ACM Advances in Clinical Medicine 2161-8712 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/ACM.2022.1281009 ACM-54324 ACM20220800000_79585682.pdf 医药卫生 小细胞肺癌的靶向与免疫治疗相关研究 Research on Targeting and Immunotherapy of Small Cell Lung Cancer 皓悦 2 1 延玲 2 1 延安大学附属医院,陕西 延安 null 01 08 2022 12 08 7005 7011 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC)是一类具有内分泌功能的高度恶性肿瘤,主要表现为生长分数高、倍增时间短,五年生存率较低,其一线化疗方案多年无明显变化,主要为铂类联合依托泊苷,且易产生耐药和复发,因此,小细胞肺癌的靶向治疗和免疫治疗进展成为研究新热点。免疫治疗主要集中于免疫检查点抑制剂、P53肿瘤疫苗及IFN,其中免疫检查点抑制剂治疗SCLC最有发展前景。靶向治疗药物主要有DDR通路抑制剂、Aurora激酶抑制剂、抗血管生成药物、抗体–药物偶联物、抗凋亡蛋白抑制剂以及RNA聚合酶II抑制剂等临床试验正在进行中。本文将SCLC的靶向与免疫治疗目前研究状况综述如下,为SCLC的治疗提供新思路。 Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a kind of malignant tumor with endocrine function, which is mainly characterized by high growth fraction, short doubling time, low five-year survival rate, and its first-line chemotherapy regimen has not changed significantly for many years. It is mainly platinum combined with etoposide, and is prone to drug resistance and recurrence. Therefore, the progress of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for small cell lung cancer has become a new research hotspot. Immunotherapy mainly focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors, P53 tumor vaccines and IFNs, among which immune checkpoint inhibitors have the most promising development prospects for SCLC. Targeted therapeutic drugs mainly include DDR pathway inhibitors, Aurora kinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic drugs, anti-body drug conjugates, anti-apoptotic protein inhibitors, RNA polymer-ase inhibitors and other clinical trials are in progress. In this paper, the current research status of SCLC targeting and immunotherapy is summarized as follows, which provides new ideas for the treatment of SCLC.

小细胞肺癌,靶向治疗,免疫治疗, Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Targeted Therapy Immunotherapy
摘要

小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC)是一类具有内分泌功能的高度恶性肿瘤,主要表现为生长分数高、倍增时间短,五年生存率较低,其一线化疗方案多年无明显变化,主要为铂类联合依托泊苷,且易产生耐药和复发,因此,小细胞肺癌的靶向治疗和免疫治疗进展成为研究新热点。免疫治疗主要集中于免疫检查点抑制剂、P53肿瘤疫苗及IFN,其中免疫检查点抑制剂治疗SCLC最有发展前景。靶向治疗药物主要有DDR通路抑制剂、Aurora激酶抑制剂、抗血管生成药物、抗体–药物偶联物、抗凋亡蛋白抑制剂以及RNA聚合酶II抑制剂等临床试验正在进行中。本文将SCLC的靶向与免疫治疗目前研究状况综述如下,为SCLC的治疗提供新思路。

关键词

小细胞肺癌,靶向治疗,免疫治疗

Research on Targeting and Immunotherapy of Small Cell Lung Cancer<sup> </sup>

Haoyue Wang, Yanling Du*

Affiliated Hospital of Yan’an University, Yan’an Shaanxi

Received: Jun. 28th, 2022; accepted: Jul. 27th, 2022; published: Aug. 3rd, 2022

ABSTRACT

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a kind of malignant tumor with endocrine function, which is mainly characterized by high growth fraction, short doubling time, low five-year survival rate, and its first-line chemotherapy regimen has not changed significantly for many years. It is mainly platinum combined with etoposide, and is prone to drug resistance and recurrence. Therefore, the progress of targeted therapy and immunotherapy for small cell lung cancer has become a new research hotspot. Immunotherapy mainly focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors, P53 tumor vaccines and IFNs, among which immune checkpoint inhibitors have the most promising development prospects for SCLC. Targeted therapeutic drugs mainly include DDR pathway inhibitors, Aurora kinase inhibitors, anti-angiogenic drugs, anti-body drug conjugates, anti-apoptotic protein inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors and other clinical trials are in progress. In this paper, the current research status of SCLC targeting and immunotherapy is summarized as follows, which provides new ideas for the treatment of SCLC.

