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Statistics and Application

2325-2251

Scientific Research Publishing

10.12677/SA.2022.114099

SA-55151

SA20220400000_98712420.pdf

数学与物理

重庆市3~6岁幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次与父母饮用的关系 Relationship between the Drinking Frequency of Fruit and Vegetable Juice Beverage of Preschool-Age Children Aged 3~6 and Their Parents Drinking

何

玲玲

² ¹ 潘

其兰

³ ¹ 胡

春梅

⁴ ¹

重庆市永川区文昌中学校

重庆文理学院教育学院，重庆

重庆文理学院心理健康教育与咨询中心，重庆

null

28 07 2022

11 04 961 966

2014

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

目的：调查3~6岁幼儿果蔬汁饮料的饮用频次现状及与父母饮用的关系，为开展幼儿饮料消费教育提供参考。方法：于2021年11~12月，采用方便抽样方法，在重庆市10个区20所幼儿园选取3297名幼儿及其父母参与问卷调查，采用logistic回归分析幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次与父母饮用的关系。结果：幼儿及其父/母果蔬汁饮料饮用频次分别为53.0%、44.4%、43.9%。不同年龄、父母饮用情况的幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次差异显著(均P < 0.05)，4、5、6岁幼儿饮用频次(52.9%、54.6%、55.0%)明显高于3岁幼儿(48.8%)，父/母饮用果蔬汁饮料的幼儿饮用频次(76.4%、80.8%)明显高于父/母未饮用的幼儿(34.3%、31.2%)。父/母饮用果蔬汁饮料是幼儿饮用频次的影响因素(OR = 0.436, 95% CI = 0.358~0.529; OR = 0.177, 95% CI = 0.145~0.215)，父母饮用果蔬汁饮料的幼儿饮用频次更高。结论：超过一半幼儿饮用果蔬汁饮料；幼儿园要督促幼儿父母引导幼儿不喝或少喝果蔬汁饮料。 Objective: To investigate the relationship between the frequency of 3~6 years old preschool-age children’s fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking and parents drinking, and to provide reference for kindergartens to carry out beverages consumption education. Methods: Using convenience sampling from November to December 2021, 3297 preschool-age children and their parents from 20 kindergartens in 10 district of Chongqing completed questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between the frequency of preschool-age children’s fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking and parents drinking. Results: The preschool-age children and their father and mother’s frequency of fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking were 53.0%, 44.4%, 43.9%, respectively. There were significant differences between different age, parental drinking children’s fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking frequency (both P < 0.05), the frequency of 4~6 years old children (52.9%, 54.6%, 55.0%) was obviously higher than 3-year-old children (48.8%); The frequency of children whose parents drunk fruit and vegetable juice beverage (76.4%, 80.8%) were obviously higher than those whose parents didn’t drink (34.3%, 31.2%). Parents’ fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking were influencing factors for children’s drinking (OR = 0.436, 95% CI = 0.358~0.529; OR = 0.177, 95% CI = 0.145~0.215), children whose parents drank fruit and vegetable juice drinks drank this beverage more frequently. Conclusion: More than half of preschool-age children drink fruit and vegetable juice beverage. Kindergartens should guide parents to urge children to stay away from drinking fruit and vegetable juice beverage.

3~6岁幼儿，果蔬汁饮料，饮用频次，父母饮用, 3~6 Years Old Preschool-Age Children Fruit and Vegetable Juice Beverage Drinking Frequency Parents Drinking

摘要

关键词

3~6岁幼儿，果蔬汁饮料，饮用频次，父母饮用

Relationship between the Drinking Frequency of Fruit and Vegetable Juice Beverage of Preschool-Age Children Aged 3~6 and Their Parents Drinking<sup> </sup>

