APS Advances in Physical Sciences 2334-3400 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/APS.2023.112061 APS-67913 APS20230200000_74937233.pdf 人文社科 论跆拳道运动员的等长躯干屈伸肌耐力测试 Commentary: Isometric Trunk Flexor and Extensor Endurance Test of Taekwondo Athletes 1 2 null 广东省体育科学研究所运动测试中心,广东 广州 06 06 2023 11 02 412 417 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

跆拳道运动员的躯干肌耐力测试评价对于预防下背疼痛和提升运动表现很有必要。基于过往国内执行的运动员躯干屈伸肌耐力测试要求以及现场实际效果,就6处操作细节进行了讨论并推荐两种可靠方法以更有效测评跆拳道运动员的耐力水平。 It is necessary to test and evaluate the trunk muscle endurance of taekwondo athletes to prevent lower back pain and improve athletic performance. Six aspects related to the isometric trunk flexor and extensor endurance testing conducted at home in the past are discussed based on the specific requirements of these testing programs and the field operation effects and two new reliable methods are recommended to more effectively evaluate taekwondo athlete’s ability.

跆拳道,等长,躯干伸肌耐力,躯干屈肌耐力,信度, Taekwondo Isometric Trunk Extensor Endurance Trunk Flexor Endurance Reliability
摘要

跆拳道运动员的躯干肌耐力测试评价对于预防下背疼痛和提升运动表现很有必要。基于过往国内执行的运动员躯干屈伸肌耐力测试要求以及现场实际效果,就6处操作细节进行了讨论并推荐两种可靠方法以更有效测评跆拳道运动员的耐力水平。

关键词

跆拳道,等长,躯干伸肌耐力,躯干屈肌耐力,信度

Commentary: Isometric Trunk Flexor and Extensor Endurance Test of Taekwondo Athletes<sup> </sup>

Gang Liu

Sport Performance Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Sports Science, Guangzhou Guangdong

Received: May 22nd, 2023; accepted: Jun. 22nd, 2023; published: Jun. 29th, 2023

ABSTRACT

It is necessary to test and evaluate the trunk muscle endurance of taekwondo athletes to prevent lower back pain and improve athletic performance. Six aspects related to the isometric trunk flexor and extensor endurance testing conducted at home in the past are discussed based on the specific requirements of these testing programs and the field operation effects and two new reliable methods are recommended to more effectively evaluate taekwondo athlete’s ability.

Keywords:Taekwondo, Isometric, Trunk Extensor Endurance, Trunk Flexor Endurance, Reliability

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

躯干肌群耐力下降常被视为非特异性下腰痛的危险因素,是运动员腰痛预防和康复的重要关注内容 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] 。此外,针对性躯干肌训练(trunk muscle training, TMT)以及一定水平的躯干肌力量(trunk muscle strength, TMS)对增强运动员背部支撑和躯干/核心稳定性、提高技战术动作使用以及运动表现也起着无法忽视的作用 [ 4 ] [ 5 ] 。跆拳道是一项对抗激烈的现代格斗运动,其脚踢为主、拳脚并用的项目特点决定了围绕四肢的训练(诸如体能和技术)在日常训练中的重要性,而躯干作为上下肢(肌肉)的发力支点以及上下肢间力量传递的桥梁,其“稳定有力”更是运动员肢体训练效果的保证,更凸显“核心”地位。因此无论基于跆拳道运动员下背疼痛预防还是运动表现提升,常态化训练和测评躯干肌耐力(endurance capacity)和疲劳程度(fatigability)非常有必要 [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] :譬如,为备战巴黎奥运会国家跆拳道队在近期(2023年2月)开展的冬训期体能测试就包括了躯干肌(背肌和腹肌)耐力测试 [ 9 ] 。事实上,早在备战东京奥运会周期落实《体育总局办公厅关于进一步强化基础体能训练恶补体能短板的通知》 [ 10 ] 过程中,就在“2020年全国跆拳道A类赛事(第一阶段)”(2020年9月)赛前特别增设了含腹肌耐力和背肌耐力测试在内的体能测试 [ 11 ] [ 12 ] ,并且在“第十四届全国运动会跆拳道项目资格赛”赛前(2021年5月)的“达标”体测中得到了延续 [ 13 ] [ 14 ] 。

腹背肌耐力测试,通常也称为躯干屈肌和伸肌耐力测试,可采用动态测试方法譬如常见的仰卧起坐/卷腹测试、基于等速肌力测试系统的动态躯干肌耐力测试等,也可采用等长耐力测试方法即通过躯干肌坚持等长收缩克服人体重力的最长时间来反映躯干/核心耐力水平(譬如常见的“俯桥”和“侧桥”测试等) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] 。前文提及的三次测试皆为躯干肌等长耐力测试,执行的测试方法和操作要求可如表1所示:

