黄芪为补药之长,是补气升阳的要药,具有固表止汗、利水消肿、生津养血等功效。黄芪的化学成分复杂,包括黄芪多糖、黄芪皂苷、黄芪黄酮类、氨基酸及微量元素等其他成分。黄芪的药理作用广泛,包括对骨代谢的影响、抗病毒及抗肿瘤等。本文总结了近年来有关黄芪的化学成分及药理作用,为黄芪继续深入研究奠定理论基础。 Astragalus membranaceus is the longest of the tonic herbs and is an important medicine for tonifying qi and raising yang, with the efficacy of fixing the surface to stop sweating, preventing water retention and swelling, and generating fluid to nourish blood. The chemical composition of Astragalusmembranaceus is complex, including Astragalus polysaccharides, Astragalus saponins, Astragalus flavonoids, amino acids and other components such as trace elements. Astragalus has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including effects on bone metabolism, antiviral and antitumor. This paper summarizes the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Astragalus membranaceus in recent years, and lays the theoretical foundation for further research on Astragalus membranaceus.
黄芪为补药之长,是补气升阳的要药,具有固表止汗、利水消肿、生津养血等功效。黄芪的化学成分复杂,包括黄芪多糖、黄芪皂苷、黄芪黄酮类、氨基酸及微量元素等其他成分。黄芪的药理作用广泛,包括对骨代谢的影响、抗病毒及抗肿瘤等。本文总结了近年来有关黄芪的化学成分及药理作用,为黄芪继续深入研究奠定理论基础。
黄芪,化学成分,药理作用
Guizhen Liu1, Jun Li2, Zhiliang Fan1, Chunsong Gu3, Xingzhong Tian4, Wen Li5, Yunzhi Chen5, Yihui Chai5*
1School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou
2School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou
3The Second Clinical Medical School, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou
4Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangjiakou Fifth Hospital, Zhangjiakou Hebei
5School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang Guizhou
Received: Feb. 16th, 2023; accepted: Mar. 3rd, 2023; published: May 18th, 2023
Astragalus membranaceus is the longest of the tonic herbs and is an important medicine for tonifying qi and raising yang, with the efficacy of fixing the surface to stop sweating, preventing water retention and swelling, and generating fluid to nourish blood. The chemical composition of Astragalusmembranaceus is complex, including Astragalus polysaccharides, Astragalus saponins, Astragalus flavonoids, amino acids and other components such as trace elements. Astragalus has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including effects on bone metabolism, antiviral and antitumor. This paper summarizes the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of Astragalus membranaceus in recent years, and lays the theoretical foundation for further research on Astragalus membranaceus.
Keywords:Astragalus membranaceus, Chemical Composition, Pharmacological Effects
Copyright © 2023 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
黄芪是豆科植物蒙古黄芪Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.var.mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao或膜荚黄芪Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge.的干燥根,主要分布于内蒙古、宁夏、陕西和山西等地,味甘性微温,归肺脾两经,具有补气升阳、固表止汗、利水消肿、生津养血等功效 [
黄芪多糖(APS)是黄芪的初生代谢产物之一 [
黄芪皂苷类化合物在黄芪中虽含量偏低,但种类丰富,黄芪皂苷类化合物属于三萜皂苷及衍生物,其结构主要是由母核皂苷元及不同数量、种类的糖基构成 [
序号 | 成分名称 | 文献 | 序号 | 成分名称 | 文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cyclocanthoside A | [
|
23 | agroastragalosides Ⅳ | [
|
2 | Isoastragaloside Ⅳ | [
|
24 | Astramembranoside B | [
|
3 | Cyclocanthoside E | [
|
25 | Isoastragaloside Ⅴ | [
|
4 | Astragaloside Ⅶ | [
|
26 | Isoastragaloside Ⅵ | [
|
5 | Astragaloside Ⅲ | [
|
27 | Astraverrucin Ⅰ | [
|
6 | Astragaloside Ⅵ | [
|
28 | Astragaloside Ⅷ | [
|
7 | Astragaloside Ⅳ | [
|
29 | Soyasaponin Ⅰ | [
|
8 | Isoastragaloside Ⅱ | [
|
