通过给青少年减少负性经历,从而把他们从网络世界自我表露转移到现实世界,进而促进他们身心健康。

文章引用

郭 真. 负性生活事件对青少年网络自我表露的影响:自我概念清晰性与心理特权的链式中介效应The Impact of Negative Life Events on Adolescents’ Online Self-Disclosure: The Chain Mediating Effect of Self-Concept Clarity and Psychological Entitlement[J]. 心理学进展, 2023, 13(08): 3437-3445. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2023.138431

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