ACM Advances in Clinical Medicine 2161-8712 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/ACM.2023.1351232 ACM-66401 ACM20230500000_73320272.pdf 医药卫生 红景天在脑疾病中的研究进展 Research Progress of Rhodiola in Brain Diseases 李 天文 2 1 马 四清 3 1 青海大学研究生院，青海 西宁 青海省人民医院重症医学科，青海 西宁 null 06 05 2023 13 05 8818 8823 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

脑病是指多种因素引起的大脑神经组织损伤，各种各样的脑病正在越来越严重地威胁着人类健康，据调查，脑出血、脑缺氧、帕金森病、阿尔兹海默病等神经损伤性疾病在人类疾病中占据大约30%的比例，并且这些疾病还具有高发病率、高死亡率、高致残率、高复发率等四高的特征。我国每年脑病新发病人约1000万例，其中致死致残率约占75%，国家和患者家庭花在脑病治疗上的医疗费用达上百亿元，也是当今社会、医学界关注的问题之一。目前有许多的研究证明，红景天苷对缺氧性脑病、阿尔兹海默病、帕金森病、缺血性脑病等具有保护作用。本文将红景天苷对脑部疾病的治疗作用实验研究综述如下，为红景天苷对脑部疾病的作用及机制的深入研究奠定基础。 Encephalopathy refers to the damage of brain nerve tissue caused by various factors, and all kinds of encephalopathy are threatening human health more and more seriously. According to the survey, neurological diseases such as cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral hypoxia, Parkinson’s disease and Alz-heimer’s disease account for about 30% of human diseases, and these diseases also have the char-acteristics of high incidence, high mortality, high disability rate and high recurrence rate. There are about 10 million new cases of encephalopathy in China every year, of which the mortality and disa-bility rate accounts for about 75%. The medical expenses spent by the state and patients’ families on the treatment of encephalopathy amount to tens of billions of yuan, which is also one of the con-cerns of today’s society and medical circles. At present, many studies have proved that salidroside has protective effects on hypoxic encephalopathy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and is-chemic encephalopathy. In this paper, the experimental research on the therapeutic effect of sali-droside on brain diseases is summarized as follows, which lays a foundation for the in-depth study of the effect and mechanism of salidroside on brain diseases.

高海拔，红景天，缺氧性脑病，阿尔兹海默病，帕金森, High Altitude Rhodiola rosea Hypoxic Encephalopathy Alzheimer’s Disease Parkinson 摘要

脑病是指多种因素引起的大脑神经组织损伤，各种各样的脑病正在越来越严重地威胁着人类健康，据调查，脑出血、脑缺氧、帕金森病、阿尔兹海默病等神经损伤性疾病在人类疾病中占据大约30%的比例，并且这些疾病还具有高发病率、高死亡率、高致残率、高复发率等四高的特征。我国每年脑病新发病人约1000万例，其中致死致残率约占75%，国家和患者家庭花在脑病治疗上的医疗费用达上百亿元，也是当今社会、医学界关注的问题之一。目前有许多的研究证明，红景天苷对缺氧性脑病、阿尔兹海默病、帕金森病、缺血性脑病等具有保护作用。本文将红景天苷对脑部疾病的治疗作用实验研究综述如下，为红景天苷对脑部疾病的作用及机制的深入研究奠定基础。

