ACM Advances in Clinical Medicine 2161-8712 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/ACM.2022.124532 ACM-50942 ACM20220400000_21392487.pdf 医药卫生 支气管镜冷冻活检与CT引导活检诊断肺外周结节Meta分析 Meta-Analysis of Transbronchial Cryobiopsy and CT-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules 芹芹 2 1 廷枢 3 1 烟台毓璜顶医院,呼吸与危重症医学科,山东 烟台 潍坊医学院,呼吸系病学,山东 潍坊 null 01 04 2022 12 04 3677 3695 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

目的:系统评价支气管镜冷冻活检与CT引导经皮穿刺活检诊断肺外周结节的有效性及安全性。方法:检索CNKI、PubMed数据库,收集至2021年4月关于支气管镜冷冻活检(transbronchial cryobiopsy, TBCB)与CT引导经皮穿刺活检(CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, CT-PNB)诊断肺外周结节的临床研究。按照纳入与排除标准筛选文献、提取资料、质量评价,采用STATA软件进行Meta分析。结果:TBCB纳入文献10篇,合计患者504例。CT-PNB纳入文献9篇,合计患者1028例。Meta分析显示,CT-PNB (随机效应模型,敏感度:94.6%,95% CI: 92~96,特异度:100%,P < 0.10,I2> 50%)敏感度、特异度高于TBCB (随机对照模型,敏感度:89.77%,95% CI: 80~90,特异度99%,P < 0.10,I2> 50%)。TBCB诊断肺外周结节并发症发生率(35.91%)高于CT-PNB (35.89%),差异无统计学意义(X2< 3.84, P > 0.05)。TBCB出血发生率明显高于CT-PNB (TBCB: 32.9%, CT-PNB: 6.1%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05);气胸发生率TBCB明显低于CT-PNB,差异有统计学意义(TBCB: 2.98%, CT-PNB: 24.4%, X2>3.84, P < 0.05)。结论:CT-PNB比TBCB诊断肺外周结节敏感度及特异度更高,气胸发生率高,出血发生率低。 Objective: the objective is to systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of transbronchial cryobiopsy and CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. Methods: Search CNKI, PubMed, and collect studies on transbronchial cryobiopsy and CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules from the establishment of the database to April, 2021. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracting the data and evaluating the quality of the literature, STATA software was used for Meta-analysis. Results: A total of 10 studies were included, with a total of 504 patients in transbronchial cryobiopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. A total of 9 studies were included, with a total of 1028 patients in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. Meta-analysis showed that the total effective rate of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (Randomized controlled model, sensitivity: 94.6%, 95% CI: 92~96, specificity: 100%, P < 0.10, I2> 50%) is better than transbronchial cryobiopsy (Randomized controlled model, sensitivity: 89.77%, 95% CI: 80~90, specificity: 99%, P < 0.10, I2> 50%) for peripheral pulmonary nodules. The incidence of complications in transbronchial cryobiopsy (35.91%) is higher than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (35.89%), there is no significant difference (X2< 3.84, P > 0.05). The incidence of bleeding in transbronchial cryobiopsy is significantly higher than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (TBCB: 32.9%, CT-PNB: 6.1%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05). The incidence of pneumothorax in transbronchial cryobiopsy is significantly lower than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (TBCB: 2.98%, CT-PNB: 24.4%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05), there are significant differences. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules are better than transbronchial cryobiopsy. Pneumothorax is more common in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, and bleeding is more common in transbronchial cryobiopsy.

支气管镜冷冻活检,CT引导经皮穿刺活检,肺外周结节 , Transbronchial Cryobiopsy CT-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules
摘要

目的:系统评价支气管镜冷冻活检与CT引导经皮穿刺活检诊断肺外周结节的有效性及安全性。方法:检索CNKI、PubMed数据库,收集至2021年4月关于支气管镜冷冻活检(transbronchial cryobiopsy, TBCB)与CT引导经皮穿刺活检(CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, CT-PNB)诊断肺外周结节的临床研究。按照纳入与排除标准筛选文献、提取资料、质量评价,采用STATA软件进行Meta分析。结果:TBCB纳入文献10篇,合计患者504例。CT-PNB纳入文献9篇,合计患者1028例。Meta分析显示,CT-PNB (随机效应模型,敏感度:94.6%,95% CI: 92~96,特异度:100%,P < 0.10,I2> 50%)敏感度、特异度高于TBCB (随机对照模型,敏感度:89.77%,95% CI: 80~90,特异度99%,P < 0.10,I2> 50%)。TBCB诊断肺外周结节并发症发生率(35.91%)高于CT-PNB (35.89%),差异无统计学意义(X2< 3.84, P > 0.05)。TBCB出血发生率明显高于CT-PNB (TBCB: 32.9%, CT-PNB: 6.1%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05);气胸发生率TBCB明显低于CT-PNB,差异有统计学意义(TBCB: 2.98%, CT-PNB: 24.4%, X2>3.84, P < 0.05)。结论:CT-PNB比TBCB诊断肺外周结节敏感度及特异度更高,气胸发生率高,出血发生率低。

