目的：考察青少年网络自我表露的影响因素以及自我概念清晰性与心理特权的链式中介作用。方法：采用负性生活事件量表，心理特权感量表，网络自我表露量表，自我概念清晰性量表，对654名中学生进行调查。结果：1) 负性生活事件与心理特权、网络自我表露呈正相关(r = 0.286, 0.219; P < 0.01)，与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.394; P < 0.01)。心理特权与网络自我表露呈正相关(r = 0.275; P < 0.01)，与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.283; P < 0.01)。网络自我表露与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.241; P < 0.01)；2) 自我概念清晰性在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起部分中介作用，中介效应占比为25.56%。心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起部分中介作用，中介效应占比为19.28%。自我概念清晰性、心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起链式中介作用，中介效应占比为7.62%。结论：负性生活事件不仅可以直接预测青少年网络自我表露程度，而且还可以通过自我概念清晰性、心理特权的链式中介作用间接影响网络自我表露。
Objective: To investigate the influencing factors of adolescent online self-disclosure and the chain mediating effect of self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement. Method: A survey was con-ducted on 654 middle school students using the Negative Life Events Scale, Psychological Entitle-ment Scale, Online Self-Disclosure Scale, and Self-Concept Clarity Scale. Result: 1) Negative life events were positively correlated with psychological entitlement and online self-disclosure (r = 0.286, 0.219; P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with self-concept clarity (r = −0.394; P < 0.01). psychological entitlement is positively correlated with online self-disclosure (r = 0.275; P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with self-concept clarity (r = −0.283; P < 0.01). There is a negative corre-lation between online self-disclosure and self-concept clarity (r = −0.241; P < 0.01); 2) Self-concept clarity played a partial mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 25.56%. Psychological entitlement plays a partial mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 19.28%. Self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement play a chain mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 7.62%. Con-clusion: Negative life events can not only predict the degree of online self-disclosure among adoles-cents, but also indirectly affect online self-disclosure through the chain mediating effect of self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement.
目的：考察青少年网络自我表露的影响因素以及自我概念清晰性与心理特权的链式中介作用。方法：采用负性生活事件量表，心理特权感量表，网络自我表露量表，自我概念清晰性量表，对654名中学生进行调查。结果：1) 负性生活事件与心理特权、网络自我表露呈正相关(r = 0.286, 0.219; P < 0.01)，与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.394; P < 0.01)。心理特权与网络自我表露呈正相关(r = 0.275; P < 0.01)，与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.283; P < 0.01)。网络自我表露与自我概念清晰性呈负相关(r = −0.241; P < 0.01)；2) 自我概念清晰性在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起部分中介作用，中介效应占比为25.56%。心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起部分中介作用，中介效应占比为19.28%。自我概念清晰性、心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起链式中介作用，中介效应占比为7.62%。结论：负性生活事件不仅可以直接预测青少年网络自我表露程度，而且还可以通过自我概念清晰性、心理特权的链式中介作用间接影响网络自我表露。
关键词
负性生活事件，自我概念清晰性，心理特权，网络自我表露，青少年
The Impact of Negative Life Events on Adolescents’ Online Self-Disclosure: The Chain Mediating Effect of Self-Concept Clarity and Psychological Entitlement<sup> </sup>
Zhen Guo, Yiting Ding
School of Education and Psychological Science, University of Jinan, Jinan Shandong
Received: Jul. 8th, 2023; accepted: Aug. 8th, 2023; published: Aug. 24th, 2023
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the influencing factors of adolescent online self-disclosure and the chain mediating effect of self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement. Method: A survey was conducted on 654 middle school students using the Negative Life Events Scale, Psychological Entitlement Scale, Online Self-Disclosure Scale, and Self-Concept Clarity Scale. Result: 1) Negative life events were positively correlated with psychological entitlement and online self-disclosure (r = 0.286, 0.219; P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with self-concept clarity (r = −0.394; P < 0.01). psychological entitlement is positively correlated with online self-disclosure (r = 0.275; P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with self-concept clarity (r = −0.283; P < 0.01). There is a negative correlation between online self-disclosure and self-concept clarity (r = −0.241; P < 0.01); 2) Self-concept clarity played a partial mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 25.56%. Psychological entitlement plays a partial mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 19.28%. Self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement play a chain mediating role between negative life events and online self-disclosure, with the mediating effect accounting for 7.62%. Conclusion: Negative life events can not only predict the degree of online self-disclosure among adolescents, but also indirectly affect online self-disclosure through the chain mediating effect of self-concept clarity and psychological entitlement.