Linging He¹, Qilan Pan², Chunmei Hu^3*

¹Educational Department, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing

²Chongqing Yongchuan Wenchang Middle School, Chongqing

³Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing

Received: Aug. 2^nd, 2022; accepted: Aug. 12^th, 2022; published: Aug. 24^th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the frequency of 3~6 years old preschool-age children’s fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking and parents drinking, and to provide reference for kindergartens to carry out beverages consumption education. Methods: Using convenience sampling from November to December 2021, 3297 preschool-age children and their parents from 20 kindergartens in 10 district of Chongqing completed questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between the frequency of preschool-age children’s fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking and parents drinking. Results: The preschool-age children and their father and mother’s frequency of fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking were 53.0%, 44.4%, 43.9%, respectively. There were significant differences between different age, parental drinking children’s fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking frequency (both P < 0.05), the frequency of 4~6 years old children (52.9%, 54.6%, 55.0%) was obviously higher than 3-year-old children (48.8%); The frequency of children whose parents drunk fruit and vegetable juice beverage (76.4%, 80.8%) were obviously higher than those whose parents didn’t drink (34.3%, 31.2%). Parents’ fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking were influencing factors for children’s drinking (OR = 0.436, 95% CI = 0.358~0.529; OR = 0.177, 95% CI = 0.145~0.215), children whose parents drank fruit and vegetable juice drinks drank this beverage more frequently. Conclusion: More than half of preschool-age children drink fruit and vegetable juice beverage. Kindergartens should guide parents to urge children to stay away from drinking fruit and vegetable juice beverage.

Keywords:3~6 Years Old Preschool-Age Children, Fruit and Vegetable Juice Beverage, Drinking Frequency, Parents Drinking

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

果蔬汁饮料是指将2种及以上新鲜果蔬汁液或浓缩浆按照一定比例混合后，不加或加入糖、酸等调制而成的饮料；因其风味接近果蔬本身，是水果和蔬菜营养的结合体，相对于碳酸饮料及风味饮料，满足了人们对营养健康食品的需求，受到消费者的青睐、消费率呈现上升趋势 [ 1 ]。果蔬汁饮料是含糖饮料的一种，其含糖量多在8%~11% [ 2 ]，人们在消费果蔬汁饮料的时候往往忽视了其是含糖饮料。目前，还少有对幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用的研究。但对含糖饮料的研究指出，儿童青少年是含糖饮料的主要消费人群，含糖饮料摄入会危害儿童青少年身心健康，摄入量高是导致肥胖的主要原因 [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]；同时，过多摄入含糖饮料还和血压水平升高 [ 6 ]、不健康饮食行为更多(如经常摄入油炸食品、快餐、零食等) [ 7 ]、牙周疾病风险上升 [ 8 ]、睡眠质量降低、导致抑郁情绪 [ 9 ]、影响矿物质及维生素等营养物质的吸收 [ 10 ] 等有关。对中小学生饮料消费的调查发现，父母饮料消费与子女饮料消费呈正相关 [ 10 ]。幼儿期饮料消费习惯对其身体健康及儿童青少年期饮食习惯养成有重要影响，因此，有必要了解幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用现状及与父母因素的影响。本研究于2021年11月~12月调查3~6岁幼儿果蔬汁饮料的饮用频次及与父母饮用的关系，为开展幼儿饮料消费教育提供参考。

2. 对象与方法 2.1. 对象

采用方便抽样方法，抽取重庆市10个区20所幼儿园3500名3~6岁幼儿及其父母参与问卷调查，问卷均由幼儿父母填写；回收有效问卷3297份，有效率94.2%。幼儿3297名，男生1720人(52.2%)，女生1577人(47.8%)；3岁600人(18.2%)，4岁1167 (35.4%)，5岁1106人(33.5%)，6岁424人(12.9%)；农村804人(24.4%)，城市2493人(75.6%)；平均年龄为(4.41 ± 0.93)。幼儿父/母亲各3297名，其中，父亲学历专科及以下1988人(60.3%)，本科及以上1309人(39.7%)；母亲学历专科及以下2038人(61.8%)，本科及以上1259人(38.2%)。本调查取得所有幼儿父母的知情同意，被试父母在调查前均已签署调查知情同意书。

