探究科尔沁沙地连续种植衬膜水稻与种稻后休耕对土壤氮磷钾库的影响,为荒漠化治理提供科学依据。以研究区未修复沙地为对照,测定连续种稻和种稻后休耕0~15和15~30 cm土层土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、有效磷和有效钾含量,同时分析休耕土壤氮磷钾库容与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:种稻和休耕对土壤氮磷钾库组分含量影响显著,土壤全氮含量以及C/N总体呈先显著升高后显著下降的变化趋势,大小差异顺序均为:稻田 > 休耕地 > 沙地。种稻后土壤硝态氮和有效钾含量以及速效氮、有效磷和有效钾分配比例较种稻前显著下降,休耕前后无明显变化规律。不同处理间土壤全磷、全钾、铵态氮、速效氮和有效磷含量差异不显著。休耕后土壤氮磷钾库间存在显著正相关关系,休耕土壤氮磷钾库容与C/N和含水量存在极显著正相关关系,C/N和含水量可作为表征休耕地土壤养分变化的敏感指标。 In order to provide scientific basis for desertification control, soil nitrogen, phosphorus and po-tassium pools affected by continuous planting of film lined rice and fallow after planting film lined rice need to be studied in Horqin. Taking the unrepaired sandy land in the study area as the control, the contents of soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in 0~15 and 15~30 cm soil layers after continuous rice planting and rice planting were measured, and the correlation between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium storage capacity of fallow soil and environmental factors was analyzed. The results showed that planting rice and fallow had a significant effect on the content of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium pool. The content of soil total nitrogen and C/N increased significantly at first and then decreased significantly. The order of difference was: paddy field > fallow farmland > sandy land. After planting rice, the content of soil nitrate nitrogen and available potassium and the distribution proportion of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium decreased significantly compared with that before planting rice, and there was no obvious change law before and after fallow. There was no significant difference in the contents of total phosphorus, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus among different treatments. After fallow, there is a significant positive correlation between soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium pools. There is a very significant positive correlation between fallow soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium pool capacity and C/N and water content. C/N and water content can be used as sensitive indicators to characterize the changes of soil nutrients in fallow.
探究科尔沁沙地连续种植衬膜水稻与种稻后休耕对土壤氮磷钾库的影响,为荒漠化治理提供科学依据。以研究区未修复沙地为对照,测定连续种稻和种稻后休耕0~15和15~30 cm土层土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、有效磷和有效钾含量,同时分析休耕土壤氮磷钾库容与环境因子的相关性。结果表明:种稻和休耕对土壤氮磷钾库组分含量影响显著,土壤全氮含量以及C/N总体呈先显著升高后显著下降的变化趋势,大小差异顺序均为:稻田 > 休耕地 > 沙地。种稻后土壤硝态氮和有效钾含量以及速效氮、有效磷和有效钾分配比例较种稻前显著下降,休耕前后无明显变化规律。不同处理间土壤全磷、全钾、铵态氮、速效氮和有效磷含量差异不显著。休耕后土壤氮磷钾库间存在显著正相关关系,休耕土壤氮磷钾库容与C/N和含水量存在极显著正相关关系,C/N和含水量可作为表征休耕地土壤养分变化的敏感指标。
水稻土,土壤有效养分,土壤全量养分,荒漠化治理,科尔沁沙地
Lin Sun, Yang Ou, Fei Yu, Lei Liang*
College of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang Liaoning
Received: Mar. 5th, 2022; accepted: Apr. 5th, 2022; published: Apr. 12th, 2022
In order to provide scientific basis for desertification control, soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium pools affected by continuous planting of film lined rice and fallow after planting film lined rice need to be studied in Horqin. Taking the unrepaired sandy land in the study area as the control, the contents of soil total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in 0~15 and 15~30 cm soil layers after continuous rice planting and rice planting were measured, and the correlation between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium storage capacity of fallow soil and environmental factors was analyzed. The results showed that planting rice and fallow had a significant effect on the content of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium pool. The content of soil total nitrogen and C/N increased significantly at first and then decreased significantly. The order of difference was: paddy field > fallow farmland > sandy land. After planting rice, the content of soil nitrate nitrogen and available potassium and the distribution proportion of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium decreased significantly compared with that before planting rice, and there was no obvious change law before and after fallow. There was no significant difference in the contents of total phosphorus, total potassium, ammonium nitrogen, available nitrogen and available phosphorus among different treatments. After fallow, there is a significant positive correlation between soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium pools. There is a very significant positive correlation between fallow soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium pool capacity and C/N and water content. C/N and water content can be used as sensitive indicators to characterize the changes of soil nutrients in fallow.