Keywords:Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC), Targeted Therapy, Immunotherapy

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 小细胞肺癌的治疗现状

小细胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer, SCLC)是一种生长分数高、倍增时间短、具有神经内分泌功能的一类肺恶性肿瘤,绝大多数患者就诊时已被诊断为晚期,且五年生存率较低、预后较差 [ 1 ]。近30年来被批准应用于SCLC治疗的方案无明显变化,一线化疗方案主要是铂类联合依托泊苷 [ 2 ],而往往初治患者较为敏感,但耐药和复发的几率很高 [ 3 ]。二线方案目前主要采用拓扑替康,是多个国家认可的标准药物。但针对SCLC的治疗方式仍无明显突破 [ 4 ]。然而,近年来随着靶向治疗与免疫治疗的发展,为SCLC的治疗提供了更多的选择。现目前已有多种靶向治疗及免疫治疗应用于SCLC的研究 [ 5 ],虽然其疗效仍存在争议,但这些或可为临床治疗SCLC提供相关理论和依据。

2. 靶向治疗相关研究 2.1. DNA损伤应答(DNA damage response, DDR)通路抑制剂

DDR是指当细胞受到外源性或内源性的因素干扰而出现复制应激或造成DNA损伤时,细胞激活细胞周期检查点来阻断细胞周期进程,促进细胞DNA修复 [ 6 ]。而DDR抑制剂的抗肿瘤机制则正是通过调节细胞周期,从而阻止DNA修复,造成DNA损伤的累积,因此诱发肿瘤细胞的衰老与凋亡。研究表明,在SCLC患者中,抑癌基因P53和RB1广泛突变,在该基因突变的背景下,原癌基因Myc异常激活,最终使SCLC快速增殖和复制应激。因此只能通过细胞周期检查点进行细胞周期的阻滞以及DNA的损伤应答 [ 7 ]。在DNA损伤应答的过程中,参与细胞周期的激酶则是相应的抗肿瘤靶点,而聚腺苷二磷酸核糖多聚酶(poly ADP ribose polymerase, PARP)则是一种参与DNA损伤应答的蛋白。有相关研究表明尽管PARP抑制剂在治疗SCLC上取得治疗进展,然而,PARP抑制剂在单一治疗中的疗效是有限的。一项实验结果表明,veliparib联合传统EP方案治疗SCLC有较好的效果,128例广泛期SCLC患者分别联合veliparib和安慰剂治疗,联合veliparib的患者中位无进展生存期(median progression-free survival, mPFS)及中位总生存期(median overall survival, mOS)分别为6.2个月和10.2个月,联合安慰剂患者mPFS为5.6个月,mOS为9.0个月 [ 8 ]。在许多其他实体肿瘤研究中,PARP抑制剂联合DNA损伤剂替莫唑胺发挥协同作用 [ 9 ]。另一项研究表明,50例I/II期复发的SCLC患者采用Olaparib联合替莫唑胺治疗,整体缓解率(overall response rate, ORR) 41.7%,mPFS与mOS分别为4.2个月、8.5个月,效果较单药显著 [ 10 ]。这或许提示我们DDR通路抑制剂联合化疗的治疗方案为SCLC患者提供了新选择。

2.2. 丝氨酸–苏氨酸蛋白酶(Aurora激酶)抑制剂

在正常细胞周期G2、M期时,Aurora激酶可以干扰细胞的核查功能,使得存在DNA损伤的细胞成功进入有丝分裂期,导致形成异常纺锤丝 [ 11 ],影响细胞质分离,形成多倍体。而Aurora激酶在肿瘤细胞高表达,抑制P53通路,使得凋亡过程受阻,从而使异常的细胞得以生存。有相关研究表明,在SCLC中存在MYC基因激活,而MYC作为该酶的转录调节因子,影响其表达 [ 8 ],因此,高MYC表达的SCLC易受Aurora激酶抑制剂的抑制。有一项关于阿利色替的研究分别纳入复发或难治性SCLC分为观察组与对照组各89人,其中观察组给予紫杉醇联合阿利色替,对照组给予紫杉醇联合安慰剂,结果表明观察组的平均PFS为101天,而对照组为66天,观察组的ORR为22%,对照组为18% [ 12 ]。该研究结果表明,阿利色替存在治疗SCLC的应用前景。