 关键词

高海拔，红景天，缺氧性脑病，阿尔兹海默病，帕金森

 Research Progress of Rhodiola in Brain Diseases<sup> </sup>

Tianwen Li1, Siqing Ma2*

1Graduate School of Qinghai University, Xining Qinghai

2Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital, Xining Qinghai

Received: Apr. 28th, 2023; accepted: May 21st, 2023; published: May 31st, 2023

 ABSTRACT

Encephalopathy refers to the damage of brain nerve tissue caused by various factors, and all kinds of encephalopathy are threatening human health more and more seriously. According to the survey, neurological diseases such as cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral hypoxia, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease account for about 30% of human diseases, and these diseases also have the characteristics of high incidence, high mortality, high disability rate and high recurrence rate. There are about 10 million new cases of encephalopathy in China every year, of which the mortality and disability rate accounts for about 75%. The medical expenses spent by the state and patients’ families on the treatment of encephalopathy amount to tens of billions of yuan, which is also one of the concerns of today’s society and medical circles. At present, many studies have proved that salidroside has protective effects on hypoxic encephalopathy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and ischemic encephalopathy. In this paper, the experimental research on the therapeutic effect of salidroside on brain diseases is summarized as follows, which lays a foundation for the in-depth study of the effect and mechanism of salidroside on brain diseases.

Keywords:High Altitude, Rhodiola rosea, Hypoxic Encephalopathy, Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson

Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

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 1. 红景天

红景天苷(salidroside, Sal)红景天，又名为“罗森根”、“金根”或“玫瑰根”等，其主要生长在高海拔(1700~2500 m)地区，属于景天科植物，是亚洲及欧洲常用的传统药物，极具临床药学价值及潜力 [ 1 ] 。红景天具有增加身体耐力，抵抗高海拔疾病，抑制炎症，抗感染，抗氧化，抗应激以及治疗神经退行性疾病等生物活性 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] 。

 2. 缺氧性脑损伤

高海拔一般指1500~3500 m的地区，而我国约有26.8%的地区处于海拔3000 m以上 [ 7 ] 。当长期居住于平原地区的人急进到高原地区时，周围环境氧气减少，血氧分压急剧降低，血氧饱和度迅速下降，人体容易产生一系列病理生理改变，低压缺氧引起的脑损伤在临床医学领域引起关注 [ 8 ] [ 9 ] 。头痛是人们急进高海拔地区时最常见的并发症，可能单独出现，也可能与高原反应综合征有关，病情严重者表现为高原脑水肿及肺水肿，甚至会出现昏迷、休克等症状 [ 10 ] 。急进高原引起的各器官损伤中，脑组织缺氧性损伤尤为显著，因为人类大脑对氧气具有绝对的依赖性，人的大脑重量大约占人体总重量的2%，但耗氧量占人体总耗氧量的五分之一，并且脑组织无法储能，因此脑组织对机体缺氧的感知极其敏锐，故其最先发生功能障碍，缺氧后引起血脑屏障通透性增加以及高海拔脑水肿等病理变化 [ 11 ] [ 12 ] 。目前急性缺氧性脑损伤的病理生理学机制尚未完全明了，但已有临床及实验研究证明红景天显著提高机体耐受缺氧的能力，使机体血氧分压和血氧饱和度均增高，从而改善缺氧给人体带来的伤害。朱俐等 [ 13 ] 通过对密闭减压舱模拟高海拔缺氧大鼠模型的研究发现，红景天提取物与黄芪提取物合剂可显著预防模拟高原缺氧的脑损伤作用，其作用机理与其抗膜脂质过氧化作用，抑制脑组织和血清乳酸含量，防止乳酸堆积有关。Wang [ 14 ] 等给予高原低压缺氧性脑损伤模型动物红景天水提物(RCAE)后发现，其能通过HIF-1α/microRNA 210/ISCU1/2 (COX10)/HIF-1α/microRNA 210/iscu 1/2(Cox 10)信号传导通路，调节细胞凋亡和线粒体能量代谢，从而减轻低压缺氧诱导的缺氧性脑损伤。

