目的:系统评价支气管镜冷冻活检与CT引导经皮穿刺活检诊断肺外周结节的有效性及安全性。方法:检索CNKI、PubMed数据库,收集至2021年4月关于支气管镜冷冻活检(transbronchial cryobiopsy, TBCB)与CT引导经皮穿刺活检(CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, CT-PNB)诊断肺外周结节的临床研究。按照纳入与排除标准筛选文献、提取资料、质量评价,采用STATA软件进行Meta分析。结果:TBCB纳入文献10篇,合计患者504例。CT-PNB纳入文献9篇,合计患者1028例。Meta分析显示,CT-PNB (随机效应模型,敏感度:94.6%,95% CI: 92~96,特异度:100%,P < 0.10,I2> 50%)敏感度、特异度高于TBCB (随机对照模型,敏感度:89.77%,95% CI: 80~90,特异度99%,P < 0.10,I2> 50%)。TBCB诊断肺外周结节并发症发生率(35.91%)高于CT-PNB (35.89%),差异无统计学意义(X2< 3.84, P > 0.05)。TBCB出血发生率明显高于CT-PNB (TBCB: 32.9%, CT-PNB: 6.1%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05);气胸发生率TBCB明显低于CT-PNB,差异有统计学意义(TBCB: 2.98%, CT-PNB: 24.4%, X2>3.84, P < 0.05)。结论:CT-PNB比TBCB诊断肺外周结节敏感度及特异度更高,气胸发生率高,出血发生率低。 Objective: the objective is to systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of transbronchial cryobiopsy and CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. Methods: Search CNKI, PubMed, and collect studies on transbronchial cryobiopsy and CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules from the establishment of the database to April, 2021. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracting the data and evaluating the quality of the literature, STATA software was used for Meta-analysis. Results: A total of 10 studies were included, with a total of 504 patients in transbronchial cryobiopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. A total of 9 studies were included, with a total of 1028 patients in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. Meta-analysis showed that the total effective rate of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (Randomized controlled model, sensitivity: 94.6%, 95% CI: 92~96, specificity: 100%, P < 0.10, I2> 50%) is better than transbronchial cryobiopsy (Randomized controlled model, sensitivity: 89.77%, 95% CI: 80~90, specificity: 99%, P < 0.10, I2> 50%) for peripheral pulmonary nodules. The incidence of complications in transbronchial cryobiopsy (35.91%) is higher than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (35.89%), there is no significant difference (X2< 3.84, P > 0.05). The incidence of bleeding in transbronchial cryobiopsy is significantly higher than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (TBCB: 32.9%, CT-PNB: 6.1%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05). The incidence of pneumothorax in transbronchial cryobiopsy is significantly lower than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (TBCB: 2.98%, CT-PNB: 24.4%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05), there are significant differences. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules are better than transbronchial cryobiopsy. Pneumothorax is more common in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, and bleeding is more common in transbronchial cryobiopsy.