30 | Neoastragaloside Ⅰ | [
|
9 | Astragaloside Ⅱ | [
|
31 | Cycloastragenol | [
|
10 | Astragaloside Ⅲ | [
|
32 | Agroastragalosides | [
|
11 | Isoastragaloside Ⅰ | [
|
33 | SoyasapogenoⅠB | [
|
12 | Brachyoside B | [
|
34 | Isocyclocanthosides E | [
|
13 | cycloaraloside A | [
|
35 | Agroastragaloside Ⅴ | [
|
14 | Astragaloside Ⅰ | [
|
36 | Mongholicoside A | [
|
15 | Astragaloside Ⅱ | [
|
37 | Mongholicoside B | [
|
16 | Isoastragaloside Ⅰ | [
|
38 | Huangqiyenins II | [
|
17 | Isoastragaloside Ⅱ | [
|
39 | Huangqiyenins B | [
|
18 | Astragaloside Ⅳ | [
|
40 | azukisaponin V | [
|
19 | Astragaloside Ⅴ | [
|
41 | azukisaponin V methyl ester | [
|
20 | Astragaloside Ⅳ | [
|
42 | astragaloside VIII methyl ester | [
|
21 | Acetytastragaloside | [
|
43 | robinioside F | [
|
22 | agroastragalosides Ⅲ | [
|
44 | robinioside B | [
|
表1. 黄芪皂苷类成分
黄芪黄酮是黄芪重要的次生代谢产物之一,具有增强免疫力、抗氧化等药理作用 [
序号 | 化合物名称 | 文献 |
---|---|---|
1 | Formononetin | [
|
2 | calycosin | [
|
3 | Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside | [
|
4 | Odoratin-7-O-β-glucopyranoside | [
|
5 | 8,3′-dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyisoflavone | [
|
6 | 7,3′-dihydroxy-8,4-dimethoxyisoflavone | [
|
7 | Genistin | [
|
8 | Pratensein-7-O-β-glucoside | [
|
9 | (6aR,11aR)-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glycoside | [
|
10 | Pratensein | [
|
11 | Afrormosin-7-O-β-D-glycoside | [
|
12 | Calycosin7-O-β-D-glycoside-6ʺ-O-acetate | [
|
13 | 2′-Hydroxy-7,3′,4′-trimethoxyisoflavan | [
|
14 | Formononetin 7-O-β-D-glycoside-6ʺ-O-acetate | [
|
15 | Afrormosin7-O-β-D-glycoside-6ʺ-O-malonate | [
|
16 | Calycosin7-O-β-D-glycoside-6ʺ-O-malonate | [
|
17 | Formononetin 7-O-β-D-glycoside-6ʺ-O-malonate | [
|
18 | 9,10-Dimethoxypterocarpan-3-O-β-D-glycoside | [
|
19 | 2′-Hydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-β-D-glycoside | [
|
20 | (6aR,11aR)-3-Hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxypterocarpan | [
|
21 | (3R)-7,2′-Dihydroxy-3′,4-dimethoxyisoflavan | [
|
22 | Astrapterocarpanglucoside-6ʺ-O-malonate | [
|
23 | Astraisoflavanglucoside-6ʺ-O-malonate | [
|
24 | (3R) -isomucronulatol | [
|
25 | (3R) -7-O-β-glucoside-isomucronulatol | [
|
26 | Isomucronulatol 7,2′-di-O-glcoside | [
|
27 | 5′-hydroxyisomucronulatol 2′,5′-di-O-glcoside | [
|
28 | 7-O-methylisomucronulatol | [
|
29 | 3,9-di-O-methylnissolin | [
|
30 | Isomucronulatol 7-O-glucoside | [
|
31 | (3R) -8,2′-di-OH-7,4′-dimethoxyisoflavane | [
|
32 | (3R)-7,2′,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavan | [
|
33 | (6aR,11aR)-3,9-dimethoxy-10-hydroxypterocarpan | [
|
34 | (6aR,11aR)-3,9,10-tri-methoxypterocarpan | [
|
35 | (3R)-2′-hydroxy-7,3′,4′-trimethoxy-isoflavan | [
|
36 | Daucosterol | [
|
37 | Afrormosin | [
|
38 | Formononetin-7-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
39 | (3R)8,2′-dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan | [
|
40 | 6-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyisoflavone | [
|
41 | 5′,7-di-OH-3′-methoxyisoflavone | [
|
42 | (3R)-2′-hydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan-7-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
43 | 5′-hydroxy-3′-methoxyisoflavone-7-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
44 | (3R)-7,2′-Dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavan | [
|
45 | 5,7,4′-trihydroxyisoflavones | [
|
46 | 4,2′,4′-trihydroxychalcone | [
|
47 | (3R)-8,2′-dyhydroxy-7,4-dimethoxy-isoflavane | [
|