 3. 神经退行性病变 3.1. 阿尔兹海默病

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)是一种神经系统退行性疾病，其发病率通常与年龄呈正相关，患者主要以认知功能减退、记忆力衰退、学习能力减弱、情绪调节障碍、运动能力丧失等全面痴呆性表现为其临床特征，神经元纤维缠结、海马锥体细胞颗粒空泡变性及神经元缺失是其病理特征 [ 15 ] [ 16 ] ，因其治疗病程长、费用高，许多患者家庭不堪重负 [ 17 ] 。虽然AD的病因及其发病机制至今尚未被明确阐明 [ 18 ] ，但现已有大量实验研究指出，红景天对AD在预防和治疗上起到一定的作用。红景天通过激活抗氧化酶硫氧还蛋白(TRX)、血氧加氧酶1 (HO-1)和过氧还蛋白1 (PRX1)来保护神经元免受氧化应激，并且红景天苷能降低促凋亡蛋白BAX的表达，增加抗凋亡蛋白BCL-XL的表达 [ 19 ] 。海马区神经元凋亡与AD相关，而红景天苷通过阻止caspase 3的激活，增加BAX/BCL-2比值，逆转慢性脑低灌注血流引起的海马神经元损失，改善了AD相关的认知缺陷，且红景天苷可减少海马CA1区的凋亡 [ 20 ] 。

Bei Zhang [ 21 ] 等发现红景天(Rhodiola rosea L.)中分离出的苯基丙基糖苷(salidroside, Sal)可以在4个转基因果蝇AD模型中保护聚集淀粉样蛋白β (Aβ)诱导的神经毒性，并且通过对四种转基因果蝇AD模型研究结果发现，Sal可通过降低脑内Aβ水平和Aβ沉积从而改善Aβ处理的原代神经元培养的毒性，并且Sal治疗可以激活通过PI3K/Akt信号来减轻AD模型的行为症状和病理进展，这表明Sal可能可以保护退化的神经元，并可用于预防和治疗AD。Bei Zhang [ 22 ] 等通过AD转基因果蝇模型研究数据表明，Sal能够减少tau转基因果蝇的神经退化，并抑制神经元损失。Sal的神经保护作用与其上调p-GSK-3β和下调p-au相关。ZHENG-LUAN LIAO等 [ 23 ] 研究使用Aβ1-42建立体外Ad模型并进行药效学试验并得出结论，在Aβ诱导的Pc-12细胞中，红景天苷有效地改善了细胞固缩、氧化应激和线粒体膜电位降低诱导的细胞凋亡。QINGYUN LI等 [ 24 ] 通过对AD小鼠动物模型实验，研究结果表明红景天苷的给药通过抑制海马神经元的凋亡率来改善AD模型的认知功能，且该研究证明红景天苷给药可减轻AD大鼠模型中出现的记忆障碍。

 3.2. 帕金森

帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease, PD)，又名震颤麻痹，是一种常见神经系统退行性疾病，主要病变在黑质和纹状体，好发于中老年患者，以静止性震颤、肌强直、动作迟缓及姿势平衡障碍等为主要临床表现，患者病情呈进行性加重，且生活质量受到严重影响。PD主要病理特征是中脑黑质多巴胺能神经元的变性，以及α-突触核蛋白(α-syn)异常聚集所致路易小体的形成 [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] 。帕金森症在内的衰老和年龄相关性神经退行性改变的特征是活性氧物质的重要作用，其特征是黑质致密部出现严重氧化应激和线粒体损伤的迹象，通过对MPTP大鼠的研究，发现红景天处理可减轻MPTP引起的氧化应激和相关生化变化，但可能需要进一步的研究来阐明确切的机制 [ 28 ] 。张宇红等 [ 29 ] 通过对帕金森病模型小鼠模型的研究发现红景天甙可以拮抗MPTP诱导的PD模型小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的丢失，其神经保护作用可能与促进内源性GDNF分泌增加有关。张宇红等 [ 30 ] 通过研究PD小鼠模型发现，红景天甙能使PI3K/PKB信号转导途径中Akt在ser473位点以及GSK-3β在ser9位点的磷酸化程度增高、上调Bc1-2／BAD比值、抑制Caspase-3蛋白的活化发挥神经保护作用，PI3K/PKB是红景天甙神经保护作用的一条重要信号途径，而Akt、GSK-3β、Caspase-3、BAD和Bc1-2可能是该途径上起主要作用的靶点。白丽等 [ 31 ] 动物实验研究结果显示红景天甙可以在一定程度上逆转由MPIP引起的小鼠自主活动能力下降、黑质神经元形态的改变及TH阳性细胞数目及阳性纤维密度的降低。陈钧等 [ 32 ] 通过对小鼠研究发现，红景天苷组DA含量相对于MPTP组显著提升，AchE活性较MPTP组显著下降，红景天显著延缓小鼠脑组织黑质的凋亡程度，研究结论得出红景天苷对PD轻度认知功能损害有保护作用。胡婷婷等 [ 33 ] 通过对PD小鼠的模型研究得出，与模型组相比，红景天治疗组小鼠行为学症状减轻，运动能力提高，TH表达升高，ATI、NOX2表达与ROS生成下降，故Sal在一定程度上可通过抑制肾素–血管紧张素系统(RAS)轴中AT1、NOX2过度表达与ROS过度生成，减轻氧化应激反应，从而发挥多巴胺能神经元保护效应。