2.2. 方法 2.2.1. 调查工具

幼儿/父母果蔬汁饮料饮用频次问卷，参照青少年饮料消费研究编制 [ 11 ] [ 12 ]，共3个题目，分别对幼儿及其父/母果蔬汁饮料的饮用频次进行调查，题目为“最近一个月内，幼儿/父/母的果蔬汁饮料(指非自制、在外购买的非无糖的果蔬汁饮料，如鲜榨果蔬汁、瓶装果蔬汁等)的饮用频次是多少？”。父母各自汇报自身饮用频次，幼儿饮用频次由父母中幼儿的主要照护者汇报。答案为“0次、1~2次、3~5次、6~9次、10~19次、20~39次、40次及以上”，分别计“0~6分”。根据回答，将饮用频次分为三组：未饮用(0次)、低饮用(1~9次)、高饮用(≥10次)。由于本次调查中，高饮用组人数偏少，因此在进行数据分析时将“低饮用”和“高饮用”合并为“饮用”。

2.2.2. 质量监控

调查人员先与各幼儿园园长联系，组织各班级主班老师参加在线调查知情宣讲会，说明调查内容、目的、实施流程、注意事项等，获得主班老师对调查的认同支持；请主班老师告知本班幼儿父母调查具体情况及填写问卷注意事项等，强调调查匿名性和保密性，获得幼儿父母对调查的知情同意。按照各园幼儿人数给园长邮寄问卷及知情同意书，由园长分发给各主班老师。主班老师将问卷及知情同意书发给每位幼儿，由幼儿放学带回家请父母填写，第二天上学时收回。各幼儿园问卷回收后邮寄给调查人员；调查人员及时整理问卷，剔除有漏填、规律作答的无效问卷，对有效问卷进行数据录入及分析。

2.3. 统计分析

采用SPSS 18.0录入数据和分析。用描述性统计分析幼儿、父/母果蔬汁饮料饮用频次；用χ²检验比较不同特征幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次；将χ²检验中差异有统计学意义的指标纳入多因素logistic回归分析，分析幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次与父母饮用的关系，检验水准α = 0.05。

3. 结果 3.1. 幼儿、父母果蔬汁饮料饮用频次基本情况

幼儿不饮用果蔬汁饮料的1550人(47.0%)，饮用的1747人(53.0%)，其中，低饮用1711人(51.9%)、高饮用36人(1.1%)；父亲不饮用果蔬汁饮料的1833人(55.6%)，饮用的1464人(44.4%)，其中，低饮用1416人(42.9%)、高饮用48人(1.5%)；母亲不饮用果蔬汁饮料的1851人(56.1%)，饮用的1446人(43.9%)，其中，低饮用1395人(42.3%)、高饮用51人(1.5%)。见表1。

Table 1 Drinking frequency of preschool-age children and their parents’ fruit and vegetable juice beverage [n (%)

	0次未饮用	1~9次低饮用	≥10次高饮用	1~2次	3~5次	6~9次	10~19次	20~39次	≥40次
幼儿	1550 (47.0)	1711 (51.9)	36 (1.1)	1300 (39.4)	329 (10.0)	82 (2.5)	24 (0.7)	6 (0.2)	6 (0.2)
父亲	1833 (55.6)	1416 (42.9)	48 (1.5)	903 (27.4)	377 (11.4)	136 (4.1)	37 (1.1)	7 (0.2)	4 (0.1)
母亲	1851 (56.1)	1395 (42.3)	51 (1.5)	976 (56.1)	307 (9.3)	112 (3.4)	40 (1.2)	7 (0.2)	4 (0.1)

表1. 幼儿、父母果蔬汁饮料饮用频次情况[n (%)]

