ACM Advances in Clinical Medicine 2161-8712 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/ACM.2022.12121753 ACM-59926 ACM20221200000_63790898.pdf 医药卫生 糖尿病并发硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎一例 A Case Report of Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Sclerosing Lymphocytic Lobulitis 馨文 2 1 梓锋 2 1 2 1 暨南大学附属第一医院乳腺外科,广东 广州 null 05 12 2022 12 12 12173 12176 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎是一种良性的乳腺疾病,以致密纤维化、小叶萎缩以及淋巴细胞聚集在导管周围和血管周围分布为特征,仅占乳房良性疾病不到1%。在临床工作中仅通过影像学检查较难与恶性肿瘤相鉴别。目前已有的研究表明其和糖尿病的相关性较大,结合患者的病史及病理检查仍是诊断的“金标准”。 Sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis is a kind of benign breast disease characterized by dense fibrosis, lobular atrophy, and lymphocyte aggregation around ducts and blood vessels, accounting for less than 1% of benign breast disease. In clinical work, it is difficult to distinguish it from malignant tu-mors by imaging alone. At present, existing studies have shown that it is more related to diabetes, and combined with the patient’s medical history and pathological examination, it is still the “gold standard” for diagnosis.

硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎,乳腺疾病,糖尿病, Sclerosing Lymphocytic Lobulitis Breast Disease Diabetes
摘要

硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎是一种良性的乳腺疾病,以致密纤维化、小叶萎缩以及淋巴细胞聚集在导管周围和血管周围分布为特征,仅占乳房良性疾病不到1%。在临床工作中仅通过影像学检查较难与恶性肿瘤相鉴别。目前已有的研究表明其和糖尿病的相关性较大,结合患者的病史及病理检查仍是诊断的“金标准”。

关键词

硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎,乳腺疾病,糖尿病

A Case Report of Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Sclerosing Lymphocytic Lobulitis<sup> </sup>

Xinwen Xu, Zifeng Liang, Qing Zhang*

Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou Guangdong

Received: Nov. 26th, 2022; accepted: Dec. 23rd, 2022; published: Dec. 30th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Sclerosing lymphocytic lobulitis is a kind of benign breast disease characterized by dense fibrosis, lobular atrophy, and lymphocyte aggregation around ducts and blood vessels, accounting for less than 1% of benign breast disease. In clinical work, it is difficult to distinguish it from malignant tumors by imaging alone. At present, existing studies have shown that it is more related to diabetes, and combined with the patient’s medical history and pathological examination, it is still the “gold standard” for diagnosis.

Keywords:Sclerosing Lymphocytic Lobulitis, Breast Disease, Diabetes

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎,也称为糖尿病性乳腺病、淋巴细胞性乳腺病,属于乳腺良性疾病,但较为罕见。与多数乳腺良性肿瘤相比,硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎在影像学及临床表现中多具有类似恶性肿瘤的征象,如形态不规则,边界不清,质硬的无痛性肿块,在临床诊断中易与乳腺恶性肿瘤混淆。其发病机制尚不清楚,多与自身免疫相关。据报道,约30%的几率复发,扩大切除范围可能会降低复发率 [ 1 ]。

2. 病历摘要

患者,女,46岁,因“体检发现右侧乳房肿物5天”于2022年11月01日收治于暨南大学附属第一医院。双乳B超提示右乳10点钟低回声占位,大小约11 mm * 36 mm (BI-RADS IVA类),双腋窝淋巴结未见明显肿大。钼靶检查提示双侧乳腺增生(BI-RADS III类),左乳内上象限小钙化灶。患者有2型糖尿病病史5年余,使用胰岛素及口服降糖药控制血糖,并未规律监测血糖。糖尿病导致周围性神经病5年,左、右足第一脚趾感觉缺失。高血压病史4月余,口服苯磺酸氨氯地平片(络活喜) 5 mg,每日一粒,控制尚可。专科查体:双乳对称,双乳头挤按无明显溢液,右乳内上象限可触及肿块,范围约1 cm * 3 cm,边界欠清,质地中等,活动度尚可,其余右乳及左乳未及明显肿块,双腋下、双锁骨上下未及明显肿大淋巴结。初步诊断:1) 右乳肿物性质待查;2) 2型糖尿病;3) 2型糖尿病性周围神经病;4) 高血压2级很高危。入院检查:肾小球滤过率为59.1 ml/min,乙肝小三阳。心脏彩超:射血分数60%,左心房稍大,瓣膜轻度返流,左室舒张功能降低。其余检查未见明显异常。在完善上述检查后即行右乳肿物微创切除术,术后病理:(右乳肿物)符合乳腺硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎(见图1)。术后患者伤口愈合良好,未行特殊处理。随访至今未见复发。

