呕吐既是由多种原因引起的疾病,也是多种疾病过程中表现出的症状。《金匮要略》对呕吐病因病机、治则治法等进行了深入阐述,对于后世医家论治呕吐病及临床实践具有重要的指导意义。本文就《金匮要略》中呕吐病的证治做一归纳,从脾胃自病而呕则辨证施治,外邪犯胃致呕则治病求本,脓毒停胃欲呕则因势利导三个层面加以分析,以期为临床诊治呕吐病提供思路。 Vomiting is not only a disease caused by various reasons, but also a symptom manifested in the process of various diseases. The “Synopsis of the Golden Chamber” provides in-depth explanations on the etiology, pathogenesis, treatment principles, and methods of vomiting, which has important guiding significance for future medical practitioners to discuss and treat vomiting and clinical practice. This article summarizes the syndrome and treatment of vomiting disease in the “Synopsis of the Golden Chamber”, and analyzes it from three aspects: treating vomiting due to spleen and stomach disease, treating vomiting due to external pathogens invading the stomach, seeking the root cause of the disease, and treating vomiting due to sepsis stopping the stomach, guiding according to the situation, in order to provide ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment of vomiting disease.
呕吐既是由多种原因引起的疾病,也是多种疾病过程中表现出的症状。《金匮要略》对呕吐病因病机、治则治法等进行了深入阐述,对于后世医家论治呕吐病及临床实践具有重要的指导意义。本文就《金匮要略》中呕吐病的证治做一归纳,从脾胃自病而呕则辨证施治,外邪犯胃致呕则治病求本,脓毒停胃欲呕则因势利导三个层面加以分析,以期为临床诊治呕吐病提供思路。
金匮要略,呕吐,辨证
Leilei Tao1, Fei Wang2
1College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Hubei
2Department of Encephalopathy, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan Hubei
Received: May 15th, 2023; accepted: Jun. 20th, 2023; published: Jun. 30th, 2023
Vomiting is not only a disease caused by various reasons, but also a symptom manifested in the process of various diseases. The “Synopsis of the Golden Chamber” provides in-depth explanations on the etiology, pathogenesis, treatment principles, and methods of vomiting, which has important guiding significance for future medical practitioners to discuss and treat vomiting and clinical practice. This article summarizes the syndrome and treatment of vomiting disease in the “Synopsis of the Golden Chamber”, and analyzes it from three aspects: treating vomiting due to spleen and stomach disease, treating vomiting due to external pathogens invading the stomach, seeking the root cause of the disease, and treating vomiting due to sepsis stopping the stomach, guiding according to the situation, in order to provide ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment of vomiting disease.