Keywords:Negative Life Events, Self-Concept Clarity, Psychological Entitlement, Online Self-Disclosure, Adolescents
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 引言
随着信息化进程的全面发展，使用社交网络成为一个非常普遍的事情。作为生长在这个时代的青少年，相对于现实世界自我表露，越来越多地倾向于使用社交媒体进行网络自我表露(Valkenburg et al., 2011)。网络自我表露是个体在网络空间中，运用文字、图表等多种形式，主动和被动地传递关于自己的信息的过程(Chen, 2013)。研究指出，被动性格人更倾向于使用社交媒体进行网络自我表露(Gentina & Chen, 2019)。同时偏好于网络自我表露的青少年，他们更倾向于表现出控制力过高或者过低，两种不稳定的个性倾向(Chen et al., 2017)。不仅如此，经常进行网络自我表露的青少年也具有一定的社交焦虑(Wang et al., 2011)。由此可见网络自我表露与青少年的心理状况密切相关，本研究在此基础上进行影响网络自我表露的内部机制讨，更好地揭示网络自我表露与青少年成长的关系。
负性生活事件是个体在生活中遭遇的各种问题，是造成心理压力，使得个体容易产生消极情绪情感的不愉快事件(刘贤臣等，1997)。研究表明负性生活事件与网络的使用程度显著相关(Li et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022)，当个体面对负性生活事件的时候，很容易导致社交软件的过度使用(Mao et al., 2022)。主要是因为当个体面对负性生活事件的时候，很容易采取暂时消极回避的应对方式来缓解外界压力(Tang et al., 2014)。因此本研究假设，负性生活事件与网络表露程度呈正相关。
自我概念清晰性(self-concept clarity, SCC)指个体对自身看法感到明晰、确信、内部一致和跨时间稳定的程度(Campbell et al., 1996)。个体的自我概念清晰性与负性生活事件密切相关(Goodvin & Romdall, 2013)，例如，负性生活事件会导致个体抑郁等内化问题(冯全升等，2023；蒋佩等，2023；涂巍等，2023)从而形成不良的自我概念，个体所经历越多的负性经历，越影响着他们自我概念的形成(Vogel & Bolino, 2020)。同时个体的自我概念清晰性与线上自我表露密切相关，相对于低自我概念清晰性的个体来说，高自我概念清晰性的个体往往较少进行线上自我表露(Strimbu & O’Connell, 2019)，自我概念清晰性低的青少年往往倾向于使用社交网络进行自我表露(Fullwood et al., 2016)。因此本研究假设，自我概念清晰性在负性生活事件对网络自我表露的影响中起到中介作用。
不仅如此，负性生活事件与心理特权感密切相关，心理特权是一种感到有权利获得优待、豁免社会责任的稳定而普遍的主观信念或知觉(Campbell et al., 2004)。当个体遇到负性生活事件的时候很容易感到委屈，这又进一步激发了个体的心理特权感(Zitek et al., 2010)，这种委屈所激发的错误归因会产生更高的心理特权，使得他们更加自私(Anastasio & Rose, 2014; Bai et al., 2020)，从而又会导致更多的负性经历(Zitek et al., 2010)。同时，心理特权与自恋密切相关(Brunell & Buelow, 2018; Stronge et al., 2016)，研究表明个体在高自恋的情况下往往倾向于进行更多的网络自我表露(Lee et al., 2020)，因此本研究假设，心理特权在负性生活事件对网络自我表露的影响中起到中介作用。
