目前持续注意的定义存在与其他词混用的情况,为了给持续注意提出一个合适的定义,本文首先回顾了相关研究中的定义。由于之前的定义包含了警惕性和警觉等术语,我们也讨论了这些概念以便更好区分。本研究将持续注意定义为“在一段时间(10秒~几十分钟)里,个体对任务刺激保持高度集中且不被其他刺激干扰影响的能力”。其次,总结了持续注意的研究方法。不仅包含较为主流的范式,也介绍了近10年来开发的新范式。 The definition of sustained attention is mixed with other words. In order to put forward an appro-priate definition of sustained attention, this paper first reviews the definitions in relevant studies; since the previous definition includes the terms vigilance and alertness, we also discussed these concepts to better distinguish. In this study, sustained attention is defined as “the ability of an in-dividual to maintain a high concentration of task stimuli and not be disturbed by other stimuli for a period of time (10 seconds to dozens of minutes)”. Secondly, it summarizes the research methods of sustained attention. It not only includes the more mainstream paradigm, but also introduces the new paradigm developed in the past 10 years.
Related Concepts and Research Method of Sustained Attention
Kaikai Guo
Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin
Received: Jul. 20th, 2022; accepted: Aug. 22nd, 2022; published: Aug. 29th, 2022
ABSTRACT
The definition of sustained attention is mixed with other words. In order to put forward an appropriate definition of sustained attention, this paper first reviews the definitions in relevant studies; since the previous definition includes the terms vigilance and alertness, we also discussed these concepts to better distinguish. In this study, sustained attention is defined as “the ability of an individual to maintain a high concentration of task stimuli and not be disturbed by other stimuli for a period of time (10 seconds to dozens of minutes)”. Secondly, it summarizes the research methods of sustained attention. It not only includes the more mainstream paradigm, but also introduces the new paradigm developed in the past 10 years.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
1. 引言
日常生活中持续注意的下降可能会导致一些行动上的失误。例如,走路时撞上电线杆,或者是没有把右手的垃圾袋扔进垃圾桶,反而将左手的手机扔了进去。这种失误的原因是没有对这些简单的任务给予足够的重视,即未能保持足够的专注。多数情况下,这样的失误可以被发现弥补,然而有时,持续注意下降可能会造成危及生命的后果,例如当司机没有意识到红灯时,再或是巡逻者错过入侵的信号时。鉴于其对生活和工作的重要性,持续注意的下降需要被量化测量,这首先要求一个准确的定义。不同的概念可能造成混乱,难以寻找持续注意下降背后的机制原因。然而,目前的研究中对持续注意(Sustained Attention)的定义十分混乱,警惕性(Vigilance),警觉(Alertness),注意的稳定性(Stability of Attention)等都曾被指代为持续注意过。我们回顾了部分文献,试图得出一个较为准确的定义并且总结了相应的研究方法。
RSVP (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation)范式即快速序列视觉呈现范式。正如其名,该范式中刺激呈现的时间很短,而且刺激会不断的出现。RSVP任务主要是关于数字流的任务:屏幕上每次只出现一个数字,每个数字出现的时间很短。这些不断出现的数字流中,存在一些目标刺激。被试一旦看到目标刺激时,需要又快又准地对刺激进行反应。虽然RSVP范式起源于对注意瞬脱现象的研究,但由于可以测查被试在长时间集中注意力的情况下,对连续出现的刺激流的反应时和目标刺激物反应的概率。所以也被应用于持续注意的研究中。
实验对反应时、反应时变异以及准确性等常用的指标进行了测量,其核心指标为个体内反应时变异(Intra-Individual Variability of Reaction Time, RT-IIV),即在任务的过程中,个体反应时的变化。个体内反应时变异被广泛认为是持续注意的重要指标,代表了持续注意的波动 [
22
]。依据反应时变异的阶段性变化,研究者还提出了“区域内”“区域外”等概念以望区分出持续注意期间存在的高专注时期以及次专注时期。这为持续注意波动的研究提供了新的思路。
3.6. 持续实时指压反馈范式
在持续实时指压反馈(real-time finger force feedback)实验中,被试需要在数分钟或数十分钟内对压力传感器进行持续地按压,按压的力度被要求维持在一个固定水平,在此期间被试可以通过电脑屏幕看到自己实时的手指压力数据,以便调整手指压力,使其维持在固定水平,因此被试需要保持时刻专注,不存在状态的切换 [
23
]。
郭凯凯. 持续注意相关概念及其研究方法Related Concepts and Research Method of Sustained Attention[J]. 社会科学前沿, 2022, 11(08): 3517-3523. https://doi.org/10.12677/ASS.2022.118482
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