目的:系统评价支气管镜冷冻活检与CT引导经皮穿刺活检诊断肺外周结节的有效性及安全性。方法:检索CNKI、PubMed数据库,收集至2021年4月关于支气管镜冷冻活检(transbronchial cryobiopsy, TBCB)与CT引导经皮穿刺活检(CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, CT-PNB)诊断肺外周结节的临床研究。按照纳入与排除标准筛选文献、提取资料、质量评价,采用STATA软件进行Meta分析。结果:TBCB纳入文献10篇,合计患者504例。CT-PNB纳入文献9篇,合计患者1028例。Meta分析显示,CT-PNB (随机效应模型,敏感度:94.6%,95% CI: 92~96,特异度:100%,P < 0.10,I2> 50%)敏感度、特异度高于TBCB (随机对照模型,敏感度:89.77%,95% CI: 80~90,特异度99%,P < 0.10,I2> 50%)。TBCB诊断肺外周结节并发症发生率(35.91%)高于CT-PNB (35.89%),差异无统计学意义(X2< 3.84, P > 0.05)。TBCB出血发生率明显高于CT-PNB (TBCB: 32.9%, CT-PNB: 6.1%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05);气胸发生率TBCB明显低于CT-PNB,差异有统计学意义(TBCB: 2.98%, CT-PNB: 24.4%, X2>3.84, P < 0.05)。结论:CT-PNB比TBCB诊断肺外周结节敏感度及特异度更高,气胸发生率高,出血发生率低。
支气管镜冷冻活检,CT引导经皮穿刺活检,肺外周结节
Qinqin Wang1, Tingshu Jiang2*
1Respiratory Disease, Weifang Medical University, Weifang Shandong
2Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai Shandong
Received: Mar. 28th, 2022; accepted: Apr. 23rd, 2022; published: Apr. 29th, 2022
Objective: the objective is to systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of transbronchial cryobiopsy and CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. Methods: Search CNKI, PubMed, and collect studies on transbronchial cryobiopsy and CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules from the establishment of the database to April, 2021. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracting the data and evaluating the quality of the literature, STATA software was used for Meta-analysis. Results: A total of 10 studies were included, with a total of 504 patients in transbronchial cryobiopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. A total of 9 studies were included, with a total of 1028 patients in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. Meta-analysis showed that the total effective rate of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (Randomized controlled model, sensitivity: 94.6%, 95% CI: 92~96, specificity: 100%, P < 0.10, I2> 50%) is better than transbronchial cryobiopsy (Randomized controlled model, sensitivity: 89.77%, 95% CI: 80~90, specificity: 99%, P < 0.10, I2> 50%) for peripheral pulmonary nodules. The incidence of complications in transbronchial cryobiopsy (35.91%) is higher than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (35.89%), there is no significant difference (X2< 3.84, P > 0.05). The incidence of bleeding in transbronchial cryobiopsy is significantly higher than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (TBCB: 32.9%, CT-PNB: 6.1%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05). The incidence of pneumothorax in transbronchial cryobiopsy is significantly lower than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (TBCB: 2.98%, CT-PNB: 24.4%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05), there are significant differences. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules are better than transbronchial cryobiopsy. Pneumothorax is more common in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, and bleeding is more common in transbronchial cryobiopsy.
Keywords:Transbronchial Cryobiopsy, CT-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy, Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