2.3. 抗血管生成药

肿瘤的间质细胞的起着供应营养与支持肿瘤实质的作用,主要由结缔组织和血管组成,抗血管生成药物主要在于抑制肿瘤对新生血管的生成,从而发挥抑制肿瘤细胞生长和转移的作用。同时可使肿瘤现存血管减少,切断肿瘤组织的营养供应,使现存血管正常化,降低肿瘤间质细胞的压力,促进化疗药物向肿瘤的输送,提高疗效。意大利的一项临床试验包括205名广泛期SCLC的患者,予以贝伐珠单抗联合EP方案治疗,结果分析表明,联合组PFS、OS分别为6.7个月、9.8个月,相比较于化疗组的5.7个月、8.9个月有所延长 [ 13 ],ORR和PFS有明显改善。阿帕替尼是一种小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,通过高度选择性地与血管内皮细胞生长因子受体2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, VEGFR-2)结合,从而抑制VEGFR的磷酸化,达到阻断其信号通路的目的,起到抗血管生成作用 [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ],有资料表明在SCLC三线及以上的治疗中疗效尚可,疾病控制率(disease control rate, DCR)达81.81%,ORR达18.2%,mPFS为2.8个月。盐酸安罗替尼是我国自主研发的一种多靶点药物,可同时抑制血管内皮细胞生长因子受体(VEGFR)、血小板衍生生长因子受体(platelet-derived growth factor receptor, PDGFR)及Ⅲ型受体酪氨酸激酶(c-Kit,又名CD117)等,具有抗肿瘤血管生成及抑制肿瘤生长的双重作用 [ 17 ] [ 18 ],是近十几年来在治疗SCLC领域首次获批的,可用于SCLC患者三线及三线以上的抗血管生成药。关于安罗替尼治疗三线及以上SCLC患者的实验中共有120名患者被随机分配到安罗替尼组和安慰剂组,mPFS分别为4.3个月、0.7个月,mOS分别7.3个月和4.9个月,DCR为71.6%远优于安慰剂组的13.2%,结果表明安罗替尼优越的疗效 [ 19 ]。

2.4. 抗体–药物偶联物

抗体–药物偶联物通过其抗体来特异性结合识别系统肿瘤组织细胞结构表面的抗原,通过偶联的高效小分子细胞毒药物来靶向的杀死肿瘤细胞 [ 20 ] [ 21 ]。Rova-T是通过抗体识别肿瘤细胞,细胞毒性药物被定向到肿瘤细胞的内部,以杀死肿瘤细胞。有研究表明,74例复发SCLC患者,有61例可评估疗效,其中25%可达到完全缓解(complete response, CR)或部分缓解(partial response, PR),72%患者达到稳定(stable disease, SD) [ 22 ],该研究表明Rova-T对治疗SCLC有一定的疗效。IMMU-132是Trop-2与SN-38的偶联物。Trop-2是肿瘤细胞表面高表达的一种糖蛋白 [ 23 ],可以识别肿瘤细胞,从而将SN-38即伊立替康的活性代谢产物送入肿瘤组织,起到有效杀灭肿瘤组织细胞的作用 [ 24 ]。一项研究包括53例SCLC患者,其中肿瘤缩小的为61%,mPFS为3.8个月,mOS为7.0个月 [ 24 ]。其他临床研究显示,IMMU-132可用于一线含铂方案和二线拓扑替康方案治疗失败的转移性SCLC患者。研究表明CD56在SCLC上高表达 [ 25 ],而Promiximab作为一种新型抗CD56抗体,通过偶联一种DNA烷化剂Duocarmvcin作为治疗SCLC的一种新型靶向治疗方式。

2.5. 抗凋亡蛋白抑制剂

细胞凋亡是细胞在接受某种信号刺激后出现的程序化死亡,其中Bcl-2起着重要的抑制细胞凋亡的作用。因此,抗凋亡蛋白抑制剂即是对肿瘤细胞高表达的Bcl-2的抗凋亡作用的有效抑制,恢复凋亡作用,增加对放化疗的敏感性 [ 26 ]。

2.6. RNA聚合酶II抑制剂

RNA聚合酶II抑制剂在肿瘤细胞转录过程中过度激活,导致细胞畸变、凋亡和增殖减少 [ 27 ]。2018年,美国临床肿瘤学会(American society of clinical oncology, ASCO)公布鲁比卡丁用于治疗进展的SCLC患者的数据,ORR达39.3%,mOS达11.8个月。有其他相关研究纳入105名患者接受治疗,中位随访时间为17.1个月,37例出现总体缓解,ORR为35.2%。鲁比卡丁或可成为治疗一线含铂方案治疗后进展的SCLC患者的新化疗方案。

3. 免疫治疗相关研究 3.1. 免疫检查点抑制剂 3.1.1. 细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, CTLA-4)抑制剂

CTLA-4也被称为CD152,是一种蛋白受体和免疫原性检查点,负责下调免疫系统应答,其表达几乎完全发生在CD4+和CD8+T细胞上。CTLA-4抑制剂通过阻断CTLA-4与CD80和CD86结合从而降低免疫抑制的作用,恢复T细胞的抗肿瘤活性 [ 28 ]。一项研究结果提示,Ipilimumab联合化疗组和单纯化疗组的客观缓解率、mPFS无明显差异,但联合化疗组的mOS为17个月,明显优于单纯化疗组的13.3个月 [ 29 ]。Tremelimumab也是CTLA-4抑制剂,在一项研究中表明,相比于单纯EP方案来说,Durvalumab联合EP化疗方案可明显改善广泛期SCLC患者OS,在此基础上增加Tremelimumab可使得患者生存获益 [ 30 ]。