备注：n (%)表示饮用频次(下同)。

3.2. 不同特征幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次比较

不同年龄、父母饮用情况的幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次差异有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)，4、5、6岁幼儿饮用频次(52.9%、54.6%、55.0%)明显高于3岁幼儿(48.8%)，父/母饮用果蔬汁饮料的幼儿饮用频次(76.4%、80.8%)明显高于父/母未饮用的幼儿(34.3%、31.2%)。不同性别、生源地、父/母学历的幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次差异不具有统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。见表2。

Table 2 Comparison of drinking frequency of fruit and vegetable juice beverage among preschool-age children with different characteristic

		人数n (%)	果蔬汁饮料		c²	P
		人数n (%)	饮用n (%)	不饮用n (%)	c²	P
性别	男	1720 (52.2)	915 (53.2)	805 (46.8)	0.064	0.801
性别	女	1577 (47.8)	832 (52.8)	745 (47.2)	0.064	0.801
年龄	3岁	600 (18.2)	293 (48.8)	307 (51.2)	5.991	0.012
	4岁	1167 (35.4)	617 (52.9)	550 (47.1)
	5岁	1106 (33.5)	604 (54.6)	502 (45.4)
	6岁	424 (12.9)	233 (55.0)	191 (45.0)
生源地	农村	804 (24.2)	413 (51.4)	391 (48.6)	1.119	0.290
生源地	城市	2493 (75.6)	1334 (53.5)	1159 (46.5)	1.119	0.290
父亲学历	专科及以下	1988 (60.3)	1036 (52.1)	952 (47.9)	1.539	0.215
父亲学历	本科及以上	1309 (39.7)	711 (54.3)	598 (45.7)	1.539	0.215
母亲学历	专科及以下	2038 (61.8)	1055 (51.8)	983 (48.2)	3.195	0.074
母亲学历	本科及以上	1259 (38.2)	692 (55.0)	567 (45.0)	3.195	0.074
父亲饮用	不饮用	1833 (55.6)	628 (34.3)	1205 (65.7)	581.139	0.000
父亲饮用	饮用	1464 (44.4)	1119 (76.4)	345 (23.6)	581.139	0.000
母亲饮用	不饮用	1851 (56.1)	578 (31.2)	1273 (68.8)	802.299	0.000
母亲饮用	饮用	1446 (43.9)	1169 (80.8)	277 (19.2)	802.299	0.000

表2. 不同特征幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次比较

3.3. 幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次与父母饮用的关系

分别将卡方检验中幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次差异具有统计学意义的变量年龄(3岁 = 1, 4岁 = 2, 5岁 = 3, 6岁 = 4)、父/母饮用(未饮用 = 0，饮用 = 1)作为自变量，以幼儿饮用(未饮用 = 0，饮用 = 1)为因变量进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果显示：在控制年龄的情况下，父/母果蔬汁饮料饮用(OR = 0.436, 95% CI = 0.358~0.529; OR = 0.177, 95% CI = 0.145~0.215)是幼儿饮用的影响因素，父母饮用果蔬汁饮料的幼儿饮用频次更高。见表3。

Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of fruit and vegetable juice beverage drinking frequency of preschool-age children (n = 3297

自变量	参照组	β	SE	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值	95% CI
年龄3岁	6岁	−0.325	0.148	4.838	0.028	0.723	0.541~0.965
4岁		−0.096	0.132	0.536	0.464	0.908	0.702~1.175
5岁		−0.064	0.133	0.231	0.631	0.938	0.723~1.217
父亲未饮用	饮用	−0.831	0.099	69.782	0.000	0.436	0.358~0.529
母亲未饮用	饮用	−1.734	0.101	295.963	0.000	0.177	0.145~0.215

表3. 幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次影响因素的Logistic回归分析(n = 3297)