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近年来,肺癌的诊断技术和治疗手段不断更新和进步,但发病率和致死率仍居于恶性肿瘤的首位。因大多肺外周病变患者并无典型临床表现,发现后多为肺癌晚期,治愈率明显降低,因此早期诊断肺外周结节至关重要。本文研究的肺外周结节主要指影像学检查示病变位于段支气管以下且超声支气管镜不可见。肺外周结节活检技术主要包括TBCB、CT-PNB。因活检技术各有其优劣性,选择合适的诊断技术至关重要。本研究主要是分别对TBCB与CT-PNB诊断外周肺结节的有效性、安全性进行Meta分析,以期为选择合适的诊断方式提供循证学依据。
① 研究类型:TBCB与CT-PNB诊断肺外周结节的前瞻性及回顾性研究;② 研究对象:影像学检查示病变位于段支气管以下且超声支气管镜不可见的患者;③ 干预措施:支气管镜冷冻活检、CT引导经皮穿刺活检;④ 结局指标:敏感度、特异度、并发症发生率,并发症主要包括气胸、出血。
① 重复文献;② 研究方法、数据资料明显错误的研究;③ 无法准确提取数据的研究;④ 不符合纳入标准研究。
计算机检索CNKI、PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library,收集至2021年4月关于TBCB与CT-PNB诊断肺外周结节研究。支气管镜冷冻活检中文检索词包括:支气管镜冷冻活检、外周肺病变、外周肺结节。支气管镜冷冻活检PubMed检索策略:(((peripheral lung disease [Title/Abstract]) OR (PPL [Title/Abstract])) OR (peripheral pulmonary lesions [Title/Abstract])) AND ((((transbronchial cryobiopsy [Title/Abstract]) OR (TBCB [Title/Abstract])) OR (transbronchial lung cryobiopsy [Title/Abstract])) OR (TBLC [Title/Abstract]))。CT引导经皮穿刺中文检索词包括:CT引导穿刺、外周肺结节、外周肺病变。英文检索词包括:peripheral lung disease、PPL、peripheral pulmonary lesions、peripheral lung lesions、peripheral pulmonary disease、CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy。
由2名研究者筛选文献、提取资料并核对。结局指标包括真阳性值、假阳性值、真阴性值、假阴性值、并发症。如原始研究所述,主要并发症包括气胸和出血。
采用QUADAS偏倚风险评价(表1)。
QUADAS偏倚风险评价 |
---|
1) 病例谱是否包含了各种病例及混淆的疾病病例? |
2) 研究对象的选择是否准确清晰地界定了纳入和排除标准的定义? |
3) 金标准是否能准确区分有病、无病状态? |
4) 金标准和待评价试验检测的间隔时间是否足够短,以避免出现疾病病情的变化? |
5) 是否所有的样本或随机选择的样本均接受了金标准试验? |
6) 是否所有病例无论待评价试验的结果如何,都接受了相同的金标准试验? |
7) 金标准试验是否独立于待评价试验(即待评价试验不包含在金标准中)? |
8) 待评价试验的操作是否描述的足够清楚且可进行重复? |
9) 金标准试验的操作是否描述的足够清楚且可进行重复? |
10) 待评价试验的结果判读是否在不知晓金标准试验结果的情况下进行的? |
11) 金标准试验的结果判读是否在不知晓待评价试验结果的情况下进行的? |
12) 当解释试验结果时可获得的临床资料是否与实际应用中可获得的临床资料一致? |
13) 是否报告了难以解释/中间试验结果? |
14) 对退出研究的病例是否进行解释? |
表1. QUADAS偏倚风险评价
STATA软件进行Meta分析。若P > 0.10且I2< 50%时,表示不存在异质性,采用固定效应模型进行分析;若P ≤ 0.10且I2≥ 50%时,则说明存在异质性,利用敏感性分析、亚组分析寻找异质性来源。若能消除异质性,仍采用固定效应模型分析;若不能明确异质性来源,则采用随机效应模型。结果用森林图来表示。以P < 0.05表示不存在发表偏倚。通过X2检验比较两种活检方式并发症发生率,P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
按纳入和排除标准进行筛选后(图1),最终纳入支气管镜冷冻活检文献10篇 [
图1. 文献筛选和数据提取过程流程图((a) TBCB; (b) CT-PNB)
通过QUADAS质量评价(图2)。纳入文献数据完整性较好,质量尚可,符合纳入文献标准。
表2总结纳入文献特点,其数据完整性较好。
因TBCB纳入文献存在异质性,通过敏感性分析、亚组分析不能消除异质性,更换随机效应模型合并敏感度89.77% (95% CI: 80~90),特异度99% (P < 0.10, I2> 50%) (图3)。因CT-PNB纳入文献存在异质性,通过敏感性分析发现排除四篇文献后,合并敏感度96% (95% CI: 90~97),特异度100% (P > 0.10, I2= 0) (图8(b))。应用随机效应模型,敏感度:94.6% (95% CI: 92~96),特异度:100% (P > 0.10, I2> 50%) (图4)。
TBCB诊断肺外周结节并发症发生率(35.91%)高于CT-PNB (35.89%),差异无统计学意义(X2< 3.84, P > 0.05),应用两种方式并发症发生率无差异。出血发生率TBCB明显高于CT-PNB (TBCB: 32.9%, CT-PNB: 6.1%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05);气胸发生率CT-PNB明显高于TBCB,差异有统计学意义(CT-PNB: 24.4%, TBCB: 2.98%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05) (图5)。
1) 通过纳入文献可知TBCB主要并发症为出血,原因是:冷冻活检技术是利用冷冻探针使周围组织缺血坏死,暴力撕裂获得大块组织学标本,导致肺部创面较大,出血量随之增加。研究中,司少魁 [
2) CT-PNB主要并发症为气胸、咯血。若肺结节部位靠近器官、血管,CT-PNB的风险很高,可首先考虑TBCB。
图2. 文献质量评价((a) TBCB; (b) CT-PNB)
编号 | 作者 | 年份 | 实验设计 | 男/女 | 年龄(岁) | 外周结节大小(cm) | 出血 | 气胸 | 辅助导航 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sze [
|
2019 | 回顾性 | 25/13 | 均值58.50 | 均值3.5 | 21 | 0 | 有 |
2 | Olivier [
|
