本文利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜研究实验室常用细胞核标记方法,对细胞成像相关实验技术进行进一步优化。首先用DNA荧光标记法、组蛋白荧光标记法以及微分干涉术(DIC)分别对贴壁培养的细胞进行成像;然后结合核仁蛋白标记和核内非编码RNA杂交标记对细胞核结构进行解析,进一步挖掘常规核染色标记所能带来的深度信息;最后针对实验平台日常细胞影像实验需求进行研究,对几类常用核标识技术的优势与不足进行讨论。基于影像实验数据,可以发现染色质相关荧光标记不仅仅可用于细胞核标识,其展示的核内染色质密度分布同时暗含了细胞核的亚结构信息,我们在此予以初步实验论述。另外,利用共聚焦DIC成像同样能清晰识别细胞核及其内部核仁结构,因而DIC在一定程度上与染色质荧光标记成像是等效的。总之,本文对常用几种细胞核标识技术进行了全面介绍,有望为细胞成像相关实验的研究与分析提供新的思路。 In this paper, we use the laser scanning confocal microscopy research laboratory commonly used nuclear labeling method to further opti-mize the experimental technology related to cell imaging. First, the adherent cultured cells were imaged by DNA fluorescent labeling, histone fluorescent labeling and differential interferometry (DIC). Then combined with nucleolar protein markers and nuclear non-coding RNA hybrid markers to analyze the nuclear structure, and further explore the depth information brought by convention-al nuclear staining markers; finally, according to the needs of daily cell imaging experiments on the experimental platform, the advantages and disadvantages of several types of commonly used nu-clear labeling techniques are discussed. Based on the image experimental data, it can be found that chromatin-related fluorescent markers can not only be used for nuclear identification, but also the chromatin density distribution in the nucleus implies the substructure information of the nucleus. In addition, confocal DIC imaging can also clearly identify the nucleus and its internal nucleolar structure, so DIC is equivalent to chromatin fluorescent labeling imaging to a certain extent. In con-clusion, this paper provides a comprehensive introduction to several commonly used nuclear la-beling techniques, which is expected to provide new ideas for the research and analysis of cell im-aging-related experiments.
本文利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜研究实验室常用细胞核标记方法,对细胞成像相关实验技术进行进一步优化。首先用DNA荧光标记法、组蛋白荧光标记法以及微分干涉术(DIC)分别对贴壁培养的细胞进行成像;然后结合核仁蛋白标记和核内非编码RNA杂交标记对细胞核结构进行解析,进一步挖掘常规核染色标记所能带来的深度信息;最后针对实验平台日常细胞影像实验需求进行研究,对几类常用核标识技术的优势与不足进行讨论。基于影像实验数据,可以发现染色质相关荧光标记不仅仅可用于细胞核标识,其展示的核内染色质密度分布同时暗含了细胞核的亚结构信息,我们在此予以初步实验论述。另外,利用共聚焦DIC成像同样能清晰识别细胞核及其内部核仁结构,因而DIC在一定程度上与染色质荧光标记成像是等效的。总之,本文对常用几种细胞核标识技术进行了全面介绍,有望为细胞成像相关实验的研究与分析提供新的思路。
激光扫描共聚焦显微镜,细胞核,染色质,微分干涉术
Xu Cheng1,2*, Zhi’an Ye1,2*, Zhizhi Yang1, Yongqiang Wang1,2#, Lehang Lin1
1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Basic and Translational Medicine Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Guangdong
2Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan Guangdong
Received: Sep. 28th, 2022; accepted: Nov. 27th, 2022; published: Dec. 7th, 2022
In this paper, we use the laser scanning confocal microscopy research laboratory commonly used nuclear labeling method to further optimize the experimental technology related to cell imaging. First, the adherent cultured cells were imaged by DNA fluorescent labeling, histone fluorescent labeling and differential interferometry (DIC). Then combined with nucleolar protein markers and nuclear non-coding RNA hybrid markers to analyze the nuclear structure, and further explore the depth information brought by conventional nuclear staining markers; finally, according to the needs of daily cell imaging experiments on the experimental platform, the advantages and disadvantages of several types of commonly used nuclear labeling techniques are discussed. Based on the image experimental data, it can be found that chromatin-related fluorescent markers can not only be used for nuclear identification, but also the chromatin density distribution in the nucleus implies the substructure information of the nucleus. In addition, confocal DIC imaging can also clearly identify the nucleus and its internal nucleolar structure, so DIC is equivalent to chromatin fluorescent labeling imaging to a certain extent. In conclusion, this paper provides a comprehensive introduction to several commonly used nuclear labeling techniques, which is expected to provide new ideas for the research and analysis of cell imaging-related experiments.