Two trunk flexor and extensor endurance test method
测试方案 躯干屈肌耐力测试 躯干伸肌耐力测试
全国跆拳道比赛赛前体能测试方案(2020年)# -测试前,被测者仰卧于长凳,躯干悬空,髂前上棘置于凳边缘。同伴帮助固定小腿。 -测试前,被测者俯卧于长凳,髂前上棘置于凳边缘,躯干悬空,双臂伸展撑地。同伴帮助固定小腿。
-测试开始,被测者前臂于胸前交叉,双手置于对侧肩上,保持身体不低于水平面(可适当高于水平面,但不得超过30˚)。 -测试开始,被测者两臂置于背后双手交叉,保持身体在一个平面上。
-记录保持身体位置的时间,如果身体低于水平面时,进行一次提醒,如果仍然无法达到要求则测试终止。如果维持时间超过3 min,测试自动终止。 -记录保持身体位置的时间,如果不能保持在一个平面时,进行一次提醒,如果仍然无法达到要求则测试停止。如果维持时间超过3 min,则测试自动终止。
Reiman MP等的测试方案*(2010年) -测试前,被测者屈膝屈髋90˚于测试台,上身60˚倾斜背靠支撑物。一测试者(要求体重大于被测者)坐于其脚上帮助固定下肢。 -测试前,被测者俯卧于测试台,髂前上棘置于台边缘,躯干悬空,双臂伸展撑地。一测试者以躯干中部趴于被测者膝关节处帮助固定下肢。
Reiman MP等的 测试方案*(2010年) -测试开始时,支撑物后移(10 cm),被测者前臂于胸前交叉,双手置于对侧肩上,保持上身60˚倾斜。 -测试开始,被测者前臂于胸前交叉,双手置于对侧肩部,保持身体在一个平面上。
-记录尽最大努力保持身体位置的时间,如果上身不能维持60˚则测试终止。 -记录尽最大努力保持身体位置的时间,如果身体不能保持在一个平面上则测试终止。

表1. 两种躯干屈伸肌耐力测试方法

注:#方案基于彼时《体能测试细则要求》的实际执行情况整理而成,测试要求也可参考竞赛规程 [ 14 ] ;*基于Reiman MP等研究 [ 19 ] 翻译整理而成。

躯干肌等长耐力测试(isometric trunk muscle endurance testing)最先由Hansen,Biering-Sorensen, F [ 17 ] 于20世纪80年代报道以寻求等长背肌耐力测试作为下背疾病(low back trouble, LBT)风险指标的可行性。不过,测试时受试者被要求以三条帆布带固定下肢于诊察台上。随后,McGill等 [ 18 ] 于1999年对Biering-Sorensen的测试方法改动,强调了背肌耐力测试时测试台的离地高度(约25 cm)以及被测试者的初始状态要求(双臂伸展撑地)——同时也提出了躯干屈肌耐力测试方案:要点是测试时被测者屈膝屈髋90˚,保持上身60˚倾斜姿势。再后来,Reiman MP等 [ 19 ] 又在McGill的测试方案基础上进行改进,要点是在躯干屈伸肌耐力测试时用临床医生(测试人员)而非绑带来固定被测设者的下肢(表1)。Reiman MP等在2010年改进的躯干屈/伸肌耐力测试方法不仅具有极高的评价者信度(Interrater reliability) (ICC = 0.93,ICC = 0.97),而且与McGill的方案具有很高的相关性(R = 0.84,R = 0.90)。经过McGill和Reiman MP等不断改进,躯干屈伸肌耐力测试逐步克服了初始方案里特定测试台及固定皮带等测试设备的限制,并凭藉着测试设备便宜、空间占用有限、操作省时简单、安全可靠等实用优势 [ 20 ] [ 21 ] 在临床康复和竞技体育领域得到了广泛应用 [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 22 ] - [ 27 ] 。

如表1整理所示,上述跆拳道运动员选用的躯干腹背肌测试方案(以下简述为“现方案”)与Reiman MP等 [ 19 ] 的方法非常相似,微存差异。不过,综合“现方案”的具体要求以及现场测试开展的实际效果 [ 9 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 14 ] 来看(笔者也曾随队经历了前述两次赛前体能测试),笔者认为以下几处细节上的出入可能会影响到测试可靠性、有效性以及后续的评价/评分排名,希望能引起测试组织者以及相关从业者的重视:

1) “现方案”现方案躯干伸肌耐力测试时,要求被测者两臂置于背后双手交叉,而非普遍采用的前臂胸前交叉。被测试者两臂依此要求放置时,无法排除其肩关节灵活性(譬如肩关节旋后位时)和上肢肌(譬如上肢带肌)等代偿发力等因素对躯干伸展表现的影响,即对测试结果的有效性和可靠性会产生影响。事实上此要求下因个体肩关节灵活性不够带来的负向作用和上肢带肌代偿发力产生的正向作用,综合影响躯干伸展表现的效果也相对难以界定分析。此外就项目自身而言,虽然当前的跆拳道竞技规则会引导运动员们上肢技术的运用,但重视程度的参差不齐自然导致了个体肩关节灵活性和上肢带肌肌力的能力也不一。测试时前臂胸前交叉是文献报道和笔者实践操作中普遍遵循的测试要求,避免了上述因素的干扰。