关键词

支气管镜冷冻活检,CT引导经皮穿刺活检,肺外周结节

Meta-Analysis of Transbronchial Cryobiopsy and CT-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules<sup> </sup>

Qinqin Wang1, Tingshu Jiang2*

1Respiratory Disease, Weifang Medical University, Weifang Shandong

2Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai Shandong

Received: Mar. 28th, 2022; accepted: Apr. 23rd, 2022; published: Apr. 29th, 2022

ABSTRACT

Objective: the objective is to systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of transbronchial cryobiopsy and CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. Methods: Search CNKI, PubMed, and collect studies on transbronchial cryobiopsy and CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules from the establishment of the database to April, 2021. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracting the data and evaluating the quality of the literature, STATA software was used for Meta-analysis. Results: A total of 10 studies were included, with a total of 504 patients in transbronchial cryobiopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. A total of 9 studies were included, with a total of 1028 patients in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules. Meta-analysis showed that the total effective rate of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (Randomized controlled model, sensitivity: 94.6%, 95% CI: 92~96, specificity: 100%, P < 0.10, I2> 50%) is better than transbronchial cryobiopsy (Randomized controlled model, sensitivity: 89.77%, 95% CI: 80~90, specificity: 99%, P < 0.10, I2> 50%) for peripheral pulmonary nodules. The incidence of complications in transbronchial cryobiopsy (35.91%) is higher than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (35.89%), there is no significant difference (X2< 3.84, P > 0.05). The incidence of bleeding in transbronchial cryobiopsy is significantly higher than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (TBCB: 32.9%, CT-PNB: 6.1%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05). The incidence of pneumothorax in transbronchial cryobiopsy is significantly lower than that in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy (TBCB: 2.98%, CT-PNB: 24.4%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05), there are significant differences. Conclusion: The sensitivity and specificity of CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for peripheral pulmonary nodules are better than transbronchial cryobiopsy. Pneumothorax is more common in CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy, and bleeding is more common in transbronchial cryobiopsy.

Keywords:Transbronchial Cryobiopsy, CT-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy, Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules

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1. 引言

近年来,肺癌的诊断技术和治疗手段不断更新和进步,但发病率和致死率仍居于恶性肿瘤的首位。因大多肺外周病变患者并无典型临床表现,发现后多为肺癌晚期,治愈率明显降低,因此早期诊断肺外周结节至关重要。本文研究的肺外周结节主要指影像学检查示病变位于段支气管以下且超声支气管镜不可见。肺外周结节活检技术主要包括TBCB、CT-PNB。因活检技术各有其优劣性,选择合适的诊断技术至关重要。本研究主要是分别对TBCB与CT-PNB诊断外周肺结节的有效性、安全性进行Meta分析,以期为选择合适的诊断方式提供循证学依据。

2. 资料与方法 2.1. 纳入与排除标准 2.1.1. 纳入标准

① 研究类型:TBCB与CT-PNB诊断肺外周结节的前瞻性及回顾性研究;② 研究对象:影像学检查示病变位于段支气管以下且超声支气管镜不可见的患者;③ 干预措施:支气管镜冷冻活检、CT引导经皮穿刺活检;④ 结局指标:敏感度、特异度、并发症发生率,并发症主要包括气胸、出血。

