ACM Advances in Clinical Medicine 2161-8712 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/ACM.2022.12121758 ACM-59931 ACM20221200000_10930526.pdf 医药卫生 肌醇加氧酶在早期糖尿病肾病中的预测作用 The Predicted Role of MIOX Expression in the Early Diabetic Renal Damage 菊丽 2 1 五风 2 1 晓慧 2 1 2 1 惠芝 2 1 上海市东方医院吉安医院内分泌科,上海 null 05 12 2022 12 12 12206 12211 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

目的:探讨肌醇加氧酶在早期糖尿病肾病中的意义。方法:60例糖尿病患者按照微量尿蛋白/肌酐、估计的肾小球滤过率分为糖尿病组、糖尿病蛋白尿组、糖尿病肾损害组,20例健康体检者作为健康对照组,进行体格检查和生化指标检测及肌醇加氧酶检测。结果:与健康对照组相比,糖尿病各3组的血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血肌酐、尿微量蛋白尿/肌酐、尿视黄醇结合蛋白、血尿肌醇加氧酶明显升高(均P < 0.05),糖尿病各组间肾损害组血肌酐、血尿MIOX最高(均P < 0.05) (均P < 0.05),尿ACR、URBP蛋白尿组和肾损害组之间无差异(均P > 0.05),糖尿病和糖尿病蛋白尿组之间血尿MIOX无差异(均P > 0.05),相关性分析显示,血、尿MIOX与血糖、血肌酐、UACR、URBP、病程、TG、SBp呈正相关,与eGFR呈负相关,与年龄、TC、HDL、LDL、DBp、ANG无关。结论:MIOX与糖尿病肾损害相关,且在糖尿病肾脏损害早期出现变化,MIOX有可能成为糖尿病早期肾病的标志物。 Objective: To explore the clinical significance of MIOX expression in the early stage of diabetic renal damage. Methods: 60 patients who were diagnosis T2 DM were enrolled into the study. According to the UACR, eGFR, they were divided into three groups: diabetes mellitus (n = 20), diabetec nephrop-athy (n = 20), diabetic renal damage (n = 20). Normal control (n = 20) were from physical examina-tion in the hospital. All patient and normal control were detected biochemical index and the ex-pression of MIOX in serum and urine. Results: Compared to the control group, the levels of fast glu-cos, HbA1c, serum creatin, uACR, URBP, serum and urin MIOX were obviously incresed in 3 groups with diabetes (P < 0.05). Between the three groups with diabets, the level of serum cretin, serum and urin MIOX were higher in diabetic renal damage (P < 0.05). The levels of UACR and URBP were no obviously differencs between diabetec nephropathy and renal damage groups (P > 0.05). The levels of serum and urin MIOX were no obviously differencs between diabetes mellitus and diabetec nephropathy (P > 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that serum and urin MIOX were positively re-lated with fast glucos, serum cretin, UACR URBP, diabetes duration, TG, SBp and negatively related with eGFR. It was no relevant with age, TC HDL LDL DBp ANG. Conclusion: The levels of MIOX were related with diabetes renal damage and increased in the early stage of diabetes renal damage. The level of MIOX may serve as a new biomarker in the early stage of diabetes nephropathy.

糖尿病,肌醇加氧酶,蛋白尿,肾功能不全, Diabetes MIOX Proteinurin Renal Insufficiency
摘要

目的:探讨肌醇加氧酶在早期糖尿病肾病中的意义。方法:60例糖尿病患者按照微量尿蛋白/肌酐、估计的肾小球滤过率分为糖尿病组、糖尿病蛋白尿组、糖尿病肾损害组,20例健康体检者作为健康对照组,进行体格检查和生化指标检测及肌醇加氧酶检测。结果:与健康对照组相比,糖尿病各3组的血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血肌酐、尿微量蛋白尿/肌酐、尿视黄醇结合蛋白、血尿肌醇加氧酶明显升高(均P < 0.05),糖尿病各组间肾损害组血肌酐、血尿MIOX最高(均P < 0.05) (均P < 0.05),尿ACR、URBP蛋白尿组和肾损害组之间无差异(均P > 0.05),糖尿病和糖尿病蛋白尿组之间血尿MIOX无差异(均P > 0.05),相关性分析显示,血、尿MIOX与血糖、血肌酐、UACR、URBP、病程、TG、SBp呈正相关,与eGFR呈负相关,与年龄、TC、HDL、LDL、DBp、ANG无关。结论:MIOX与糖尿病肾损害相关,且在糖尿病肾脏损害早期出现变化,MIOX有可能成为糖尿病早期肾病的标志物。

