目的:了解农村地区中学生不良心理状态与心肺耐力水平的关联,为改善农村地区青少年体质健康水平提供依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样方法,选取江西省上饶市2087名13~17岁初、高中学生为调查对象。分别采用中文版的9项抑郁症状量表(Patient health questionnaire-9 items, PHQ-9)和广泛性焦虑量表(Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, GAD-7)评估青少年抑郁、焦虑症状,同时问卷调查家庭情况和生活行为等基本信息,用20 m往返跑(20 m SRT)测试间接反映青少年心肺耐力水平。结果:农村中学生20 m SRT不合格与抑郁症状、焦虑症状、有留守经历以及三者之间的交互作用均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,在控制性别、年龄、是否吸烟、是否饮酒、早餐行为和体力活动情况后,中学生男生20 m SRT不合格情况与抑郁症状留守经历的交互作用呈正相关(OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.01~2.43)。结论:抑郁症状不仅影响青少年的心理健康,还表现出心肺耐力水平的下降,相关部门应采取相应措施预防和控制农村留守中学生抑郁症状的发生。 Objective: To understand the association between middle school students with poor mental status in rural areas and the level of cardiopulmonary fitness, so as to provide a basis for improving the physical health of adolescents in rural areas. Methods: With the method of random cluster sampling, 2087 students aged 13~17 in Shanrao City of Jiangxi Province were selected as the survey objects. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to evaluate the depression and anxiety of adolescents, and the basic information of family situation and life behaviors were investigated by questionnaire. The 20 m SRT test was used to indirectly reflect the level of cardiopulmonary fitness of adolescents. Results: The interaction between the 20 m SRT disqualification of rural middle school students and depression, anxiety, left-behind experience and the interaction among the three were of statistical significance (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that after controlling for gender, age, smoking, drinking, breakfast behavior and physical activity, the 20 m SRT disqualification of male middle school students was positively correlated with the interaction between depression and left-behind experience (OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.01~2.43). Conclusion: Depression not only affects the mental health of adolescents, but also shows a decline in the level of cardiopulmonary fitness. Relevant departments should take corresponding measures to prevent and control the occurrence of depression among rural left-behind middle school students.
目的:了解农村地区中学生不良心理状态与心肺耐力水平的关联,为改善农村地区青少年体质健康水平提供依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样方法,选取江西省上饶市2087名13~17岁初、高中学生为调查对象。分别采用中文版的9项抑郁症状量表(Patient health questionnaire-9 items, PHQ-9)和广泛性焦虑量表(Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, GAD-7)评估青少年抑郁、焦虑症状,同时问卷调查家庭情况和生活行为等基本信息,用20 m往返跑(20 m SRT)测试间接反映青少年心肺耐力水平。结果:农村中学生20 m SRT不合格与抑郁症状、焦虑症状、有留守经历以及三者之间的交互作用均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,在控制性别、年龄、是否吸烟、是否饮酒、早餐行为和体力活动情况后,中学生男生20 m SRT不合格情况与抑郁症状留守经历的交互作用呈正相关(OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.01~2.43)。结论:抑郁症状不仅影响青少年的心理健康,还表现出心肺耐力水平的下降,相关部门应采取相应措施预防和控制农村留守中学生抑郁症状的发生。
抑郁症状,焦虑症状,留守经历,心肺耐力,农村中学生
Guohua Liu, Jianfeng Zhou, Jiali Xu, Mian Sha, Jinkui Lu*
School of Sport, Shangrao Normal University, Shangrao Jiangxi
Received: May 14th, 2022; accepted: Jun. 20th, 2022; published: Jun. 27th, 2022
Objective: To understand the association between middle school students with poor mental status in rural areas and the level of cardiopulmonary fitness, so as to provide a basis for improving the physical health of adolescents in rural areas. Methods: With the method of random cluster sampling, 2087 students aged 13~17 in Shanrao City of Jiangxi Province were selected as the survey objects. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to evaluate the depression and anxiety of adolescents, and the basic information of family situation and life behaviors were investigated by questionnaire. The 20 m SRT test was used to indirectly reflect the level of cardiopulmonary fitness of adolescents. Results: The interaction between the 20 m SRT disqualification of rural middle school students and depression, anxiety, left-behind experience and the interaction among the three were of statistical significance (all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that after controlling for gender, age, smoking, drinking, breakfast behavior and physical activity, the 20 m SRT disqualification of male middle school students was positively correlated with the interaction between depression and left-behind experience (OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.01~2.43). Conclusion: Depression not only affects the mental health of adolescents, but also shows a decline in the level of cardiopulmonary fitness. Relevant departments should take corresponding measures to prevent and control the occurrence of depression among rural left-behind middle school students.