2.1.2. 排除标准

① 重复文献;② 研究方法、数据资料明显错误的研究;③ 无法准确提取数据的研究;④ 不符合纳入标准研究。

2.2. 文献检索

计算机检索CNKI、PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library,收集至2021年4月关于TBCB与CT-PNB诊断肺外周结节研究。支气管镜冷冻活检中文检索词包括:支气管镜冷冻活检、外周肺病变、外周肺结节。支气管镜冷冻活检PubMed检索策略:(((peripheral lung disease [Title/Abstract]) OR (PPL [Title/Abstract])) OR (peripheral pulmonary lesions [Title/Abstract])) AND ((((transbronchial cryobiopsy [Title/Abstract]) OR (TBCB [Title/Abstract])) OR (transbronchial lung cryobiopsy [Title/Abstract])) OR (TBLC [Title/Abstract]))。CT引导经皮穿刺中文检索词包括:CT引导穿刺、外周肺结节、外周肺病变。英文检索词包括:peripheral lung disease、PPL、peripheral pulmonary lesions、peripheral lung lesions、peripheral pulmonary disease、CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy。

2.3. 文献筛选与资料提取

由2名研究者筛选文献、提取资料并核对。结局指标包括真阳性值、假阳性值、真阴性值、假阴性值、并发症。如原始研究所述,主要并发症包括气胸和出血。

2.4. 质量评价

采用QUADAS偏倚风险评价(表1)。

QUADAS bias risk assessmen
QUADAS偏倚风险评价
1) 病例谱是否包含了各种病例及混淆的疾病病例?
2) 研究对象的选择是否准确清晰地界定了纳入和排除标准的定义?
3) 金标准是否能准确区分有病、无病状态?
4) 金标准和待评价试验检测的间隔时间是否足够短,以避免出现疾病病情的变化?
5) 是否所有的样本或随机选择的样本均接受了金标准试验?
6) 是否所有病例无论待评价试验的结果如何,都接受了相同的金标准试验?
7) 金标准试验是否独立于待评价试验(即待评价试验不包含在金标准中)?
8) 待评价试验的操作是否描述的足够清楚且可进行重复?
9) 金标准试验的操作是否描述的足够清楚且可进行重复?
10) 待评价试验的结果判读是否在不知晓金标准试验结果的情况下进行的?
11) 金标准试验的结果判读是否在不知晓待评价试验结果的情况下进行的?
12) 当解释试验结果时可获得的临床资料是否与实际应用中可获得的临床资料一致?
13) 是否报告了难以解释/中间试验结果?
14) 对退出研究的病例是否进行解释?

表1. QUADAS偏倚风险评价

2.5. 统计学分析

STATA软件进行Meta分析。若P > 0.10且I2< 50%时,表示不存在异质性,采用固定效应模型进行分析;若P ≤ 0.10且I2≥ 50%时,则说明存在异质性,利用敏感性分析、亚组分析寻找异质性来源。若能消除异质性,仍采用固定效应模型分析;若不能明确异质性来源,则采用随机效应模型。结果用森林图来表示。以P < 0.05表示不存在发表偏倚。通过X2检验比较两种活检方式并发症发生率,P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果 3.1. 文献检索

按纳入和排除标准进行筛选后(图1),最终纳入支气管镜冷冻活检文献10篇 [ 1 ] - [ 10 ]。纳入CT引导经皮穿刺活检文献9篇 [ 11 ] - [ 19 ]。

图1. 文献筛选和数据提取过程流程图((a) TBCB; (b) CT-PNB)

3.2. 质量评价

通过QUADAS质量评价(图2)。纳入文献数据完整性较好,质量尚可,符合纳入文献标准。

3.3. 纳入文献的基本特征

表2总结纳入文献特点,其数据完整性较好。

3.4. Meta分析结果 3.4.1. 总有效率

因TBCB纳入文献存在异质性,通过敏感性分析、亚组分析不能消除异质性,更换随机效应模型合并敏感度89.77% (95% CI: 80~90),特异度99% (P < 0.10, I2> 50%) (图3)。因CT-PNB纳入文献存在异质性,通过敏感性分析发现排除四篇文献后,合并敏感度96% (95% CI: 90~97),特异度100% (P > 0.10, I2= 0) (图8(b))。应用随机效应模型,敏感度:94.6% (95% CI: 92~96),特异度:100% (P > 0.10, I2> 50%) (图4)。

3.4.2. 不良反应

TBCB诊断肺外周结节并发症发生率(35.91%)高于CT-PNB (35.89%),差异无统计学意义(X2< 3.84, P > 0.05),应用两种方式并发症发生率无差异。出血发生率TBCB明显高于CT-PNB (TBCB: 32.9%, CT-PNB: 6.1%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05);气胸发生率CT-PNB明显高于TBCB,差异有统计学意义(CT-PNB: 24.4%, TBCB: 2.98%, X2> 3.84, P < 0.05) (图5)。