关键词

糖尿病,肌醇加氧酶,蛋白尿,肾功能不全

The Predicted Role of MIOX Expression in the Early Diabetic Renal Damage<sup> </sup>

Juli Zeng, Wufeng He, Xiaohui Liu, Yu Zeng, Huizhi Li*

Endocrinology Department, Shanghai East Hospital Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai

Received: Nov. 29th, 2022; accepted: Dec. 23rd, 2022; published: Dec. 30th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To explore the clinical significance of MIOX expression in the early stage of diabetic renal damage. Methods: 60 patients who were diagnosis T2 DM were enrolled into the study. According to the UACR, eGFR, they were divided into three groups: diabetes mellitus (n = 20), diabetec nephropathy (n = 20), diabetic renal damage (n = 20). Normal control (n = 20) were from physical examination in the hospital. All patient and normal control were detected biochemical index and the expression of MIOX in serum and urine. Results: Compared to the control group, the levels of fast glucos, HbA1c, serum creatin, uACR, URBP, serum and urin MIOX were obviously incresed in 3 groups with diabetes (P < 0.05). Between the three groups with diabets, the level of serum cretin, serum and urin MIOX were higher in diabetic renal damage (P < 0.05). The levels of UACR and URBP were no obviously differencs between diabetec nephropathy and renal damage groups (P > 0.05). The levels of serum and urin MIOX were no obviously differencs between diabetes mellitus and diabetec nephropathy (P > 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that serum and urin MIOX were positively related with fast glucos, serum cretin, UACR URBP, diabetes duration, TG, SBp and negatively related with eGFR. It was no relevant with age, TC HDL LDL DBp ANG. Conclusion: The levels of MIOX were related with diabetes renal damage and increased in the early stage of diabetes renal damage. The level of MIOX may serve as a new biomarker in the early stage of diabetes nephropathy.

Keywords:Diabetes, MIOX, Proteinurin, Renal Insufficiency

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

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1. 引言

在全球范围内,糖尿病肾病已成为终末期肾病的主要原因,我国随着新增糖尿病发病人群的增多,庞大的糖尿病患病人群也使得糖尿病肾病的患病人群逐年增加,最新调查显示,大陆老年患者中,糖尿病肾病已成为ESRD的主要病因,早期诊断、早期发现和治疗糖尿病肾病有可能逆转或阻止疾病进展,目前对糖尿病肾病的早期诊断指标,均缺乏针对性和特异性,肌醇加氧酶作为一个在肾小管上皮细胞特异分泌的蛋白,在早期肾损害时明显升高 [ 1 ],本研究探讨MIOX在早期糖尿病肾病诊断中的意义。

收集2020年1月到2021年6月在内分泌科住院患者60例,按照UACR和eGFR分为单纯糖尿病组,糖尿病合并蛋白尿组(UACR > 30 mg/g)、以及糖尿病合并蛋白尿及肾功能受损组(UACR > 30 mg/g同时eGFR < 60 (ml/min/1.73 m2)),糖尿病诊断标准符合1999年ADA糖尿病诊断标准,另选择同时期在体检科体检健康人群20例为对照组,所有入选患者均排除糖尿病急性并发症、恶性肿瘤、既往3月有应激史(包括外伤、手术、精神刺激),排除有急慢性肾病史及风湿病史。试验程序符合赫尔辛基宣言并经上海东方医院伦理委员会同意,所有入选对象均签署知情同意书。

2. 研究方法

清晨空腹测量身高、体重、收缩压、舒张压,采集空腹静脉血测定血糖、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、胰岛素、血肌酐,血肌醇加氧酶,空腹留取清晨第一次晨尿测尿微量白蛋白、尿肌酐、尿肌醇加氧酶、尿视黄醇结合蛋白、N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶。日本TOSOH G8检测糖化血红蛋白,罗氏Cobas c702检测血糖、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血清肌酐,尿肌酐,西门子BN II检测尿蛋白,尿视黄醇结合蛋白、N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶。血、尿肌醇加氧酶用ELISA (华美生物、武汉、中国)检测。尿蛋白排泄率用尿蛋白肌酐比值,计算公式为:尿蛋白肌酐比公式 = 尿微量白蛋白/尿肌酐,eGFR计算公式为eGFR用CKD-EPI公式为:女性GFR = 144 × (血清肌酐/0.7)−0.329× (0.993)年龄(血清肌酐 ≤ 7 mg/l)或GFR = 144 × (血清肌酐/0.7)−1.209× (0.993)年龄(血清肌酐 > 7 mg/l),男性GFR = 141 × (血清肌酐/0.9)−0.411× (0.993)年龄(血清肌酐 ≤ 9 mg/l)或GFR = 141 × (血清肌酐/0.9)−1.209× (0.993)年龄(血清肌酐 > 9 mg/l)。