48 | 7,2′-dyhydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxy-isoflavane-3-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
49 | 6ʺ-O-acetyl-formononetin | [
|
50 | 6ʺ-O-acetyl-(3R)-7,2′-dyhydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxy-isoflavane-7-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
51 | 6ʺ-O-acetyl-(6aR,11aR)-3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxy-rosealtane-3-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
52 | 5,7-dyhydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavones-7-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
53 | 5,7,4′-trihydroxyl-3′-methoxyisoflavones | [
|
54 | (-)-methylnissolin 3-O-β-D-(6′-acetyl)-glucoside | [
|
55 | (-)-methylnissolin 3-O-β-D-{6′-[(E)-but-2-enoyl]}-glucoside | [
|
56 | (-)-methylnissolin 3-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
57 | 3′-methoxy-5′-hydroxy-isoflavone-7-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
58 | 4,4′-Dimethyl-6′-hydroxychalcone | [
|
59 | 4-methoxy-4′,6′-dihydroxychalcone | [
|
60 | 7,4′-dihydroxydihydroflavone | [
|
61 | 4,4′,6′-trihydroxychalcone | [
|
62 | 4′-hydroxydihydroflavone-7-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
63 | 3,2′-dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxyisoflavane-7-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
64 | (3R)7,2′-dyhydroxy-5′,6′-dimethoxyisoflavane-7-O-β-D-glucoside | [
|
65 | liquiritigenin | [
|
66 | pendulone | [
|
67 | Licoricchalcone | [
|
68 | Licorice chalcone | [
|
69 | 2′-methoxyisoliquiritigenin | [
|
70 | 4′,7-dihydroxyflavone | [
|
71 | 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone | [
|
72 | 3′,7,8-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavone | [
|
73 | Lupenone | [
|
74 | 9,10-dimethoxy-3-hydroxypterocarpa | [
|
75 | (6αR,11αR)-3,9-dimethoxy-10-hydroxy-pterocarpan | [
|
表2. 黄芪黄酮类成分
除了以上三类成分外,黄芪还含有丰富的微量元素,有研究利用微波消解-ICP-OES法测定黄芪中13种微量元素,其中K、P、S、Ca、Mg的含量较高,这可能与黄芪补气的功效有一定的相关性 [
骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)向成骨细胞分化是维持骨代谢的关键因素,BMSCs衰老是导致老年性骨质疏松发生的重要因素之一,细胞实验证明黄芪可促进D-半乳糖诱导的衰老BMSCs向成骨细胞分化并延缓BMSCs的衰老,从而减缓骨质疏松的发生发展 [
黄芪可通过调节氨基酸代谢来维持神经递质稳态,修复脑神经元损伤,发挥脑保护效应 [
胸腺和脾脏分别是机体的中枢及外周免疫器官,实验研究显示黄芪可升高环磷酰胺所致免疫失衡小鼠的胸腺指数,减轻环磷酰胺所致的脾肿大,降低外周血CD3 + T细胞数量,提高CD19 + T细胞和CD314 + T细胞数量,进而改善机体免疫失衡 [
滤泡辅助性T细胞(Tfh细胞)在抗肿瘤免疫中发挥着重要作用,实验证明黄芪可通过促进Tfh细胞向肿瘤的迁移,增加肿瘤中CD8 + T细胞数量,来减缓肾细胞癌小鼠肿瘤的生长 [
柯萨奇B3病毒(CVB3)感染可造成心肌细胞受损死亡,研究发现黄芪皂苷可抑制CVB3基因复制,降低CVB3表达量,从而减轻CVB3对心肌细胞的损伤,对病毒性心肌炎大鼠的心肌细胞具有保护作用 [
Nrf2-ARE和MAPKs是抗氧化应激重要的信号通路,Nrf2-ARE信号通路可激活下游抗氧化应激基因血红素氧合酶-1来减少氧化损伤 [
黄芪还具有其他药理作用,如保护肝脏、保护肾脏等。肝纤维化是细胞外基质降解与失衡产生的结果,基质金属蛋白酶-1 (MMP-1)及组织金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1 (TIMP-1)与细胞外基质的降解相关,黄芪可通过上调肝纤维化大鼠的MMP-1及下调TIMP-1表达水平,抑制细胞外基质的表达,从而阻止大鼠肝纤维化的发生发展 [
黄芪作为常用的中药材之一,含有丰富的化学成分,如黄芪多糖、黄芪皂苷、黄酮类及微量元素等成分。近年来随着黄芪化学成分分离提取、结构鉴定及色谱分析等方面研究的深入开展及各种检测技术的成熟,研究人员对黄芪多糖、黄芪皂苷及黄酮类等含量较高的有效成分不断地展开深入地研究,而对于氨基酸等含量较低的化学成分关注度则较少,且近年来从黄芪中提取分离鉴定出的新化合物较少,因此可以在现有的研究基础上加大对黄芪中化合物相关方面的研究力度,从不同方面探寻新的化合物,为黄芪的药用开发提供选择。随着黄芪中的化合物被不断地发掘,黄芪的药理作用也广受关注,如防治骨质疏松、抗肿瘤、抗炎抗病毒等药理作用。虽然目前研究人员对黄芪的药理作用及其机制方面做了大量的基础实验研究,但存在不足,如黄芪调节骨代谢的体内研究较少;基于网络药理学研究发现玉屏风散治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎能筛选出来自黄芪的活性化合物 [
贵州省科技计划项目,项目编号:黔科合基础-ZK[
刘贵珍,李 军,范志梁,顾春松,田兴中,李 文,陈云志,柴艺汇. 黄芪的化学成分及药理作用研究进展Progress of Research on Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Effects of Astragalus membranaceus[J]. 药物化学, 2023, 11(02): 70-80. https://doi.org/10.12677/HJMCe.2023.112010
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