2018 | 前瞻性 | 18/14 | 68.0 ± 9.0 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 15 | 1 | 有 |
3 | Maren [
|
2013 | 前瞻性 | 28/11 | 均值68.0 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 1 | 0 | 有 |
4 | 何杰 [
|
2019 | 回顾性 | 18/19 | 64.0 ± 11.20 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 15 | 0 | 有 |
5 | 黄镇奎 [
|
2021 | 前瞻性 | 12/8 | 52.2 ± 11.4 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 0 | 1 | 无 |
6 | 司少魁 [
|
2019 | 前瞻性 | 96/60 | 均值53.0 | 未明确 | 55 | 1 | 无 |
7 | 吕华亮 [
|
2019 | 前瞻性 | 35/30 | 60.4 ± 5.7 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 43 | 8 | 无 |
8 | 侯思聪 [
|
2020 | 前瞻性 | 13/4 | 63.9 ± 8.7 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 13 | 2 | 有 |
9 | 周晓宇 [
|
2020 | 回顾性 | 17/9 | 56.8 ± 11.5 | 未明确 | 2 | 2 | 无 |
10 | 单鑫华 [
|
2020 | 前瞻性 | 45/40 | 59.1 ± 11.2 | ≤3.00 | 1 | 0 | 有 |
编号 | 作者 | 年份 | 实验设计 | 男/女 | 年龄(岁) | 外周结节大小(cm) | 距胸壁距离(cm) | 咯血/出血 | 气胸 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Daniel [
|
2011 | 前瞻性 | 12/4 | 67.0 ± 12.0 | 4.1 ± 2.1 | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 1 | 3 |
2 | Fielding [
|
2012 | 前瞻性 | 22/11 | 67.0 ± 9.0 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | <2.0 | 3 | 10 |
3 | Wang C1 [
|
2015 | 回顾性 | 未明确 | 均值52.0 | 未明确 | 未明确 | 0 | 22 |
4 | Wang C2 [
|
2016 | 回顾性 | 32/22 | 64.0 ± 12.1 | 3.7 ± 1.5 | ≤4.0 | 2 | 5 |
5 | Zhang [
|
2017 | 回顾性 | 178/69 | 62.0 ± 9.8 | 3.5 ± 2.0 | 1.7 ± 1.6 | 21 | 29 |
6 | Wang W [
|
2018 | 前瞻性 | 45/35 | 59.0 ± 13.0 | ≤3.0 | 未明确 | 6 | 14 |
7 | Gupta [
|
2018 | 前瞻性 | 20/5 | 56.0 ± 8.0 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 3.3 ± 1.2 | 4 | 5 |
8 | Zhu J1 [
|
2018 | 前瞻性 | 123/54 | 63.0 ± 1.3 | 未明确 | <10.0 | 10 | 67 |
9 | Zhu J2 [
|
2019 | 回顾性 | 196/83 | 均值60.1 | 未明确 | <8.0 | 44 | 96 |
表2. 纳入文献特征((a): TBCB [
图3. TBCB诊断肺外周结节((a) 固定效应模型;(b) 随机效应模型)
图4. CT-PNB诊断肺外周结节(随机效应模型)
图5. TBCB与CT-PNB诊断外周肺结节并发症
图6可见TBCB中何杰 [
TBCB亚组分析TBCB共纳入10篇文献。因纳入文献存在较大异质性,通过敏感性分析发现何杰 [
图6. 敏感性分析
1) 通过敏感性分析逐一排除异质性较大文章,纳入文献 [
图7. TBCB亚组分析
2) 前瞻性随机对照试验,纳入文献 [
3) 结节大小(小于3 cm),纳入文献 [
4) 有无辅助引导:纳入有导向鞘引导、电磁导航、超声引导、Directpath虚拟导航引导穿刺文献 [
5) 多次活检:纳入文献 [
6) 发表年份(2019年至今),排除文献 [
CT-PNB亚组分析 因CT-PNB纳入文献存在异质性(P ≤ 0.10且I2≥ 50%),通过敏感性分析发现Zhang Qiudi等 [
图8. CT-PNB亚组分析
根据各文献特点:Zhang Qiudi [
支气管镜冷冻活检纳入文献中有多篇文献偏倚较大,图7已分析纳入文献异质性较大,因此该研究纳入文章发表偏倚可能来源于文章异质性。CT引导活检由图可见对称轴左右研究数基本相等,且大致呈对称分布,纳入文献的发表偏倚不大(图9)。
图9. 偏倚检验((a) TBCB; (b) CT-PNB)
目前诊断肺外周结节的主要技术包括TBCB和CT-PNB。CT-PNB活检提供了一个优越的诊断结果(敏感度>90%),气胸的发生率为24.4%,出血发生率为6.1%,也有非常罕见的沿针道播散的肿瘤病例 [
该文章仍有局限性,第一,直接比较TBCB与CT-PNB的随机对照试验很少,因此双臂Meta分析是不可能的。第二,TBCB组和CT-PNB组纳入的研究质量不一致。第三,因不同肿瘤类型好发人群及位置不同,但因原始数据不足,肿瘤类型、结节大小、距离胸壁位置、性别这些因素的影响在本次亚组分析中无法得到适当的修正。
通过纳入研究证实,CT-PNB诊断肺外周结节敏感度、特异度高于TBCB。出血发生率TBCB明显高于CT-PNB,气胸发生率TBCB明显低于CT-PNB。CT-PNB是目前几种方法中诊断外周结节的最佳方法。但选择诊断方法前,仍应考虑患者一般情况、结节性质及位置。第一,对于早期怀疑为恶性病变且手术可行的病变,建议使用TBCB,以防止CT-PNB沿针道播散肿瘤的罕见可能性。第二,如果肺结节位置靠近器官、血管,经皮穿刺活检的风险很高,应首先考虑TBCB。第三,应用TBCB可多次活检提高诊断敏感度。第四,穿刺过程可辅助超声探头引导、电磁导航、Directpath虚拟导航提高诊断敏感度。第五,对于既往肺气肿病史患者,推荐应用TBCB。第六,位于肺野内侧1/2、邻近大血管、≤2 cm的肺结节优先考虑TBCB,位于肺野外侧1/2、周围血管较少、距离胸壁≤80 mm、>2 cm的肺结节优先考虑CT-PNB。
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