Keywords:Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, Vomit, Syndrome Differentiation
Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录
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呕吐是指由于胃失和降,气逆于上,致饮食、痰涎等物自胃中上涌,从口而出的一种病症 [
呕吐病位在中焦脾胃,脾胃为后天之本,病机常虚实夹杂,脾胃乃气机升降之枢纽,最易受扰而致胃失和降,胃气上逆而呕。张仲景辨治呕吐,首查虚实寒热,寒者热之,热者寒之,根据不同的病因病机而辨证施治,立法遣方 [
“呕而胸满者,茱萸汤主之”、“干呕,吐涎沫,头痛者,茱萸汤主之。”呕而胸满,是胸中阳虚,寒气上逆所致。《金匮要略·水气篇》:“上焦有寒,其口多涎”,上焦即指胸膈,胸膈有寒,不能输布津液,故“吐涎沫”;厥阴之脉夹胃属肝,胃中寒气遂肝经上逆,故而“头痛”。病机总属肝胃虚寒,浊饮上逆。治以茱萸汤温中补虚,降逆止呕。方中吴茱萸味辛苦而性热,温胃暖肝,散肝经寒气而止头痛,配合生姜温中化饮,和胃降逆止呕,佐以人参、大枣补中焦之虚。诸药合用, 寒气散、肝虚补、胃气降而呕吐止。
“干呕,吐逆,吐涎沫,半夏干姜散主之。”本条论述胃阳不足呕吐的证治。胃阳不足,胃中虚寒不能运化津液,津液凝聚为痰涎,阻滞气机,胃气不降故而上逆,则见干呕、吐涎沫。病机总属中阳不足,寒饮停胃,方用半夏干姜散以温阳散寒,化饮止呕。方中用干姜而不用生姜是为增强其温中助阳之功,配合半夏降逆化饮,和中止呕。
“胃反呕吐者,大半夏汤主之。”本条论述脾胃虚寒而致胃反的证治。胃反是以朝食暮吐,暮食朝吐,完谷不化的一种特殊的呕吐。脾气虚不能运化水谷,故呕吐未经消化的食物,胃气虚不得降故而上逆为呕。胃气上逆,肺金不降,不能布散津液,则肠道失润,甚者可见心下痞硬,大便干燥如羊屎。故用大半夏汤健脾养胃,降逆润燥。方中半夏善于降逆止呕,用人参来补足因呕吐而丢失的津液、配合白蜜补虚润燥,和中止呕。
“呕而脉弱,小便复利,身有微热,见厥者,难治,四逆汤主之。”本条论述中阳极虚,虚阳上逆而呕的证治。胃阳极虚不能固,虚气上逆而致呕,“脉弱”是中阳极虚的表现。一般来说,呕吐应该小便量少,现小便复利是因为肾气虚、膀胱因寒失约阳虚不能摄阴所致。阴寒内盛而格阳于外,所以产生微热假象。虽是呕吐,但病因是里阳虚败,火不生土,脾胃阳虚,故治以四逆汤,回里阳救厥逆。方中附子大热,能回阳救逆,以散阴寒,干姜散寒温中止呕,配合甘草和中补虚。全方共奏回里阳,救厥逆,止呕逆之功。
“食已即吐者,大黄甘草汤主之。”本证是因胃肠积热,胃失通降而呕的证治。胃肠以通为用,今宿食阻滞肠道,日久化热,胃肠失于通降,食入反助其热,热壅气逆而吐。因为人体的上下表里皆是相互联系的,下既不通,势必上逆而呕。本方中,大黄通腑泻热,佐以甘草培中气并防大黄过于苦寒。此证虽上有呕吐,却病位在下,当通腑泻热,使邪从下焦而去 [
“吐后渴欲得水,而贪饮者,文蛤汤主之。”本条为胃热津伤口渴而呕吐证治。吐后伤津欲饮本属正常表现,但脾胃尚未恢复,若饮水过多,水不得化则成湿,阻滞中焦。若再感受外邪,则表里俱无降泄之路,除呕吐外,又会出现“微风,脉浮,头痛”之表证。用文蛤汤解表清里,表解热清,呕则自止。本方中文蛤味咸,性寒,生津止渴,配合麻黄、杏仁、甘草、石膏发散热邪,加上生姜、大枣养胃和中,全方共奏解表清热,和胃止呕之功。
“呕而肠鸣,心下痞者,半夏泻心汤主之。”本条论述胃寒肠热,寒热错杂而呕吐的证治。寒指中焦虚寒,热指胃肠湿热。脾胃位于中焦,乃气机升降之枢纽,寒热互结中焦,则胃失和降而呕吐,脾失升清而肠鸣。故用半夏泻心汤,辛开苦降,和胃消痞。方中半夏、干姜辛热开以散中焦虚寒,黄芩、黄连苦寒泄胃肠湿热,苦辛同方,寒热并用,降逆开痞,人参、大枣、甘草以养中气。
呕吐为胃气上逆之表现,临证和胃止呕,无所不妥,但若因外邪犯胃所致者,必治病求本,本和则胃安呕止。
呕吐为邪入少阳的主症之一,呕吐原由胃气上逆,但与肝主疏泄的生理功能密不可分,肝体阴而用阳,其气最易上逆,肝阳上亢,胃气失降则可出现呕吐。柴胡证但见一证治便是,故以小柴胡汤和解少阳,少阳邪热得清,阳明上逆自平。方中柴胡、黄芩清解少阳邪热,半夏、生姜降逆止呕,配以人参、甘草、大枣补虚和中。全方共奏和解少阳,降逆止呕之功。