图1. 术后病理结果:乳腺小叶及导管周围可见淋巴细胞巢团状浸润;间质胶原纤维组织增生呈玻璃样变,可见少量上皮样肌纤维母细胞

3. 讨论

在糖尿病的众多并发症中,Soler和Khardori [ 2 ] 首次报道了乳腺组织受累的案例,根据其临床及病理特征,后来亦被称为“糖尿病性乳腺病”、“淋巴细胞性乳腺病”、“硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎”。硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎是一种以致密纤维化、小叶萎缩以及淋巴细胞聚集在导管周围和血管周围分布为特征的炎症性乳腺疾病,属良性病变,仅占乳房良性疾病不到1% [ 3 ],常多继发于各种自身免疫性疾病如1型糖尿病 [ 4 ]、干燥综合征、系统性红斑狼疮、桥本甲状腺炎等。

该病的病因尚不清楚,通常认为它与机体自身免疫有关。研究表明,浸润于病变中的B淋巴细胞表达HLA-DR抗原,主要是HLA-DR3、4或5阳性 [ 5 ]。这些抗原特征常常让人联想到干燥综合征、桥本甲状腺炎等疾病。Tomaszewski等人 [ 6 ] 曾提出假设,高血糖导致细胞外胶原蛋白增加并充当抗原,诱导自身B淋巴细胞增殖并产生抗体,致上皮基质细胞肿胀,最终呈炎性细胞浸润变化。Seidman等人 [ 7 ] 提出另外一种假设,硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎对胰岛素依赖型糖尿病患者具有相对特异性,可能由机体对外源性胰岛素的炎症反应引起的。也有人认为,1型糖尿病患者产生的抗胰岛素抗体与乳腺导管上皮细胞发生交叉反应 [ 8 ]。

硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎影像学表现可能与癌相似或为非特异性。乳腺超声通常表现为边界不清的低回声肿块,伴后声衰减,低回声区无彩色血流信号。钼靶检查对此病诊断并不敏感,致密的乳腺可能掩盖潜在的病灶。有研究指出,增强MRI可用于鉴别硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎和乳腺恶性肿瘤,前者增强信号较后者低,前者的MRI通常表现为均匀的低增强,呈非特异性的弥漫性的间质增强,即慢进慢出 [ 9 ]。值得一提的是,明显的淋巴细胞浸润也可出现高增强信号。总的来说,单凭影像学检查难以准确诊断硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎。

硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎大体标本大小通常为0.5至6.0 cm。大多数可触及明显的坚硬肿块,并且受累区域在解剖时具有坚硬的边缘。标本的切面呈均匀的白色至浅灰色组织,也可呈小梁状,但通常与周围的纤维乳腺实质明显难以区分。标本HE染色后,呈慢性炎症表现,乳腺导管周围、小叶周围和血管周围淋巴细胞浸润,主要是B细胞,与较少的T细胞群混合 [ 10 ]。与周围乳腺组织相比,受累组织通常含有胶原基质和瘢痕疙瘩性胶原,基质梭形细胞浓度增加 [ 11 ]。典型的基质变化包括成纤维细胞和肌成纤维细胞的增加,可能是由于胶原蛋白的异常沉积导致。有时成纤维细胞可能表现为细胞核增大,呈上皮样,易误诊为肿瘤。此外,多边形上皮样细胞可能分散在梭形细胞之间的胶原中。通常不存在多核基质巨细胞和有丝分裂活性,此特征可与正常乳腺组织区分。

自本病首次报道以来,不同学者提出各种诊断标准。Camuto等人 [ 12 ] 提出该病必需的以下特征:1) 该病影响患有长期1型糖尿病的绝经前妇女,这通常与血管并发症有关;2) 有可触及的乳腺病变,坚硬、无疼痛,临床怀疑癌症;3) 乳腺X线摄影显示密度增加,但不能确认局部肿块的存在,超声也无法识别实性或囊性肿块;4) 手术或粗针活检病变显示与血管周围淋巴细胞浸润相关的纤维化病灶。Tomaszewski等 [ 6 ] 提出该病具体的微观病理学诊断标准应包括淋巴细胞性小叶和导管炎症伴腺体萎缩,主要为B淋巴细胞浸润血管周围,可见基质致密,常为瘢痕疙瘩样纤维化,且存在上皮成纤维细胞(Epithelial fibroblasts, EFB)。尽管迄今为止提出了各种临床标准,但硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎的诊断并非明确,因此通常需要进一步的诊断性检查。

本研究的患者患有糖尿病6年余,且伴有糖尿病周围神经病、可疑肾损害,其病理组织中可见乳腺小叶、导管周围大良淋巴细胞浸润,伴有间质内大量胶原聚集,这与Tomaszewski提出的诊断标准吻合。双乳B超提示右乳低回声占位,影像科医生诊断BI-RADS IVA类,考虑可疑恶性病变。目前,对于该病的治疗仍以手术切除为主 [ 13 ],也有研究认为该病为良性疾病,粗针穿刺可避免不必要的手术,粗针穿刺受其确诊率的限制。有相关报道显示,硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎复发率约30% [ 1 ],扩大切缘可减少复发率,建议每年应行复查。

文章引用

许馨文,梁梓锋,张 清. 糖尿病并发硬化性淋巴细胞性小叶炎一例A Case Report of Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Sclerosing Lymphocytic Lobulitis[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(12): 12173-12176. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.12121753

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