Keywords:Paddy Soil, Soil Available Nutrients, Soil Total Nutrients, Desertification Control, Horqin Sandy Land
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我国是荒漠化最严重的国家之一,第五次全国土地退化和荒漠化调查情况显示,全国有261.16万km2的土地沙漠化,占全国土地面积的27.2% [
前人对荒漠化土壤和衬膜水稻技术领域的研究主要集中在沙漠衬膜水稻栽培 [
试验样地位于科尔沁沙地南部,行政区划隶属于内蒙古自治区通辽市奈曼旗(42˚14'40''N~43˚32'30''N,120˚19'40''E~121˚31'44''E),研究区属于北温带大陆性季风干旱气候,春夏季降水较多,秋冬季降水较少,一年中降水集中在夏季(6~8月),年均降水量366 mm,年蒸发量1935 mm。科尔沁沙地年平均气温6.00℃~6.50℃,无霜期平均约150天,全年日照率66.0%~69.9%,平均每日日照8.70~9.20 h,年平均风速3.60~4.10 m∙s−1。试验样地土壤类型为风沙土,植被类型主要是黄柳(Salix gordeivii)、白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)、山杏(Armeniaca sibirica)、羊草(Leymus chinensis)。
研究区设置三种处理样地,分别为:沙地(未修复沙漠土壤)、稻田(衬膜水稻修复8年土壤)、休耕地(种植衬膜水稻7年后休耕1年土壤)。以沙地为对照,与稻田水平距离约20 m,地表平整且无植被覆盖。于2021年9月,分别在上述3个样地中,采用梅花形布点法,选取5个1 m × 1 m取样点,采集0~15、15~30 cm土层土样。将每个采样点0~15和15~30 cm土层的土壤样品分别均匀混合后,四分法缩分至密封袋中,每个样地重复3次。将土样带回实验室,过2 mm筛,一部分放入冰箱4℃冷藏;另一部分风干后用球磨仪研磨待测。
采用称重法测定土壤含水量;采用无CO2水浸提(水土比2.5:1),pH计测定土壤pH值(PHS-25,上海宵盛仪器制造有限公司);采用碳酸氢钠浸提土壤有效磷(AP),钼锑抗比色法测定含量;采用乙酸铵提取土壤有效钾(AK),火焰光度计测定含量 [
采用Origin2018软件进行绘图。采用SPSS22.0数据分析软件中单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA) Duncan法检验各土层中沙地、稻田和休耕地土壤氮磷钾库容的差异显著性(P < 0.05),Pearson相关系数分析休耕土壤氮磷钾库与环境因子的相关性。
各处理土壤全氮(TN)、硝态氮( NO 3 − -N )、铵态氮( NH 4 + -N )和速效氮(AN)含量以及速效氮分配比例(AN/TN)和碳氮比率(C/N)分别介于0.64~0.80 g∙kg−1、1.80~5.21 mg∙kg−1、19.27~20.96 mg∙kg−1、21.77~24.74 mg∙kg−1、2.8%~3.8%、0.18~0.58之间,其中C/N的变幅最大为222.2% (图1)。各土层不同处理下土壤氮库容量的差异性规律不一致,如种稻后土壤TN含量和C/N显著提高, NO 3 − -N 含量和速效氮分配比例则显著下降,种稻前后土壤中 NH 4 + -N 和AN含量无显著差异;休耕后0~15和15~30 cm土层土壤 NO 3 − -N 含量和0~15 cm土层速效氮分配比例显著低于原始沙地,其他指标无显著差异。
图1. 沙地衬膜水稻田休耕对土壤氮库的影响。不同小写字母表示处理间的显著差异(P < 0.05)。下同
各处理土壤全磷(TP)和有效磷(AP)含量及有效磷分配比例(AP/TP)分别介于0.04~0.07 g∙kg−1、1.10~2.21 mg∙kg−1、1.7%~4.8%之间,其中有效磷分配比例的变幅最大为179.8% (图2)。0~15 cm土层中3个处理间土壤TP含量没有显著差异,种稻后TP含量较沙地增加83.3%;休耕后TP含量较沙地增加66.7%;种稻后有效磷分配比例较沙地显著降低,休耕后又显著升高;15~30 cm土层中3个处理间各指标均无显著差异。除沙地土壤TP含量、稻田土壤AP含量和有效磷分配比例外,沙地、稻田、休耕地0~15 cm土层的磷库指标值均高于15~30 cm。
图2. 沙地衬膜水稻田休耕对土壤磷库的影响
各处理土壤全钾(TK)和有效钾(AK)含量及有效钾分配比例(AK/TK)分别介于18.92~19.96 g∙kg−1、1.60~38.64 mg∙kg−1、0.01%~0.2%之间,其中AK含量的变幅最大为2315.0% (图3)。0~15 cm土层沙地、稻田和休耕地间土壤钾库指标没有显著差异;15~30 cm土层沙地、稻田和休耕地间土壤TK含量无显著差异,AK含量和有效钾分配比例存在显著差异,均表现为:沙地 > 稻田 > 休耕地。除沙地土壤的AK含量外,沙地、稻田、休耕地0~15 cm土层的AK含量和有效钾分配比例均高于15~30 cm。
图3. 沙地衬膜水稻田休耕对土壤钾库的影响
沙地衬膜水稻休耕土壤氮库中,TN含量与含水量和AK含量显著正相关,与C/N具有极显著正相关关系(表1)。 NH 4 + -N 与AN含量具有极显著正相关关系。C/N与TP含量具有显著正相关关系,与TN、和AK含量以及含水量具有极显著正相关关系。土壤磷库中,TP含量与C/N和含水量以及AK含量具有显著正相关关系。AP含量与AK含量以及含水量具有显著正相关关系。土壤钾库中AK含量与TN、TP和AP含量具有显著正相关关系,与C/N以及含水量具有极显著正相关关系。