3.1.2. 程序性死亡受体-1 (programmed cell death1, PDCD1, 也称PD-1)/程序性死亡配体1 (programmed death ligand-1, PD-L1)抑制剂

PD-1是一种免疫球蛋白,PD-L1广泛表达于肿瘤细胞表面。当PD-1与其主要配体结合后,对其下游信号释放负性作用,使得T细胞的活化受到抑制,这导致调节性T细胞(Treg细胞)的增殖,肿瘤细胞抗原耐受,免疫功能下降,最终发生肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸 [ 31 ]。而PD-1抑制剂阻断了这种负性调控信号的作用,使得T细胞可以成功的分化为成熟T细胞,以达到去除肿瘤细胞的目的。有研究证明,在复发的SCLC患者的治疗中Nivolumab疗效尚可,且有着较好的耐受性。与美国目前的标准治疗相比较,Nivolumab作为SCLC的三线方案可以显著的延长患者的OS [ 32 ]。还有一种有Durvalumab,CASPIAN研究表明Durvalumab联合EP方案治疗SCLC患者的mOS为13.0个月,对比单纯使用化疗方案的OS 10.3个月有明显提高,可延长患者的生存时间,且联合方案的安全性与单纯化疗相比较几乎无差别 [ 33 ]。在2020年,FDA批准Durvalumab与铂类、依托泊苷联合,作为广泛期SCLC的一线治疗方案 [ 34 ],目前Durvalumab已被美国国家综合癌症网络肿瘤学临床实践指南推荐为SCLC一线治疗方案的首选,而中国临床肿瘤学会指南对其作为一线方案为Ⅲ级推荐。除Durvalumab外,还有Atezolizumab可应用于广泛期SCLC,且有明显疗效。研究表明Atezolizumab用于广泛期SCLC患者可明显提高患者的OS [ 35 ]。另有一项IMpower133研究表明,Atezolizumab联合EP化疗方案与安慰剂联合化疗方案的PFS分别为5.2个月、4.3个月,mOS分别为12.3个月和10.3个月,提示联合方案有明显的疗效 [ 36 ]。还有其他的PD-L1抑制剂Pembrolizumab,在SCLC患者中存在PD-L1高表达的,有较高的抗肿瘤活性。相关实验表明Pembrolizumab + 卡铂/依托泊苷组治疗方案,患者mPFS为4.5个月,mOS为10.8个月,较对照组有显著疗效 [ 37 ]。这些相关研究数据无一不表明,免疫检查点抑制剂在治疗SCLC方面有很大希望。

3.2. P53肿瘤疫苗

SCLC患者广泛存在抑癌基因P53的突变,其中大约有90%的患者存在突变的、过表达的P53蛋白,使得细胞毒性T淋巴细胞可以特异性识别突变的肿瘤细胞 [ 38 ],从而选择性的杀死肿瘤细胞。INGN-225是一种被P53修饰过的由腺病毒转录的树突状细胞疫苗,有一项II期前研究表明,INGN-225可以诱导显著的免疫应答,可使得之后的化疗敏感,且安全性较高 [ 39 ]。目前的相关研究数据较少,但P53肿瘤疫苗表现出的安全性及疗效令人振奋。

3.3. 干扰素(interferon, IFN)

干扰素是一种细胞因子,由单核细胞和淋巴细胞产生,可以增强自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)、巨噬细胞和T淋巴细胞的活力,从而可以起到免疫调节的作用,具有抗血管生成的作用,可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。根据德国的一项实验表明,INF-α联合化疗方案(卡铂 + 依托泊苷 + 异环磷酰胺)对于治疗局限期SCLC患者的mOS为10.3个月,较单用常规化疗方案患者mOS的10个月有所提高 [ 40 ],但更多的患者在联合组的药物毒性高于化疗组,因此,使用INF治疗小细胞肺癌还有待进一步研究。

4. 小结与展望

小细胞肺癌的治疗方案过去十几年甚至几十年都未曾有过变化,但随着人们对SCLC的相关遗传、病理、突变等机制研究的深入,探索出了许多新型靶向治疗及免疫治疗的方式,这些药物的相继问世无疑为SCLC患者带来了希望之光。而各项实验取得的喜人结果也为临床治疗SCLC提供了理论依据。

文章引用

王皓悦,杜延玲. 小细胞肺癌的靶向与免疫治疗相关研究Research on Targeting and Immunotherapy of Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(08): 7005-7011. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.1281009

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