3. 结果

统计分析使用SPSS18.0 for Windows软件包。数据以均数 ± 标准差表示。计数资料比较采用χ2检验,计量资料行正态分布和方差齐性检验,正态分布和方差齐的变量采用独立样本t检验,非正态分布的变量(UACR、URBP)经常用对数转换成近似正态分布后进行检验或采用非参数检验(Mann-Whitney U test)。采用pearson或spearman相关分析进行单因素分析。

结果:

健康对照组和糖尿病各组性别、年龄、体重指数无明显差异;糖尿病3组间病程无明显差异;4组血压间糖尿病肾功能损害组收缩压高于健康对照组(P < 0.05);

生化指标:空腹血糖和HbA1c糖尿病各组明显高于健康对照组,P < 0.05,糖尿病组和糖尿病蛋白尿组血糖高于糖尿病肾损害组(P < 0.05);血脂中总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇4组无差异,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇肾损害组高于健康对照组(P < 0.05),甘油三酯糖尿病蛋白尿组高于糖尿病肾损害组(P < 0.05),糖尿病肾损害组高于糖尿病和健康对照组(P < 0.05),健康对照和糖尿病之间无差异;血肌酐糖尿病肾损害组高于健康对照、糖尿病、糖尿病蛋白尿组(P < 0.05),糖尿病组低于健康对照组(P < 0.05);

肾小球滤过率糖尿病肾损害组低于糖尿病蛋白尿、糖尿病、健康对照组(P < 0.05),糖尿病蛋白尿组低于糖尿病组(P < 0.05),糖尿病组高于健康对照组(P < 0.05);

肾小管蛋白:URBP糖尿病各组均高于健康对照组,健康对照组与糖尿病组与之间无明显差异,P > 0.05,与糖尿病蛋白尿组、糖尿病肾损害组之间有差异(P < 0.05);AND各组间无明显差异(P > 0.05);

肌醇加氧酶:血MIOX糖尿病各组明显高于健康对照组(P < 0.05),糖尿病肾损害组高于糖尿病蛋白尿组和糖尿病组(P < 0.05),但糖尿病蛋白尿组和糖尿病组之间MIOX无明显差异(P < 0.05);尿MIOX糖尿病各组高于健康对照组,糖尿病蛋白尿组和糖尿病组明显高于健康对照组(P < 0.05),但糖尿病组和健康对照组之间差别无意义(P < 0.05);糖尿病各组之间糖尿病肾损害组高于糖尿病蛋白尿组和糖尿病组,均P < 0.05,糖尿病组和糖尿病蛋白尿组之间无明显差异(P < 0.05) (表1)。

Comparison of clinical characteristics and metabolic indexes of four groups of patient
对照组 糖尿病组 糖尿病蛋白尿组 糖尿病肾功能不全组
性别(男) 20 20 20 20
年龄(岁) 61 ± 6.51 61 ± 5.63 59 ± 5.51 63 ± 6.56
病程(年) 8.7 ± 5.8 12.4 ± 7.76 13.15 ± 7.47
SBp (mmHg) 132 ± 16.21 135 ± 16.75 142 ± 14.99 146 ± 26.931
DBp (mmHg) 82 ± 7.17 79 ± 9.04 84 ± 12.47 81 ± 12.22
BMI (Kg/m2) 25.76 ± 3.33 24.06 ± 3.54 25.2 ± 2.78 24.54 ± 2.58
血糖(mmol/l) 5.16 ± 0.77 8.78 ± 2.761.4 9.66 ± 3.681.4 6.88 ± 2.581.2.3
HbA1c (%) 5.40 ± 0.35 9.30 ± 1.371 9.64 ± 1.881 9.25 ± 2.191
TC (mmol/l) 4.15 ± 1.27 4.18 ± 1.03 4.8 ± 2.15 4.71 ± 1.05
TG (mmol/l) 1.58 ± 0.67 1.23 ± 0.473.4 2.33 ± 1.771.2 2.02 ± 1.232
HDL (mmol/l) 1.11 ± 0.29 1.27 ± 0.39 1.13 ± 0.33 1.11 ± 0.27
LDL (mmol/l) 2.37 ± 0.69 3.03 ± 0.89 2.68 ± 0.39 3.15 ± 0.941
sCr (ummol/l) 71.65 ± 16.61 57.35 ± 13.361.4 64.25 ± 17.894 122.75 ± 28.881.2.3
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) 80.85 ± 12.64 97.7 ± 14.421.3.4 87.1 ± 11.032.4 41.5 ± 10.151.2.3
UACR (mg/g) 0.78 ± 0.17 1.23 ± 0.131.3.4 2.15 ± 0.391.2 2.40 ± 0.801.2
URBP (mg/l) −0.33 ± 0.067 −0.26 ± 0.093.4 0.78 ± 0.141.2 0.81 ± 0.141.2
ANG (U/mmolCr) 1.13 ± 0.25 0.98 ± 0.31 1.12 ± 0.20 1.10 ± 0.3
sMIOX (pg/ml) 342.62 ± 90.93 486.29 ± 155.964 618.66 ± 170.851.4 969.11 ± 470.001.2.3
uMIOX (pg/ml) 491.43 ± 126.68 635.46 ± 151.504 767.00 ± 167.711.4 1043.96 ± 489.531.2.3