自我概念清晰性与个体心理特权密切相关，当个体的自我概念清晰性低的时候，就很容易产生错误的自我认知，例如自恋(Edwards & Bond, 2012; Park et al., 2022)，而自恋程度高的个体拥有着较高的心理特权(Karim, 2022)。对于经历负性生活事件的个体来说，会产生不清晰的自我概念进而对个体的心理特权产生影响(Stucke & Sporer, 2002)，基于负性生活事件以及拥有较高心理特权感的个体都会导致个体社交软件的过度使用(Mao et al., 2022; Lee et al., 2020)，因此本研究假设，自我概念清晰性与心理特权在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起着链式中介作用。
研究结果表明，负性生活事件影响着青少年线上自我表露的重要因素之一，受负性生活事件影响的青少年更倾向于网络自我表露，这也与以往的研究一致(Wang et al., 2018)。青少年处于人生发展的特殊阶段，心理特点闭锁性与开放性共存。一方面想要他人了解自己，另一方面却又关闭着自己的心门不愿与真实世界交流林崇德(2009)。所以在他们遇到困难的时候，很多情况下都倾向于依赖网络，而不是在现实生活中将压力释放出来(Hua et al., 2022; Zhen et al., 2020)，这又进一步增加了青少年的线上自我表露(Bianchi et al., 2022)。由此可见负性生活经历多的青少年，更倾向于使用网络进行自我表露。
4.2. 自我概念清晰性的中介作用
本研究发现，自我概念清晰性在负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间起到部分中介的作用。当个体所经历的负性事件越多，越影响其自我概念的清晰性(Matsushita, 2005)。主要因为负面的经历容易使个体形成消极的自我观，进而影响其自我概念清晰性(Wong et al., 2019)，同时自我概念清晰性低的个体，更倾向于使用网络进行自我展示(Appel et al., 2018; Fullwood et al., 2016)，进一步又增加了个体的网络自我表露。
4.3. 心理特权的中介作用
本研究发现，心理特权在负性生活事件与线上自我表露之间起到部分中介的作用。具体而言，当个体经历较多负性生活事件的时候，就会意识到自己受到不公平的对待，这个时候就会增加自己的防御心理，认为自己需要比多人多一些待遇，来缓解这种不平衡的冲突感，进而增加了个体的心理特权(Zitek et al., 2010)。同时心理特权感与自恋密不可分，当个体心理特权感高的时候也意味着个体拥有更多的自恋(Karim, 2022)。而自恋程度高的个体，倾向于进行线上自我表露去获得满足感(Lee et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2016a; Liu et al., 2016b)，负性生活事件高的青少年往往拥有更多的心理特权感从而更倾向于网络自我表露。
4.4. 自我概念清晰性和心理特权感的链式中介作用
在探究青少年负性生活事件与网络自我表露之间的关系时，研究还发现了由自我概念清晰性和心理特权构成的链式中介，这也与以往的研究一致(Stucke & Sporer, 2002)。当青少年经历较多负性生活事件往往会降低个体的自我概念清晰性(Evans et al., 2015; Lee-Flynn et al., 2011)，而自我概念相对于低的青少年往往有着更高的心理特权，认为自己在经历不好的事情之后相对于他人自己应该更加被关注以及拥有更多的权力(Anastasio & Rose, 2014)，在这种错误自我认知情况下，个体会产生心理特权感，伴随着自恋的心理特权感，进一步加深了青少年在网络上进行自我表露程度(Liu et al., 2016b)。
郭 真. 负性生活事件对青少年网络自我表露的影响：自我概念清晰性与心理特权的链式中介效应The Impact of Negative Life Events on Adolescents’ Online Self-Disclosure: The Chain Mediating Effect of Self-Concept Clarity and Psychological Entitlement[J]. 心理学进展, 2023, 13(08): 3437-3445. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2023.138431
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