 4. 脑出血

脑出血主要分为原发性和继发性脑出血，是脑卒中的第二大类型，其死亡率和致残率较高，高血压、颅内动脉瘤、脑动静脉畸形、动脉硬化等常导致脑出血。高丽丽等 [ 34 ] 通过检测脑出血大鼠模型自噬相关蛋白的表达提示，红景天苷干预各组脑出血后自噬相关蛋白均较模型组降低，且其在红景天苷加自噬激动组的表达最低，提示红景天苷可能参与了大鼠脑出血后的病理生理过程，在脑出血后可起到改善神经功能的作用，其机制可能通过调节细胞自噬而发挥神经保护作用。范崇桂等 [ 35 ] 通过对自体血注入尾状核法制成的大鼠脑出血模型研究发现，该实验用其抗炎、免疫调节等药理作用论证了脑出血后由于炎性反应被启动，特别是NF-кB的活化加强了BBB损伤的血管源性脑水肿，而给药组EB、脑含水量和NF-кB明显较出血模型组在各个时间点都有所降低，说明红景天苷可以通过抗NF-кB的产生而达到降低BBB (大鼠脑出血后血脑屏障)的通透性，从而改善脑出血后的血脑屏障损伤。赵辉等 [ 36 ] 通过建立脑出血大鼠模型，并分为低中高药物剂量组，给予不同剂量红景天苷灌胃，研究结果显示，采用红景天苷处理后，脑出血大鼠的神经功能缺损评分明显低于无药物处理的大鼠，脑含水量明显下降，脑组织中MPO活性明显下降，脑血肿组织周围的HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白与mRNA表达明显上调。红景天苷具有保护急性脑出血大鼠脑组织的作用，可能与红景天苷能够上调脑血肿组织周围HIF-1α和VEGF因子表达有关。石宗华等 [ 37 ] 通过实验发现，ICH (脑出血)大鼠服用红景天苷后大鼠脑组织含水量减少，运动功能恢复加快，且脑组织中Beclin-1、LC3-II、p62的基因和蛋白表达水平明显降低，这说明红景天苷能改善ICH后继发性脑组织损伤的症状，其机制可能与其抑制大鼠脑组织中自噬蛋白Beclin-1、LC3-II、p62的表达有关。

 5. 结语

综上所述，国内外学者就红景天预防及治疗脑病问题进行了研究，得到红景天苷对缺氧性脑病、AD、PD、缺血性脑病等疾病具有保护作用的结论，其机制可能与其抗氧化应激、改善炎症、抗膜脂质过氧化作用、改善神经细胞凋亡以及免疫调节等有关。相信随着不断的深入研究，红景天苷在防治脑部疾病的领域中会获得更广泛应用。

 文章引用

李天文,马四清. 红景天在脑疾病中的研究进展Research Progress of Rhodiola in Brain Diseases[J]. 临床医学进展, 2023, 13(05): 8818-8823. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2023.1351232

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