表1. 四组患者临床特征及代谢指标比较

1P < 0.05与健康对照组相比,2P < 0.05与糖尿病组相比,3P < 0.05与糖尿病蛋白尿组相比,4P < 0.05与糖尿病肾损害组相比。注:SBp收缩压,DBp舒张压,BMI体重指数,HbA1c糖化血红蛋白,TC总胆固醇,TG甘油三酯,HDL高密度脂蛋白胆固醇,LDL低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,sCr血清肌酐,eGFR估计肾小球滤过率,UACR尿蛋白肌酐比,URBP尿视黄醇结合蛋白,ANG N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶,sMIOX血肌醇加氧酶,uMIOX尿肌醇加氧酶。

相关性分析显示,血、尿MIOX与血糖、血肌酐、UACR、URBP、病程、TG、SBp呈正相关,与eGFR呈负相关,与年龄、TC、HDL、LDL、DBp、ANG无关。

4. 讨论

本研究显示,在有糖尿病肾脏损害表现的研究组中,血尿MIOX指标明显升高,提示MIOX在糖尿病肾脏病变中有明显的改变,可作为肾脏损害的标志,在糖尿病组中,尚未出现蛋白尿时MIOX较对照组明显升高,提示MIOX可能早于微量白蛋白尿出现,预示糖尿病肾损害的标志物。

目前,糖尿病肾疾病缺乏有效的治疗手段,原因在于对病理机制的了解不完全,缺乏有效的早期的肾损害标志,以便在肾损害可逆阶段进行干预,阻止损害的进一步发展。目前现有的对肾损害的诊断均有一定的局限性,微量蛋白尿是传统的糖尿病肾病早期诊断标志,但没有特异性,急慢性肾损伤均有出现,在某些生理状态下也会出现,而且,微量白蛋白尿与动脉硬化密切相关,微量白蛋白尿与冠状动脉粥样硬化程度明显相关 [ 2 ],微量白蛋白尿出现是肾小球损害的标志,传统观念认为肾小球细胞损伤是DN的主要特征,但新近研究证实肾小管间质损伤在DN中具有重要的意义,且肾小管间质病变并不继发于肾小球病变,而是DN的早期和原始特征 [ 3 ]。临床上,许多糖尿病患者无微量白蛋白尿但已出现肌酐升高,肾小球滤过率下降,进展为肾功能衰竭,而部分尿蛋白持续阳性患者并未出现进一步的肾脏损害。目前,越来越多的证据显示肾小管型间质损伤在糖尿病肾病的进展过程中发挥关键作用。

MIOX主要在肾小管上皮细胞中表达,在糖尿病患者的视网膜、晶体、神经中也有少量表达 [ 4 ]。在缺血再灌急性肾损伤小鼠模型及临床急性肾损伤病人中血清MIOX的水平显著增高,并且更为重要的是,MIOX开始上升的时间比血清肌酐早48小时左右 [ 1 ],提示肾脏特异性蛋白MIOX对急性肾损伤的早期诊断可能比血清胱抑素C及视黄醇结合蛋白等具有更好的敏感度与特异度。