“呕吐而病在膈上,后思水者,解,急与之。思水者,猪苓散主之。”本条论述因呕吐后胃气尚未恢复,但因呕吐失水过多大量饮水而胃无力气化所引起的呕吐。呕吐后欲饮水本是胃气恢复的现象,胃气初回功能尚未完全恢复0,本应少少与饮之以固护胃气,若因渴欲饮水而畅饮,则势必因胃弱不能消水而新水复停。所以用猪苓散健脾利水,以防止水饮再停留。方中白术健脾化湿止呕,茯苓利水渗湿,配和猪苓利尿使邪有出路,全奏健脾利水之功。
“胃反,吐而渴,欲饮水者,茯苓泽泻汤主之。”本条论述了胃有停水兼有脾虚的呕吐。胃中停水随胃气上逆而吐,同时停水阻滞中焦,使脾不能升清,津液不能上达口唇故渴欲饮水,如此则停水愈多,呕吐愈甚,渴亦不能止。本证虽口渴欲饮,但究其因乃胃中停饮阻滞脾气升清,故以茯苓泽泻汤健脾利水,水去则呕止,不治呕而呕自愈。方中重用茯苓、泽泻以利胃中停水,桂枝、生姜温中止呕,配合白术甘草健脾和中,脾升胃降则停水自消。
“干呕而下利者,黄芩加半夏生姜汤主之。”本条为肠热扰胃呕而下利的证治。干呕是由于肠热上犯于胃,胃中浊气上逆,下利则为肠热内犯,传导失职而利。故用黄芩加半夏生姜汤清热和中,降逆止呕。方中黄芩、芍药清肠胃湿热以止下利,配合半夏、生姜和胃止呕,大枣、甘草补益和中,全方共奏和胃止呕,清肠止利之功。
“诸呕吐,谷不得下者,小半夏汤主之。”本条为寒饮停胃的呕吐证治。呕吐、谷不得下可知其呕吐剧烈,因胃中停水过多,凝聚成痰,最易阻滞气机,而至胃气上逆,浊阴不降也。故用小半夏汤发散寒饮,饮消呕止,水谷自然“得下”。方中半夏化痰燥湿止呕,生姜散饮和中,且半夏生姜皆辛温之品,合用则温化水饮,降逆和胃。
“病人胸中似喘不喘,似呕不呕,似哕不哕,彻心中愦愦然无奈者,生姜半夏汤主之。”本条为寒饮与正确气相搏于胸胃,气机郁滞而呕的证治。寒饮结于胸中与正气相搏,阳气被遏,使肺气失宣、胃气失和、凌迫心肺因而患者自觉胸中烦闷不适,似喘不喘,似呕不呕,似哕不哕一派气机内乱,升降失常之象。故用生姜半夏汤辛散水饮,以舒展胸中阳气。故本方重用生姜汁以辛开散结,通畅气机,配合半夏化饮降逆止呕。
张仲景在《金匮要略·呕吐哕下利病脉证治》开篇即言:“夫呕家有痈脓,不可治呕,脓尽自愈。”首次提出“不可治呕”的情况。本条指出,若是痈脓为患,则应以消痈排脓为法,脓尽而呕自止。不可见呕止呕,恐有闭门流寇之嫌 [
张某,男,36岁,因呕吐2日来诊。患者自诉2天前聚餐后,自觉口干口苦,胃脘嘈杂不适,胃胀气,食入即吐,呕吐物为未消化的食物,大便干结,已3日未行,小便短黄。舌红,苔黄少津,脉滑有力。1年前有“胃穿孔”病史。诊断为呕吐,胃肠积热证。治以通腑泻热,和胃降逆。方用大黄甘草汤加减:大黄15 g,枳实6 g,当归6 g,火麻仁6 g,甘草10 g。1剂,水煎服,间隔6小时服。服后2小时,大便通畅,胃脘嘈杂不适消失,食已不吐,诸症悉除。
按:本案患者聚餐后出现胃脘嘈杂不适,大便干结,小便短黄,审之舌脉,舌红,苔黄少津,脉滑有力一派胃肠积热,胃失和降之象。因患者大便数日未行,加之饮食不洁,宿食在肠中久积生热,热壅气逆,上扰于胃,失于通降,故见胃脘嘈杂,口干口苦。胃肠积热,食入反助其热,故食入即吐。方中大黄泻热通腑,宿食停滞肠道,使气机痞塞不通,故加用枳实行气消积除胀,当归、火麻仁增强润肠通便之功,甘草缓急和中。全方共奏泻热通腑,和胃降逆之功。
陈某,女,46岁,因头晕呕吐2年余来诊。患者诉2年前出现头晕,视物旋转,恶心呕吐之症,曾住院治疗,诊断为高血压,予中西医结合治疗后效果不佳,遂四处求医,大多投之以天麻、钩藤、石决明、龙骨、磁石等平肝潜阳之辈。现症见患者形体肥胖,头晕呕吐,视物旋转,曾多次呕出大量清水痰涎,胸脘部常有憋闷感,四肢不温,面色萎黄,饮食一般,小便少,大便溏,夜寐不安。舌质淡,苔白滑,脉沉细。诊断为呕吐,中阳不足,寒饮停胃证。治以温中助阳,化饮降逆,和胃止呕。方用半夏干姜散加减:半夏15 g,干姜15 g,茯苓10 g,党参10 g。7剂,水煎服,日1剂,早晚分服。二诊患者诉头晕呕吐明显好转,胸脘憋闷感消失。效不更方,再付7剂已基本痊愈。
按:本案患者形体肥胖,素为痰湿之体,又复大量寒凉重降之品,导致中阳受损,寒饮停胃,故见头晕呕吐,四肢不温。治以半夏干姜散化裁温中助阳,化饮降逆,和胃止呕。方中干姜温中,性守而不走,配合党参补中虚之不足。半夏善于降胃之逆气,和胃止呕,茯苓增强半夏化饮利水之功。全方共奏温中助阳,化饮降逆,和胃止呕之功。
本文对《金匮要略》呕吐的证治进行了梳理,将呕吐的证治归纳为脾胃自病而呕则辨证施治,外邪犯胃致呕则治病求本,脓毒停胃欲呕则因势利导三种类型。体现了张仲景“知犯何逆,随证治之”的治疗原则,对于中医临床具有重要意义,临证当以此为指导,灵活运用。
陶雷磊,王 非. 《金匮要略》呕吐证治浅析及验案举隅Analysis and Examples of Vomiting Disease in “Synopsis of the Golden Chamber”[J]. 中医学, 2023, 12(06): 1422-1427. https://doi.org/10.12677/TCM.2023.126213