Keywords:Depression, Anxiety, Left-Behind Experience, Cardiopulmonary Fitness, Rural Middle School Students
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心肺耐力指标是衡量和评价青少年体质健康的核心要素,因为心肺耐力综合反映了人体摄取、转运和利用氧的能力 [
本研究于2019年3月~2019年5月在江西省上饶市进行调查,对象为初中和高中13~17岁中学生。采用分层整群随机抽样的方法进行,每县抽取4所学校(县城和乡镇各2所学校,包括初中和高中两学段中学);在每所学校各年级随机抽取2班级,55人/班,人数不足的从邻近班抽取。合计2200人,有效问卷为2087有,有效率为94.9%,其中男生为1102人(52.8%),女生为985人(47.2%)。
调查以班级为单位。调查人员为体育专业大三、大四学生,经过为期1周的培训,调查人员说明调查目的和问卷填写的注意事项,并强调匿名、保密和自愿参加的原则开始调查,当场发放问卷,当场收回。
用20 m往返跑测试成绩间接地测算出学生心肺耐力水平受国内外多项研究证实其有效性和可靠性 [
自编问卷进行调查,问卷包括人口学和生活行为基本情况、抑郁症状量表、焦虑症状量表。包括性别、年龄、是否具有留守经历(父母双方或一方其中的任一方,现在或曾经因外出不能共同生活时长达到或超过6个月),家庭月总收入(≤2000元、2001~5000元、5001~8000元、≥8001元)、体力活动情况(每天是否有剧烈体力活动;每天是否有适度体力活动)、电视/电脑时间(不看、1小时以内、1.1~3小时、3小时以上)、早餐行为[根本不吃、有时吃(1周1~3次)、经常吃(1周4次以上)]、是否吸烟(平均每天吸烟1支以上,连续或累计6个月);是否饮酒(平均每天喝酒1杯以上,连续或累计6个月);问卷主体部分Cronbach α系数分别为0.87,信效度良好。
抑郁症状评估采用2013年《美国精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第5版(DSM-5)推荐使用的病人健康问卷-9 (Patient health questionnaire, PHQ-9)作为抑郁症状评估量表 [
焦虑症状运用广泛性焦虑量表(Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, GAD-7) [
使用软件EpiData3.1建立数据库并设置核查程序,双盲录入所有数据。应用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析,采用c2检验比较农村中学生不同人口统计学特征与20 m SRT合格与不合格检出率关联;再采用c检验比较农村中学生20 m SRT不合格状况与抑郁、焦虑症状及留守经历及其交互作用的关联;运用二元Logistic回归分析抑郁症状、焦虑症状、留守经历及其相乘交互作用与农村中学生20 m SRT不合格状况的关联强度。因变量赋值:以20 m SRT合格(参照)、不合格;自变量的赋值方法如下:无抑郁症状(参照)、有;无焦虑症状(参照)、有;无留守经历(参照),有;无(抑郁症状 × 焦虑症状) (参照)、有;无(抑郁症状 × 焦虑症状) (参照)、有;无(抑郁症状 × 有留守经历) (参照)、有;无(焦虑症状 × 有留守经历) (参照)、有;无(抑郁症状 × 焦虑症状 × 有留守经历) (参照)、有。检验水准α = 0.05。
由表1可见,在有效回收总人数2087人中,农村中学生20 m SRT不合格率为65.4% (1364/2087),(男,72.6%;女,57.3%)。合格率为34.6% (723/2087) (男,27.4%;女,42.7%)。由此可见,农村中学生20 m SRT的不合格检出率(65.4%)明显高于合格检出率(34.6%)。除家庭月总收入和电视/电脑时间之外,20 m SRT合格情况与性别(c2= 54.030)、年龄(c2= 14.651)、是否吸烟(c2= 10.18)、是否饮酒(c2= 5.704)、早餐行为(c2= 12.385)、剧烈体育活动状况(c2= 4.035)以及适度体育活动状况(c2= 4.167)之间存在显著性差异(P值均<0.05)。