1) 通过纳入文献可知TBCB主要并发症为出血,原因是:冷冻活检技术是利用冷冻探针使周围组织缺血坏死,暴力撕裂获得大块组织学标本,导致肺部创面较大,出血量随之增加。研究中,司少魁 [ 6 ] 出现3例重度出血。因此,做好大出血的应急措施是冷冻肺活检的基本要求,同时控制冷冻时间。

2) CT-PNB主要并发症为气胸、咯血。若肺结节部位靠近器官、血管,CT-PNB的风险很高,可首先考虑TBCB。

图2. 文献质量评价((a) TBCB; (b) CT-PNB)

Characteristic of included literature ((a): TBCB [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.50942-ref1">1</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.50942-ref10">10</xref>], (b): CT-PNB [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.50942-ref11">11</xref>] - [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="hanspub.50942-ref19">19</xref>] (b)
编号 作者 年份 实验设计 男/女 年龄(岁) 外周结节大小(cm) 出血 气胸 辅助导航
1 Sze [ 1 ] 2019 回顾性 25/13 均值58.50 均值3.5 21 0
2 Olivier [ 2 ] 2018 前瞻性 18/14 68.0 ± 9.0 1.6 ± 0.3 15 1
3 Maren [ 3 ] 2013 前瞻性 28/11 均值68.0 3.0 ± 0.7 1 0
4 何杰 [ 4 ] 2019 回顾性 18/19 64.0 ± 11.20 2.1 ± 0.8 15 0
5 黄镇奎 [ 5 ] 2021 前瞻性 12/8 52.2 ± 11.4 3.9 ± 0.4 0 1
6 司少魁 [ 6 ] 2019 前瞻性 96/60 均值53.0 未明确 55 1
7 吕华亮 [ 7 ] 2019 前瞻性 35/30 60.4 ± 5.7 4.0 ± 0.5 43 8
8 侯思聪 [ 8 ] 2020 前瞻性 13/4 63.9 ± 8.7 2.3 ± 1.5 13 2
9 周晓宇 [ 9 ] 2020 回顾性 17/9 56.8 ± 11.5 未明确 2 2
10 单鑫华 [ 10 ] 2020 前瞻性 45/40 59.1 ± 11.2 ≤3.00 1 0
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编号 作者 年份 实验设计 男/女 年龄(岁) 外周结节大小(cm) 距胸壁距离(cm) 咯血/出血 气胸
1 Daniel [ 11 ] 2011 前瞻性 12/4 67.0 ± 12.0 4.1 ± 2.1 1.6 ± 1.7 1 3
2 Fielding [ 12 ] 2012 前瞻性 22/11 67.0 ± 9.0 3.2 ± 1.5 <2.0 3 10
3 Wang C1 [ 13 ] 2015 回顾性 未明确 均值52.0 未明确 未明确 0 22
4 Wang C2 [ 14 ] 2016 回顾性 32/22 64.0 ± 12.1 3.7 ± 1.5 ≤4.0 2 5
5 Zhang [ 15 ] 2017 回顾性 178/69 62.0 ± 9.8 3.5 ± 2.0 1.7 ± 1.6 21 29
6 Wang W [ 16 ] 2018 前瞻性 45/35 59.0 ± 13.0 ≤3.0 未明确 6 14
7 Gupta [ 17 ] 2018 前瞻性 20/5 56.0 ± 8.0 2.9 ± 0.7 3.3 ± 1.2 4 5
8 Zhu J1 [ 18 ] 2018 前瞻性 123/54 63.0 ± 1.3 未明确 <10.0 10 67
9 Zhu J2 [ 19 ] 2019 回顾性 196/83 均值60.1 未明确 <8.0 44 96

表2. 纳入文献特征((a): TBCB [ 1 ] - [ 10 ], (b): CT-PNB [ 11 ] - [ 19 ] )

图3. TBCB诊断肺外周结节((a) 固定效应模型;(b) 随机效应模型)

图4. CT-PNB诊断肺外周结节(随机效应模型)