2) “现方案”躯干屈肌耐力测试时,要求被测者直膝仰卧,保持身体不低于水平面(可适当高于水平面,但不得超过30˚),而非普遍采用的近似屈膝仰卧起坐的姿势 [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 28 ] (即保持屈膝屈髋90˚,同时上半身维持60˚倾斜姿势)。两种体位不同的背后其实是功能肌群参与的不同:直膝仰卧位时,髂腰肌及股直肌收缩以屈髋(避免髋过伸);而屈膝屈髋位时,主要躯干屈肌收缩以保持躯干前屈和骨盆前倾。屈膝屈髋位时,尽管运动员的表现会更吃力,却能更准确的测量出躯干屈肌的耐力水平,排除了其他肌群的影响;此外上半身不得超过30˚的姿势要求也无法统一和保证被测者始终处于静止或等长状态,给测试带来了不确定性。

3) “现方案”躯干屈伸肌耐力测试时,被测者皆由同期其他被测者(多为同级别参赛选手)辅助稳定,而非由专职的测试人员操作。随机指定且为非专业的测试人员坐在被测者小腿上的固定操作无法排除其对测量的重现性和可靠性的影响——尤其考虑到他们与被测试者间还存在着事实上的竞争关系时,由此可能带来的其他影响甚至纠纷也不得不考虑。而由专业的测试人员辅助固定则可以避免这些影响。

4) “现方案”躯干屈伸肌耐力测试过程中,都有相当部分被测者被场外人员(教练或者队友)给予语言鼓励(期望达到提高耐力表现的目的)。这种非统一且由非测试人员 [ 29 ] 给予的言语鼓励对相关被测者测试结果的影响无法忽视—而一般情况下,被施予言语鼓励会正面影响被测者的表现。为了更真实的反应被测者的耐力水平,避免言语鼓励和其他外界干扰是必要的。

5) “现方案”躯干屈伸肌耐力测试时,要求“如果被测者身体不能保持在一个平面(或低于水平面)时,进行一次提醒,如果仍然无法达到要求则测试结束”。这样的测试终止标准,测试人员难以统一把握,也会被某些被测者利用来变相提高耐力测试时间—相对而言,“如果身体不能保持在一个平面上则测试终止”标准则容易把握和公正执行。

6) “现方案”躯干屈伸肌耐力测试时,要求如果被测者按标准维持时间超过3 min (后续调整为2 min (表2) [ 14 ] )则测试自动终止。国外的研究和实践证明,耐力水平高者的躯干屈伸肌测试持续时间可高达5~6 min [ 6 ] [ 19 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] 。实际上,测试过程中有相当比例的跆拳道运动员维持时间超过3 (2) min (即成绩获得20分)后而自动终止了测试—对于这部分运动员,人为的时间限定无法测试出他们真实的耐受能力,也导致后续评价时无法真正区分出他们的耐力水平。

Reference standards for taekwondo athletes’ trunk flexor-extensor endurance tes
得分 20 15 10 5 0
躯干伸肌耐力(s) ≥120 110~111 100~101 75~79 <30
躯干伸肌耐力(s) ≥120 110~111 100~101 75~79 <30

表2. 跆拳道运动员躯干屈伸肌耐力测试参考标准*

注:*基于体能测试成绩参考标准对照表 [ 14 ] 整理,内容有删减。

任何一种测试方法的推广应用必须基于一定的信度和效度验证,而选用经信度检验或证明可靠性好的测试方法并且专业标准的执行是测试工作开展的最基本要求 [ 6 ] 。到目前为止,已经精心设计了众多核心肌群的力量(strength)、耐力(endurance)及爆发力(power)评价方法(和参考值) [ 32 ] - [ 38 ] ,但就运动员的静态躯干肌耐力测试而言,采用Reiman MP的改进方法 [ 16 ] [ 39 ] 不失为相对可靠稳妥的选择——基于其出色的可靠性验证和测试效率,替代“现方案”对大批量跆拳道运动员(以及其他竞技项目运动员)进行测试是可行的。而培训和选派更多的专职测试人员则可保证测试的开展更专业标准,减少因测试人员产生的误差。另外,尽管基于性别和运动项目的参考标准设定及测试结果评价并不在此次讨论范围内,但笔者认为辅助更综合性的评价指标(譬如参考动态测试的躯干屈伸肌耐力比值)以及采用更有效区分的评分标准可以更合理评价运动员的躯干肌耐力水平。

文章引用

刘 刚. 论跆拳道运动员的等长躯干屈伸肌耐力测试Commentary: Isometric Trunk Flexor and Extensor Endurance Test of Taekwondo Athletes[J]. 体育科学进展, 2023, 11(02): 412-417. https://doi.org/10.12677/APS.2023.112061

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