由表2可见,农村中学生中有焦虑症状、抑郁症、留守经历的青少年及其交互作用均与20 m SRT不合格检出率存在显著性差异(P值均<0.05)。且有留守经历、抑郁症 × 焦虑症、抑郁症 × 有留守经历这三个变量的不合格检出率较高,分别为69.0% (612/887)、69.7% (115/165)、69.3% (217/313)。见表3。
人数 | 不合格人数 | 合格人数 | c2值 | P值 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
性别 | 54.030 | 0.000 | |||
男 | 1102 | 800 (72.6) | 302 (27.4) | ||
女 | 985 | 564 (57.3) | 421 (42.7) | ||
年龄 | 14.651 | 0.005 | |||
13 | 330 | 229 (69.4) | 101 (30.6) | ||
14 | 415 | 265 (63.9) | 150 (36.1) | ||
15 | 411 | 239 (58.2) | 172 (41.8) | ||
16 | 429 | 292 (68.1) | 137 (31.9) | ||
17 | 502 | 339 (67.5) | 163 (32.5) | ||
家庭月总收入(元) | 4.792 | 0.188 | |||
2000以内 | 175 | 118 (67.4) | 57 (32.6) | ||
2001~5000 | 826 | 547 (66.2) | 279 (33.8) | ||
5001~8000 | 706 | 440 (62.3) | 266 (37.7) | ||
8000以上 | 380 | 259 (68.2) | 121 (31.8) | ||
是否吸烟 | 10.18 | 0.047 | |||
是 | 48 | 36 (75.0) | 12 (25.0) | ||
否 | 2039 | 1328 (65.1) | 711 (34.9) | ||
是否饮酒 | 5.704 | 0.017 | |||
是 | 235 | 170 (72.3) | 65 (27.5) | ||
否 | 1852 | 1194 (64.5) | 658 (35.5) | ||
电视/电脑时间/d | 4.009 | 0.261 | |||
不看 | 1035 | 672 (64.9) | 363 (35.1) | ||
1小时以内 | 662 | 428 (64.7) | 234 (35.3) | ||
1.1~3小时 | 298 | 195 (65.4) | 103 (34.6) | ||
3小时以上 | 92 | 69 (75.0) | 23 (25.0) | ||
早餐行为 | 12.385 | 0.006 | |||
经常不吃(1周不到1次) | 53 | 46 (86.8) | 7 (13.2) | ||
有时吃(1周2~3次) | 156 | 107 (68.8) | 49 (31.4) | ||
经常吃(1周4次以上) | 421 | 276 (65.6) | 145 (34.4) | ||
每天都吃 | 1457 | 935 (64.2) | 522 (35.8) | ||
最近1周是否有进行剧烈体育运动 | 4.035 | 0.045 | |||
有 | 1031 | 652 (63.2) | 379 (36.8) | ||
无 | 1056 | 712 (67.4) | 344 (32.6) | ||
最近1周是否有进行适度体育运动 | 4.167 | 0.041 | |||
有 | 1318 | 840 (63.7) | 478 (36.3) | ||
无 | 769 | 524 (68.1) | 245 (31.9) |
表1. 不同人口统计学特征农村中学生20 m SRT合格与不合格检出率比较
人数 | 不合格人数 | c2值 | P值 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
抑郁症 | 696 | 465 (66.8) | 8.974 | 0.032 |
焦虑症状 | 741 | 470 (63.4) | 7.889 | 0.047 |
有留守经历 | 887 | 612 (69.0) | 9.026 | 0.003 |
抑郁症状 × 焦虑症状 | 165 | 115 (69.7) | 14.906 | 0.009 |
抑郁症状 × 有留守经历 | 313 | 217 (69.3) | 11.660 | 0.006 |