4. 讨论

本研究发现，幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次为53.0%，与2018年北京市某区幼儿饮用频次52.22%基本一致 [ 13 ]；幼儿父亲果蔬汁饮料饮用率为44.4%，母亲饮用率为43.9%，高于2012年成人饮用率18.9% [ 14 ]，呈明显上升趋势，这可能是因为，幼儿父母误认为果蔬汁饮料营养丰富、有利健康，却忽视了其含糖量及对身心健康可能造成的危害 [ 1 ]。《关于实施健康中国行动的意见》指出，一般人群提倡饮用白开水或茶水，少喝含糖饮料 [ 15 ]，但本调查结果发现超过半数幼儿、超过四成幼儿父母会饮用果蔬汁饮料，这不利于健康中国行动的落实，应该引起社会关注，加强面向大众的饮料消费教育；特别是幼儿园要加强面向幼儿和家长的教育。

本调查结果显示，不同年龄幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次存在显著差异，3岁幼儿饮用频次显著低于4~6岁幼儿，且随着年龄增加而上升，6岁幼儿饮用频次最高。这可能是因为，随着幼儿年龄增长，在饮食喜好上会有更多自我主张，果蔬汁饮料甜的口味会吸引幼儿消费，他们会主动要求父母给他们购买果蔬汁饮料 [ 16 ]；相对于碳酸饮料，父母会认为果蔬汁饮料对幼儿健康有益，因此，会满足幼儿需求，更愿意为其购买果蔬汁饮料。

本调查结果显示，父母果蔬汁饮料饮用频次是幼儿饮用频次的影响因素，父母饮用果蔬汁饮料的幼儿会更多饮用果蔬汁饮料；这和对中小学生含糖饮料消费研究结果一致 [ 17 ]。首先，父母言传身教在儿童饮食行为习惯养成上有重要影响 [ 18 ]；父母是幼儿的主要照护人，父母饮用果蔬汁饮料会使幼儿对其产生饮用兴趣，他们会潜移默化地模仿父母的饮料消费行为，当父母喝果蔬汁饮料时，幼儿会和父母一起分享；而口味是儿童选择饮品的主要依据，果蔬汁饮料的甜味会吸引幼儿持续消费。其次，幼儿喝的饮料多由父母准备 [ 17 ]；饮用果蔬汁饮料的父母会给家里采购该类饮料，这会直接增加幼儿果蔬汁饮料的饮用频次。

综上所述，父母饮用果蔬汁饮料是幼儿饮用的影响因素，幼儿园在对幼儿开展饮料消费引导和教育时，应通过家长会、家长学校、校园公众号等途径引导幼儿父母督促幼儿远离果蔬汁饮料。1) 向幼儿家长科普果蔬汁饮料属于含糖饮料，过量饮用会危害幼儿身心健康，引导家长让幼儿摄入新鲜蔬菜及水果，不买或少买果蔬汁饮料。2) 鼓励家长给幼儿树立良好的饮料消费榜样，应不喝或少喝饮料。3) 对家长宣讲与饮料消费相关的指导意见，鼓励家长积极落实，如《中国居民膳食指南》提出，少喝含糖饮料，每天喝1500~1700毫升白开水 [ 2 ]；《关于实施健康中国行动的意见》指出，一般人群提倡饮用白开水或茶水，少喝含糖饮料 [ 15 ]。

基金项目

教育部人文社会科学研究项目《互联网时代青少年危险行为产生的心理机制研究》(20XJA190002)；永川区社会事业和民生保障项目《永川区青少年危险行为筛查预警及积极干预技术体系的开发与应用》(Ycstc2020cc1301)；永川区科技局制度创新项目《永川区大学生危险行为积极教育策略构建与应用》(2021YC-zdcx20010)。

文章引用

何玲玲,潘其兰,胡春梅. 重庆市3~6岁幼儿果蔬汁饮料饮用频次与父母饮用的关系Relationship between the Drinking Frequency of Fruit and Vegetable Juice Beverage of Preschool-Age Children Aged 3~6 and Their Parents Drinking[J]. 统计学与应用, 2022, 11(04): 961-966. https://doi.org/10.12677/SA.2022.114099

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