图5. TBCB与CT-PNB诊断外周肺结节并发症

3.4.3. 敏感性分析

图6可见TBCB中何杰 [ 4 ] 文献偏倚较大,剔除后仍有较大异质性,改用随机效应模型。因剔除异质性较大文献后整体异质性仍较高,应用亚组分析逐一分析异质性原因。CT-PNB诊断肺外周结节中Zhang Qiudi [ 15 ]、Wang Wei [ 16 ]、Zhu Jun, 2018 [ 18 ]、Zhu Jun, 2019 [ 19 ] 文献异质性较大,剔除后异质性明显降低。可见被剔除文献确为导致整体异质性原因,具体见亚组分析。

3.4.4. 亚组分析

TBCB亚组分析TBCB共纳入10篇文献。因纳入文献存在较大异质性,通过敏感性分析发现何杰 [ 4 ]、吕华亮 [ 7 ]、周晓宇 [ 9 ]、单鑫华 [ 10 ] 异质性较大,排除后仍存在较高异质性,行亚组分析其异质性。

图6. 敏感性分析

1) 通过敏感性分析逐一排除异质性较大文章,纳入文献 [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ],I2= 28%,敏感度85%,特异度97% (图7(a))。纳入文献 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 8 ],I2= 47.44%,敏感度88%,特异度98% (图7(b)),无明显异质性。分析异质性原因:文献 [ 4 ] 为回顾性研究、年龄均值较大、女性多于男性、辅助电磁导航;文献 [ 6 ] 纳入人数较多、年龄均值偏小、肺结节大小不明确、无辅助导向鞘引导;文献 [ 7 ] 肺结节均值较大;文献 [ 10 ] 辅助超声导向鞘技术联合Directpath虚拟导航可明显提高诊断敏感度,影响整体异质性。通过逐一分析可得出影响整体异质性原因可能包括:是否为前瞻性随机对照试验、肺结节大小、有无导向鞘辅助、活检次数、发表年份、肿瘤类型、性别。以下逐一分析。

图7. TBCB亚组分析

2) 前瞻性随机对照试验,纳入文献 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 10 ],I2= 88%,敏感度96%,特异度99% (图7(c))。患者一般情况差异、有无并发症、纳入及排除标准均可导致诊断性结果差异,因此是否为前瞻性随机对照试验可影响诊断敏感度。纳入前瞻性随机对照实验后分析仍有较高异质性(I2= 88%)。可知TBCB异质性非来源于前瞻性随机对照试验。

3) 结节大小(小于3 cm),纳入文献 [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ],I2= 83.06%,敏感度89%,特异度100% (图7(d)),异质性仍较高。因不同大小肺结节诊断阳性率数据不完整,不能排除其导致文章异质性。

4) 有无辅助引导:纳入有导向鞘引导、电磁导航、超声引导、Directpath虚拟导航引导穿刺文献 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 8 ] [ 10 ],I2= 83.12%,敏感度90%,特异度100% (图7(e));纳入文献 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 10 ],I2= 87%,敏感度92%,特异度100% (图7(f));纳入文献 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 10 ],I2= 59%,敏感度95%,特异度99% (图7(g))。纳入所有辅助导航指导穿刺的文献异质性仍较高,排除 [ 8 ] 后异质性较前无明显变化,排除 [ 4 ] [ 8 ] 后异质性明显降低,分析原因为文献 [ 4 ] 异质性较大,因该文献为回顾性研究,纳入患者标准、一般情况未定,可因以上因素影响结局指标。文献 [ 10 ] 应用Directpath虚拟导航超声探头对肺组织所形成的声谱图像,弥补常规支气管镜无法观察病灶特征的弊端,也可观察病灶周围的血管,活检病灶时避开易出血部位活检,提高TBCB诊断敏感度,同时降低出血、气胸等并发症。因此临床诊断过程中可辅助以超声支气管镜、导向鞘、Directpath虚拟导航提高诊断敏感度。

5) 多次活检:纳入文献 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 7 ] [ 9 ],I2= 32.34%,敏感度92%,特异度99% (图7(h)),无明显异质性,敏感度高于单次活检。原因可能为支气管镜冷冻活检的可重复性。临床上,可应用支气管镜冷冻技术多次活检,提高诊断敏感度。

6) 发表年份(2019年至今),排除文献 [ 2 ] [ 3 ],I2= 87.42%,敏感度92%,特异度98% (图7(i)),异质性较大。TBCB异质性非来源于文献发表年份。

