鹅不食草作为一种应用前景广阔的中药,在国内临床中多用于鼻咽癌、病毒性感染、软组织损伤等疾病的治疗。近年来。过敏性鼻炎在我国各年龄段人群普遍多发,患者除鼻腔感到不适之外,过敏性鼻炎还可能导致出现一系列并发症,如哮喘、鼻窦炎、结膜炎等,给人们的生活带来了极大的影响。相比采用外科手术和西药治疗,现临床治疗上更倾向于使用中药进行过敏性鼻炎的治疗。在国内的古方和少数民族药方中,鹅不食草是治疗过敏性鼻炎的一味常见药,全草可以直接入药,也可与辛夷花,苍耳子等其他中药进行配伍联合治疗鼻炎。随着检测手段和设备的发展,鹅不食草的化学成分及其药理活性逐渐阐明。本文就鹅不食草中的化学成分研究及鹅不食草在治疗过敏性鼻炎中的作用机理进行综述。 As a kind of traditional Chinese medicine with broad application prospects, Centipeda minima is mostly used in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, viral infection, soft tissue injury and other diseases in domestic clinical practice. In recent years, allergic rhinitis is common in people of all ages in China. In addition to nasal discomfort, patients with allergic rhinitis may also lead to a series of complications, such as asthma, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, etc., which have a great impact on people’s lives. Compared with surgery and Western medicine, the current clinical treatment is more inclined to use traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Among the ancient prescriptions and ethnic minority prescriptions in China, Centipeda minima is a common medicine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The whole herb can be directly used as medicine, and can also be combined with magnolia flower, Fructus Xanthii and other traditional Chinese medicines to treat rhinitis. With the development of detection methods and equipment, the chemical components and pharmacological activities of Centipeda minima are gradually clarified. In this paper, the chemical constituents of Centipeda minima and the mechanism of Centipeda minima in the treatment of allergic rhinitis were reviewed.
鹅不食草作为一种应用前景广阔的中药,在国内临床中多用于鼻咽癌、病毒性感染、软组织损伤等疾病的治疗。近年来。过敏性鼻炎在我国各年龄段人群普遍多发,患者除鼻腔感到不适之外,过敏性鼻炎还可能导致出现一系列并发症,如哮喘、鼻窦炎、结膜炎等,给人们的生活带来了极大的影响。相比采用外科手术和西药治疗,现临床治疗上更倾向于使用中药进行过敏性鼻炎的治疗。在国内的古方和少数民族药方中,鹅不食草是治疗过敏性鼻炎的一味常见药,全草可以直接入药,也可与辛夷花,苍耳子等其他中药进行配伍联合治疗鼻炎。随着检测手段和设备的发展,鹅不食草的化学成分及其药理活性逐渐阐明。本文就鹅不食草中的化学成分研究及鹅不食草在治疗过敏性鼻炎中的作用机理进行综述。
鹅不食草,化学成分,过敏性鼻炎,提取物,研究进展
Tengrong Huang*, Wenying Zheng*, Liyan Wu#, Yuru Gan
School of Pharmacy Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai Guangdong
Received: Jul. 23rd, 2022; accepted: Aug. 8th, 2022; published: Aug. 24th, 2022
As a kind of traditional Chinese medicine with broad application prospects, Centipeda minima is mostly used in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, viral infection, soft tissue injury and other diseases in domestic clinical practice. In recent years, allergic rhinitis is common in people of all ages in China. In addition to nasal discomfort, patients with allergic rhinitis may also lead to a series of complications, such as asthma, sinusitis, conjunctivitis, etc., which have a great impact on people’s lives. Compared with surgery and Western medicine, the current clinical treatment is more inclined to use traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Among the ancient prescriptions and ethnic minority prescriptions in China, Centipeda minima is a common medicine for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The whole herb can be directly used as medicine, and can also be combined with magnolia flower, Fructus Xanthii and other traditional Chinese medicines to treat rhinitis. With the development of detection methods and equipment, the chemical components and pharmacological activities of Centipeda minima are gradually clarified. In this paper, the chemical constituents of Centipeda minima and the mechanism of Centipeda minima in the treatment of allergic rhinitis were reviewed.