MIOX的表达量受血糖控制,MIOX的活性增加也与血糖相平行,用高糖处理肾小管上皮细胞LLC-PK1后MIOX的表达明显上调 [ 5 ],在db/db鼠的肾小管上皮细胞中也能观察到MIOX的表达增加 [ 6 ],而在糖尿病肾病(DN)肾小管上皮细胞中MIOX的表达量同样增加 [ 7 ],并且还伴有尿MIOX增加并与血肌酐成正比。目前研究涉及到的MIOX对肾小管损伤机制主要有:1) 对TGF-β的影响,TGF-β对肾小管和肾间质纤维化发挥重要作用,而高糖可刺激大鼠肾小管上皮细胞(NRK-52E)MIOX和TGF-β的表达 [ 8 ],2) 通过氧化应激机制对肾小管细胞的损伤,肾小管细胞中过表达MIOX可直接降低NAD+水平,导致细胞的ROS产生过多,细胞出现氧化性损伤 [ 5 ],增加的MIOX还可通过抑制抗氧化基因如超氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化蛋白的表达 [ 9 ]。3) 通过线粒体凋亡通路的激活诱导细胞凋亡,高糖激活的MIOX可通过改变线粒体的形态、结构、线粒体的动力学、线粒体自噬等加速线粒体凋亡 [ 5 ],用MIOX siRNA或MIOX抑制剂D-葡萄糖酸处理后,高糖诱导的线粒体变化减轻,恢复线粒体正常自噬,减少细胞凋亡 [ 10 ]。综上所述,糖尿病高糖、氧化应激状态可使肾小管上皮细胞表达MIOX增加,增加的MOIX通过多种途径增加了肾小管和肾间质的纤维化,最终引起肾脏损害。

对反映肾小管功能的标志物在不断开发和研究中,包括尿视黄醇结合蛋白和N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶。我们的研究中看到随着肾脏损害的加剧,尿视黄醇结合蛋白逐渐升高,与蛋白尿、肾小球滤过率呈正相关,显示了对肾损害程度的反映,但和MIOX相比,在早期肾损害中,与正常对照组和无蛋白尿糖尿病组相比,未显示出明显的差异性,提示预测糖尿病肾病的作用晚于MIOX。而N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶,在本研究中未能看到对糖尿病肾病的预测和显示作用。

视黄醇结合蛋白是肝脏合成的小分子蛋白,从肾小球滤过后大部分在近曲小管重吸收并分解代谢,正常情况下尿中只有极少量的视黄醇结合蛋白,测定尿视黄醇结合蛋白可以反映肾小管功能,在本组研究中看到了,从糖尿病、进展到蛋白尿、肾功能下降过程中视黄醇结合蛋白呈逐渐升高趋势。N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖是近曲小管上皮细胞胞浆中的水解酶,肾小管损伤时尿中含量明显增加,也是反映肾小管损伤的指标之一,在本研究中不同的糖尿病肾损伤阶段未看到有明显的改变,可能与本研究分组以蛋白尿和肾小球滤过率为标准,更多反映肾小球滤过功能混杂而并非单纯的肾小管功能有关。

血脂与糖尿病及糖尿病肾损害的关系也得到了很多证实 [ 11 ],本研究也显示了甘油三酯水平在糖尿病蛋白尿组和肾功能下降组明显升高。高血压是糖尿病肾病的危险因素,肾功能不全患者由于肾素血管紧张素系统异常加重高血压,本研究也显示了肾功能不全组收缩压明显升高。

5. 结论

糖尿病肾病早期发现、早期诊断有助于延缓或阻止疾病的进一步进展到终末期肾病,肌醇加氧酶由于独特的与血糖代谢、氧化应激、肾间质纤维化相关,并特异性在肾小管上皮细胞表达,有望成为早期预测糖尿病肾脏损害的新的标志物,本研究结果支持了这个论点。

缺陷:本研究3组糖尿病患者血糖存在差异,MIOX与血糖代谢相关,不同的血糖水平可能影响不同组间MIOX水平;研究中肾损害分为蛋白尿和肾功能下降,蛋白尿组如进一步分为微量蛋白尿和大量蛋白尿组测定不同MIOX水平对早期诊断糖尿病肾病的意义更大;研究缺乏糖尿病肾病的病理诊断支持。

基金项目

江西省吉安市指导性科技计划项目;上海市IV类高峰学科建设资助。

文章引用

曾菊丽,贺五风,刘晓慧,曾 瑜,李惠芝. 肌醇加氧酶在早期糖尿病肾病中的预测作用The Predicted Role of MIOX Expression in the Early Diabetic Renal Damage[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(12): 12206-12211. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12121758

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