焦虑症状 × 有留守经历 | 333 | 224 (67.3) | 16.639 | 0.012 |
抑郁症状 × 焦虑症状 × 有留守经历 | 74 | 51 (68.9) | 12.331 | 0.017 |
表2. 农村中学生抑郁症状、焦虑症状和留守经历及其交互作用与20 m SRT不合格状况的关联
男生 | 女生 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β值 | OR (95%CI)值 | P值 | β值 | OR (95%CI)值 | P值 | ||||
是否有留守经历 | |||||||||
是 | 0.270 | 1.31 | 0.83~1.73 | 0.054 | 0.275 | 1.32 | 0.98~1.71 | 0.057 | |
否 | 1.00 | ||||||||
是否抑郁症状 | |||||||||
是 | 0.122 | 1.13 | 0.84~1.53 | 0.425 | 0.225 | 1.25 | 0.96~1.63 | 0.098 | |
否 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
是否焦虑症状 | |||||||||
是 | −0.210 | 0.81 | 0.61~1.08 | 0.148 | 0.040 | 1.04 | 0.80~1.35 | 0.761 | |
否 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
是否(抑郁症状 × 有留守经历) | |||||||||
是 | 0.447 | 1.56 | 1.01~2.43 | 0.046 | 0.169 | 1.18 | 0.84~1.67 | 0.333 | |
否 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
是否(焦虑症状 × 有留守经历) | |||||||||
是 | 0.041 | 1.04 | 0.71~1.53 | 0.843 | 0.202 | 1.22 | 0.87~1.72 | 0.246 | |
否 | |||||||||
是否(抑郁症状 × 焦虑症状) | |||||||||
是 | 0.127 | 1.14 | 0.67~1.93 | 0.636 | 0.329 | 1.39 | 0.87~2.22 | 0.168 | |
否 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
是否(抑郁症状 × 焦虑症状 × 有留守经历) | |||||||||
是 | 0.299 | 1.35 | 0.61~2.99 | 0.464 | 0.090 | 1.09 | 0.56~2.14 | 0.793 | |
否 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||
表3. 农村中学生抑郁症、焦虑症和留守经历及其交互作用与20 m SRT不合格状况Logistic回归分析
在控制性别、年龄、是否吸烟、是否饮酒、早餐行为和体力活动情况后,与既无抑郁症又无留守经历的男中学生相比,既有抑郁症状又有留守经历的男中学生20 m SRT不合格发生的风险增加1.56倍(95%CI = 1.01~2.43),即农村中学生既有抑郁症状又留守经历与20 m SRT不合格状况呈正相关,见表3。
本研究显示,农村中学生20 m SRT不合格检出率男生(72.6%)远高于女生(57.3%),其中,具有留守经历的中学生占(69%),这与谭晓越 [
本研究经Logistic回归分析发现,农村留守同时伴有抑郁症状男生,其20 m SRT不合格检出率是其他男生的1.56倍,即农村留守男生患有抑郁症状与20 m SRT不合格检出率呈正相关。这与国外先行研究完全一致 [
综上所述,农村男中学生抑郁症状与留守经历的交互作用增加了其心肺耐力下降的风险,因此,关注留守儿童身心健康发展,是农村中学学校教育当务之急的任务,学校应加强学生的健康教育、保证其必要的体力活动时间、强调合理膳食模式等;同时学校还应该考虑学生的性别差异,开展不同形式的心理辅导活动,努力提高学生的心理健康水平。
江西省社会科学“十三五”(2020年)规划项目(编号:20TY14)。
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