项目 Item | 土壤氮库Soil nitrogen pool | 土壤磷库 Soil phosphorus pool | 土壤钾库 Soil potassium pool | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TN | NO 3 − -N | NH 4 + -N | AN | C/N | TP | AP | TK | AK | ||
含水量 | 0.890* | 0.385 | −0.454 | −0.419 | 0.984** | 0.816* | 0.816* | −0.433 | 1.000** | |
pH | 0.368 | −0.617 | 0.679 | 0.607 | 0.135 | 0 | 0.002 | −0.136 | 0.066 | |
TN | 1 | 0.012 | −0.13 | −0.164 | 0.939** | 0.705 | 0.728 | −0.573 | 0.890* | |
NO 3 − -N | 0.012 | 1 | −0.765 | −0.55 | 0.233 | 0.049 | 0.238 | 0.449 | 0.385 | |
NH 4 + -N | −0.13 | −0.765 | 1 | 0.959** | −0.339 | −0.373 | −0.649 | 0.125 | −0.454 | |
AN | −0.164 | −0.55 | 0.959** | 1 | −0.337 | −0.462 | −0.737 | 0.361 | −0.419 | |
C/N | 0.939** | 0.233 | −0.339 | −0.337 | 1 | 0.848* | 0.794 | −0.541 | 0.984** | |
TP | 0.705 | 0.049 | −0.373 | −0.462 | 0.848* | 1 | 0.805 | −0.758 | 0.816* | |
AP | 0.728 | 0.238 | −0.649 | −0.737 | 0.794 | 0.805 | 1 | −0.674 | 0.816* | |
TK | −0.573 | 0.449 | 0.125 | 0.361 | −0.541 | −0.758 | −0.674 | 1 | −0.433 | |
AK | 0.890* | 0.385 | −0.454 | −0.419 | 0.984** | 0.816* | 0.816* | −0.433 | 1 |
表1. 土壤氮磷钾库与环境因子的相关系数
*P < 0.05;**P < 0.01。
氮、磷、钾是土壤养分三要素,对沙地衬膜水稻的生长发育和生产力有直接影响 [
土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮含量一般占速效氮的90%以上,说明植物吸收氮素最主要的来源是土壤中铵离子和硝酸盐 [
土壤有效磷含量和有效磷分配比例的变化趋势相似,0~15 cm土层中表现为先下降后升高;15~30 cm土层中无显著差别,水稻对土壤磷素中有效磷的吸收,可能是休耕过程中有效磷含量变化的原因之一。不同处理间0~15 cm土层土壤钾库容量无显著的差异,15~30 cm土层中全钾含量无明显变化,有效钾含量和有效钾分配比例大小差异顺序均表现为:沙地 > 稻田 > 休耕地。王筝等 [
本研究中,衬膜水稻休耕期间土壤环境因子与土壤氮磷钾库容间存在显著相关性,这与前人的研究结果相符。佘济云等 [
本研究还发现,休耕土壤C/N、含水量与土壤氮磷钾库容均存在极显著正相关关系,表征休耕土壤养分动态变化。刘玉林等 [
3个处理中土壤C/N和全氮含量大小差异顺序为:稻田 > 休耕地 > 沙地,总体呈先显著升高后显著下降的变化趋势。与种稻前相比,种稻后土壤硝态氮、有效钾、速效氮分配比例、有效磷分配比例和有效钾分配比例显著下降,休耕前后变化幅度较小。不同处理间土壤全磷、全钾、铵态氮、速效氮和有效磷含量差异不显著。种稻后土壤肥力变化趋势为全量养分含量增加,有效养分含量下降;休耕后土壤养分含量与非修复沙地养分含量接近。因此不能通过自然演替过程使沙地衬膜水稻田休耕地土壤质量恢复成草原土壤水平,需要在作物收获后人为干预,通过人工植草使植被覆盖休耕地,达到减少土壤水肥流失促进演替的目的。
土壤氮磷钾库与环境因子的相关性分析显示,沙地衬膜水稻休耕土壤氮库中,TN含量与C/N具有极显著正相关关系且相关性最强, NH 4 + -N 与AN含量具有极显著正相关关系且相关性最强,C/N与AK含量以及含水量具有极显著正相关关系且相关性最强。土壤磷库中,TP含量与C/N具有显著正相关关系且相关性最强,AP含量与AK含量以及含水量具有显著正相关关系且相关性最强。土壤钾库中,AK含量与含水量具有极显著正相关关系且相关性最强。
孙 琳,欧 阳,于 飞,梁 雷. 沙地衬膜水稻田休耕对土壤氮磷钾库容的影响Effects of Fallow on Soil Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Storage Capacity in Sandy Paddy Field Lined with Film[J]. 地球科学前沿, 2022, 12(04): 440-447. https://doi.org/10.12677/AG.2022.124045
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https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000030017x