CT-PNB亚组分析 因CT-PNB纳入文献存在异质性(P ≤ 0.10且I2≥ 50%),通过敏感性分析发现Zhang Qiudi等 [ 15 ]、Wang Wei等 [ 16 ]、Zhu Jun等 [ 18 ]、Zhu Jun等 [ 19 ] 存在较高异质性,排除其中三篇文献后(合并敏感度96%,95% CI: 92~97,P = 0.145且I2= 39%) (图8(a))、排除4篇文献后(合并敏感度96%,95% CI: 90~97,P =0.422且I2= 0%) (图8(b))均无异质性。

图8. CT-PNB亚组分析

根据各文献特点:Zhang Qiudi [ 15 ] 为回顾性实验,纳入患者大于150例;Wang Wei [ 16 ] 未明确距胸膜距离;Zhu Jun [ 18 ] 纳入病例数大于150例,未明确结节大小,距胸膜距离均值较大;Zhu Jun [ 19 ] 为回顾性实验,纳入病例数大于150例,未明确结节大小,距胸膜距离均值较大。总结排除文献异质性较大原因:纳入病例数较多,诊断准确率趋近于整体敏感度;因其发表年份均为2015年后,随着技术更新及应用,其技术诊断敏感度更高;排除文献 [ 18 ] [ 19 ] 后文献敏感度明显较高,异质性较低,因文献 [ 18 ] [ 19 ] 纳入肺结节均距胸壁距离较大,因此对于肺结节距离胸壁≤80 mm的病变,推荐CT-TNB。

3.4.5. 发表偏倚分析

支气管镜冷冻活检纳入文献中有多篇文献偏倚较大,图7已分析纳入文献异质性较大,因此该研究纳入文章发表偏倚可能来源于文章异质性。CT引导活检由图可见对称轴左右研究数基本相等,且大致呈对称分布,纳入文献的发表偏倚不大(图9)。

图9. 偏倚检验((a) TBCB; (b) CT-PNB)

4. 讨论

目前诊断肺外周结节的主要技术包括TBCB和CT-PNB。CT-PNB活检提供了一个优越的诊断结果(敏感度>90%),气胸的发生率为24.4%,出血发生率为6.1%,也有非常罕见的沿针道播散的肿瘤病例 [ 20 ] [ 21 ]。TBCB因其可获得大块的组织学标本 [ 22 ],且标本内部组织结构完整性好也广泛应用。但因在活检过程中需将黏附的组织和冷冻探头随气管镜一同取出,反复插入支气管镜增加手术操作时间;同时因其暴力撕取大块组织,可导致中大量出血。在我们纳入研究中,多篇文献患者发生中重度出血,无病例死亡。因此做好大出血的应急措施是冷冻肺活检的基本要求。

该文章仍有局限性,第一,直接比较TBCB与CT-PNB的随机对照试验很少,因此双臂Meta分析是不可能的。第二,TBCB组和CT-PNB组纳入的研究质量不一致。第三,因不同肿瘤类型好发人群及位置不同,但因原始数据不足,肿瘤类型、结节大小、距离胸壁位置、性别这些因素的影响在本次亚组分析中无法得到适当的修正。

通过纳入研究证实,CT-PNB诊断肺外周结节敏感度、特异度高于TBCB。出血发生率TBCB明显高于CT-PNB,气胸发生率TBCB明显低于CT-PNB。CT-PNB是目前几种方法中诊断外周结节的最佳方法。但选择诊断方法前,仍应考虑患者一般情况、结节性质及位置。第一,对于早期怀疑为恶性病变且手术可行的病变,建议使用TBCB,以防止CT-PNB沿针道播散肿瘤的罕见可能性。第二,如果肺结节位置靠近器官、血管,经皮穿刺活检的风险很高,应首先考虑TBCB。第三,应用TBCB可多次活检提高诊断敏感度。第四,穿刺过程可辅助超声探头引导、电磁导航、Directpath虚拟导航提高诊断敏感度。第五,对于既往肺气肿病史患者,推荐应用TBCB。第六,位于肺野内侧1/2、邻近大血管、≤2 cm的肺结节优先考虑TBCB,位于肺野外侧1/2、周围血管较少、距离胸壁≤80 mm、>2 cm的肺结节优先考虑CT-PNB。

文章引用

王芹芹,姜廷枢. 支气管镜冷冻活检与CT引导活检诊断肺外周结节Meta分析 Meta-Analysis of Transbronchial Cryobiopsy and CT-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Pulmonary Nodules[J]. 临床医学进展, 2022, 12(04): 3677-3695. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2022.124532

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