Keywords:Centipeda minima, Chemical Constituents, Allergic Rhinitis, Extract, Research Progress
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过敏性鼻炎(Allergic Rhinitis, AR)又称变应性鼻炎,是由过敏源导致鼻腔粘膜感性提高,导致鼻粘膜出现病变的一种疾病,主要症状为突然性和具有较大反复发作性的鼻塞、打喷嚏、鼻痒系列症状 [
在现代医药行业发展背景下,经过前期大数据调研及文献检索,发现过敏性鼻炎患者占据我国总人口的18%以上。近年来,过敏性鼻炎的发病率有明显升高的趋势,这与全球环境污染,尤其是空气污染密切相关。欧洲国家的数据曾显示,儿童疑似过敏性鼻炎的发病率高达25%,成人疑似过敏性鼻炎的发病率高达40%,最终确诊的占据人口的26.5%。保守估计,目前全球的过敏性鼻炎患者已超过5亿人。
过敏性鼻炎除影响生活质量外,还可能出现一些并发症,如哮喘、鼻窦炎、结膜炎和咽鼓管功能障碍等。同时,还与慢性阻塞性肺病、胃食管返流、支气管扩张和睡眠暂停综合征等其他呼吸系统疾病相关联 [
本文通过总结近十年来相关的鹅不食草化学成分与药理研究,通过总结各学者对鹅不食草与过敏性鼻炎的研究发现,综述出本文。鹅不食草中药材图如图1所示。
中药鹅不食草[Centipeda minima (L.) A. Br. et Aschers.],别名:石胡荽、满天星、球子草等,是菊科植物石胡荽属的干燥全草,其收载于中国药典2015年版一部。鹅不食草广泛分布于除西北以外我国各省,主要产区为江浙地区、湖北、广东等。鹅不食草味辛、性温,具有发散风寒、通鼻窍、止咳的功效,多用于治疗风寒头痛、咳嗽痰多、鼻塞不通、鼻渊流涕等症状 [
图1. 鹅不食草药材图
上达头脑,而治顶痛目病,通鼻气而落癔肉。据相关研究显示,鹅不食草药材中化学成分主要为挥发油、甾醇类、三萜类、黄酮类等化合物 [
过敏性鼻炎治疗最简单的治疗方法是让患者本身远离过敏原,但对于粉尘过敏或是花粉过敏难以根治,大部分患者更乐意考虑使用药物治疗AR。通常情况下,西药治疗AR比较普遍,临床上会使用各类药物包括抗组胺药物、糖皮质激素等一线药物进行治疗,还有抗白三烯药、减充血剂等少量二线药物。我国过敏性鼻炎治疗药物主要包括抗组胺剂和鼻皮质激素,占据了97%以上的市场,剩余不足3%的市场份额主要由减鼻充血药物占据 [
《本草汇言》:石胡妥,利九窍,通鼻气之药也。其味辛烈,其气辛熏,其性升散,能通肺经,上达头脑,故主齁蛤痰喘,气闭不通,鼻塞鼻痔,胀闷不利,去目中翳障,并头中寒邪、头风脑痛诸疾,皆取辛温升散之功也。
一般民间治疗慢性鼻窦炎或者过敏性鼻炎是用新鲜的鹅不食草捣烂塞鼻或鹅不食草捣烂取汁滴鼻,或者与辛夷煎浓水滴鼻,或将鹅不食草研成细粉吸入鼻孔,每日数次。也有以鹅不食草浸入米酒中进行鼻炎治疗的验方 [
鹅不食草可治小儿鼻炎,取鹅不食草5 g,用一碗水煎成小半碗。取少许滴鼻,每侧每次1~2滴;剩下药液一次性喝完。每日1次,一般3~5次即可见效。因鹅不食草对胃肠道有一定刺激性,大剂量单味水煎服可引起急性腹痛、胃脘不适、恶心、呕吐等,气虚胃弱者忌用,胃溃疡及胃炎患者慎用。
挥发油是一种油状液体,其特点是具有特殊的芳香气味,无色或淡黄色,常温下有一定的挥发性 [
多位学者对挥发油进行了动物实验,利用豚鼠较易诱导过敏性鼻炎的特性,从而建立豚鼠过敏性鼻炎模型来研究挥发油的实际功效。如刘志刚 [
黄酮类化合物(槲皮素-3、31-二甲酯、槲皮素-3-甲酯、槲皮素-3-7、31-二甲酯、槲皮素-3、7、31、41-四甲酯、芹菜、桔黄素等)可显著降低组胺引起的毛细血管渗透性,发挥肿胀作用,缓解鼻炎鼻粘膜肿胀引起的鼻塞 [
张鑫 [
对鹅不食草的有效成分研究中有关挥发油的研究是最多且较为清晰的,其次是对黄酮类化合物的了解,除开以上两点提到的组分,鹅不食草提取液中含有其他未知组分。而上述两点对AR的机理研究,均是在对鹅不食草提取液成分进行其他操作中验明的相关已知成分提取与提纯,其他学者则直接以鹅不食草的提取液进行实验。蔡杏粧将鹅不食草的水、乙醇、石油醚提取液进行对照实验,结果证明了提取液效果为乙醇提取组 > 石油醚提取组 > 水提取组 [
鹅不食草为常用中药,其资源丰富,药理作用广泛,具有抗过敏、抗炎、抗菌、抗肿瘤等药理活性 [
感谢珠海科技学院药学与食品科学学院吴丽艳老师以及其他项目成员的指导和帮助。
本项目由珠海科技学院大学生创新训练项目“鹅不食草鼻用喷雾剂的研制”资助。
黄腾荣,郑文颖,吴丽艳,甘雨铷. 中药鹅不食草中有效成分对过敏性鼻炎药理作用研究进展Research Progress of the Pharmacological Action of the Effective Components in Centipeda minima on Allergic Rhinitis[J]. 药物化学, 2022, 10(03): 292-297. https://doi.org/10.12677/HJMCe.2022.103030