Keywords:Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy, Nucleus, Chromatin, Differential Interference Method
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激光共聚焦显微技术在生命科学领域广泛应用,该技术不仅用于细胞及亚细胞相关细微结构的观察,同时还用于三维重构、时间序列动态成像和大视野图像拼接等,在生命科学相关研究中发挥有重要作用 [
细胞是生命体结构和功能的最小单元,一直以来都是生命科学研究的重点。细胞核是细胞的功能调节控制中心,其存储了细胞中绝大部分的遗传信息,是细胞最重要的结构。细胞核中拥有诸多化学物质,其中染色质最为重要,其化学构成为DNA和组蛋白。常用的细胞核标记技术多是基于对染色质的特异标记,其中以DNA标记法最为流行。常用DNA染料包括有DAPI、PI和hoechst 33342等,其相关标记原理是基于染料在DNA螺旋中的物理镶嵌,再经由荧光检测而实现对全核DNA成像 [
DMEM培养基、胎牛血清、胰酶购于美国Gibco公司;4%多聚Open Access甲醛购于Thermo Fisher Scientific公司;U6和MALAT1探针订购于吉玛基因公司;Fibrillarin和Nucleophosmin 1抗体采购于Abcam公司。
H2B-GFP荧光标记细胞由胡开顺博士友情提供,使用10%胎牛血清混合DMEM Medium培养基培养,培养箱温度为37℃、CO2浓度为5%,计数1 × 105个细胞接种于共聚焦皿中,细胞密度50%~70%备用。
使用激光共聚焦显微镜(LCSM 800, Zeiss, Germany)记录图像,该显微照片配备了平面复消色差×40/1.4 NA油浸物镜。实验用激光器波长分别为405 nm、488 nm和561 nm。
DAPI、PI和hoechst是常用的几种核标记染料,都是以DNA标记为基础。DAPI于1971年由Otto Dann等人首次发明,是DNA特异性标记染料,可以在A-T富含区域富集 [
染色质的化学组成以DNA和组蛋白为主,前文我们介绍了基于DNA标识对核结构的研究,同样对组蛋白进行荧光标记成像理论也可得到类似结果。首先构建GFP-H2B稳转标记细胞系,随后通过共定位实验表明GFP-H2B信号与DAPI信号具有一致性(图1(D)) [
在细胞成像实验中,多数情况下对细胞核的标记是不可或缺的,因而关注多色成像条件下的核标记很有必要。常用细胞核荧光标记有个重要问题是,该标记会占用一个优势荧光通道,考虑到激光扫描共聚焦显微镜激光器配置有限和荧光光谱串扰的情况,综合而言对细胞核进行无标记成像就可以发挥其优势,进一步满足特殊条件下的成像需求。在无标记条件下,细胞核质之间存在微弱的折射率差异 [
图1. 细胞核多方法学标识以及成像。(A) 对4T1细胞进行DAPI以及核仁相关蛋白标记成像;(B) 对MCF-7细胞U6小核RNA进行原位标记及成像;(C) 对MCF-7细胞MALAT1长链非编码RNA进行原位标记及成像;(D) MCF-7细胞稳转GFP-H2B,并验证与DAPI荧光的标识一致性;(E) 细胞核内染色质密度分布示意图,其中“L”代表低密度区,“H”代表高密度区;(F) 对细胞进行微分干涉成像以及细胞核相关结构识别,其中红色虚线区域为细胞核,绿色虚线区域为核仁。标尺 = 5 μm
在培养皿中细胞以单层贴壁生长为主,在显微镜下往往显示为透明,极大地限制了常规光学显微镜的分辨能力。随着相差显微技术的发明、荧光显微镜的问世,这一难题逐步得到解决。现如今针对细胞及亚细胞的显微观察工具日趋成熟,如何合理使用相关技术成为相关实验技术人员的首要任务。荧光标记技术以及相关检测技术的革新不断提升显微镜的分辨能力,是推动生命科学快速发展的重要动力,其中激光扫描共聚焦显微镜起到了关键性作用。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜使用激光器为光源,因为激光具有极好的相干性、单色性,所以在多色成像以及干涉成像方面具有先天优势。
细胞是生命科学研究的重要载体,而细胞核是其内部最明显、最重要的细胞器,有关细胞核的标识技术具有不可忽略的作用。对染色质的荧光标记可以近似为细胞核标识,同时依据标识强度可以对细胞核染色质的分布情况进一步解析,也就便于进一步解析细胞核内亚结构,例如核仁、异染色质和常染色质区域的标注(图1(A)~(E))。基于染色质标记可以特异性识别细胞核,检测结果也更加精细,但是会占用一个独立荧光通道,在一定程度上会限制多色成像。我们认为可以利用DIC进行细胞核结构标识,从而保留一个优势荧光通道,将有利于在共聚焦显微镜的多色成像。由于激光具有好的单色性,并且扫描精度高,在共聚焦显微镜下进行的细胞核DIC成像也有了更好的视图分辨解析能力(图1(F))。除此之外,DIC成像可以避免外加标记物对细胞本身存在的干扰,尤其是在活细胞水平的实验中。
总之,本文基于使用激光共聚焦显微镜研究分析了常用细胞核标记技术,系统总结了几类细胞核标识技术的原理、优势和不足,为细胞成像相关实验的研究与应用提供新的思路。
中国博士后科学基金(2021M693627)。
成 旭,叶志安,杨芝芝,王永强,林乐航. 基于激光共聚焦显微镜研究细胞核标识技术 Nucleus Identification Technology Based on Laser Confocal Microscopy[J]. 生物过程, 2022, 12(04): 218-223. https://doi.org/10.12677/BP.2022.124025
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