ASS Advances in Social Sciences 2169-2556 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/ASS.2022.113109 ASS-49336 ASS20220300000_78106252.pdf 人文社科 教师自主支持对中学生学习投入的影响:成长型思维和内部学习动机的中介作用 The Relationship between Teacher’s Autonomy Support and Middle School Students’ Learning Engagement: The Mediation Effect of Growth Mindset and Intrinsic Learning Motivation 1 * 西南大学,重庆 07 03 2022 11 03 771 778 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

本研究招募了一所学校的2675名学生,完成教师自主支持量表、成长型思维量表、学习动机量表和学习投入量表,探讨了教师自主支持对青少年学习投入的影响,主要关注成长型思维和内部学习动机在其中的中介作用。结果发现:1) 教师自主支持水平、成长型思维、内部学习动机和学习投入两两之间显著正相关。2) 成长型思维和内部学习动机在教师自主支持与学习投入之间起显著的中介作用,具体包括三条路径:一是成长型思维的单独中介作用;二是内部学习动机的单独中介作用;三是成长型思维和内部学习动机的链式中介作用。本研究揭示了青少年感知到的教师自主支持对学习投入产生影响的作用机制,为提高中学生的学业发展水平提供了指导性建议。 2675 middle school students of one school were recruited in the study to complete the teacher’s autonomy support scale, growth mindset scale, learning motivation scale and learning engage-ment scale. This study explored the influence of teacher’s autonomy support on learning engagement among adolescents, largely focusing on the mediating effects of growth mindset and intrinsic learning motivation. The results indicated that: 1) there were significant positive correlations between teacher’s autonomy support, growth mindset, intrinsic learning motivation and learning engagement. 2) Growth mindset and intrinsic learning motivation played significant mediating roles between teacher’s autonomy support and learning engagement, including three specific pathways: the separate mediation effect of growth mindset and intrinsic learning motivation, and the chain mediation of growth mindset and intrinsic learning motivation. This study reveals the mechanism by which adolescents’ perceived teacher’s autonomy has an impact on learning engagement and provides guidance and suggestions for improving the academic development of middle school students.

教师自主支持,成长型思维,内部学习动机,学习投入, Teacher’s Autonomy Support Growth Mindset Intrinsic Learning Motivation Learning Engagement
摘要

本研究招募了一所学校的2675名学生,完成教师自主支持量表、成长型思维量表、学习动机量表和学习投入量表,探讨了教师自主支持对青少年学习投入的影响,主要关注成长型思维和内部学习动机在其中的中介作用。结果发现:1) 教师自主支持水平、成长型思维、内部学习动机和学习投入两两之间显著正相关。2) 成长型思维和内部学习动机在教师自主支持与学习投入之间起显著的中介作用,具体包括三条路径:一是成长型思维的单独中介作用;二是内部学习动机的单独中介作用;三是成长型思维和内部学习动机的链式中介作用。本研究揭示了青少年感知到的教师自主支持对学习投入产生影响的作用机制,为提高中学生的学业发展水平提供了指导性建议。

关键词

教师自主支持,成长型思维,内部学习动机,学习投入

The Relationship between Teacher’s Autonomy Support and Middle School Students’ Learning Engagement: The Mediation Effect of Growth Mindset and Intrinsic Learning Motivation<sup> </sup>

Nan An

Southwest University, Chongqing

Received: Feb. 16th, 2022; accepted: Mar. 9th, 2022; published: Mar. 16th, 2022

ABSTRACT

2675 middle school students of one school were recruited in the study to complete the teacher’s autonomy support scale, growth mindset scale, learning motivation scale and learning engagement scale. This study explored the influence of teacher’s autonomy support on learning engagement among adolescents, largely focusing on the mediating effects of growth mindset and intrinsic learning motivation. The results indicated that: 1) there were significant positive correlations between teacher’s autonomy support, growth mindset, intrinsic learning motivation and learning engagement. 2) Growth mindset and intrinsic learning motivation played significant mediating roles between teacher’s autonomy support and learning engagement, including three specific pathways: the separate mediation effect of growth mindset and intrinsic learning motivation, and the chain mediation of growth mindset and intrinsic learning motivation. This study reveals the mechanism by which adolescents’ perceived teacher’s autonomy has an impact on learning engagement and provides guidance and suggestions for improving the academic development of middle school students.

Keywords:Teacher’s Autonomy Support, Growth Mindset, Intrinsic Learning Motivation, Learning Engagement

Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

学习投入反映了学生对于正在经历的学习活动在认知、情感、和行为上的投入状态。本研究采用Schaufeli团队对学习投入的定义,它分为活力(vigor)、奉献(dedication)、和专注(absorption)三个维度。活力指学习者具有充沛的精力、为学习付出努力而不易疲倦,即使遇到困难也能够坚持不懈。奉献是指学习者在学习中能够感受到强大的意义感和自豪感,从而以饱满的热情致力于学习。专注是指学习者全神贯注于当前的学习中,因而感到时间过得很快,难以将个体与学习分开的一种状态 [ 1 ]。研究表明,学习投入的过程给个体带来更积极的情绪体验 [ 2 ],积极的情绪体验被证明比认知因素更能预测更高的学业成就 [ 3 ]。另外,学习投入高的学生更倾向于采用功能性成就策略,比如任务集中策略,能以更乐观的态度完成学习任务 [ 4 ],在学习生活中较少体会到学业倦怠。PISA2009指出学习投入是衡量学生学习过程质量的一个重要指标,并以此来衡量整体的教育质量 [ 5 ]。高水平的学习投入带来更高的学业成绩 [ 6 ] [ 7 ],具有较高的生活满意度和学业幸福感水平 [ 8 ] [ 9 ];而较低的学习投入水平会造成成绩不佳,消极行为发生率高,辍学风险的增加等不良后果 [ 10 ]。因此,对青少年学习投入的影响因素及其作用机制的探讨具有重要意义。

学校是儿童青少年学习成长的主要场所。其中,教师的教学激励风格对学生的学习动机、学习积极性等具有不同影响,控制型教师常常忽视学生学习的主体性,不利于学生积极性的调动。新课程理念下的教学强调转换教师的教学风格,为学生提供自主型的支持,将学生放在课堂教学的主体位置 [ 11 ]。研究表明,教师自主支持对学生的学业发展具有积极影响 [ 12 ] [ 13 ]。自我决定理论(Self-Determination Theory, SDT)认为自主支持型教师在教学中尊重孩子的兴趣爱好和个人目标,能够满足青少年的自主、胜任、归属三大基本需要,进而使学生在学习过程中更为主动,积极地应对学习中的挑战,带来更好的学业表现。因此,本研究提出假设1:教师自主支持对中学生学习投入具有正向预测作用。

思维模式(mindset)由美国斯坦福大学心理学教授Dweck提出,指的是人们对个人特质的可塑性所持有的核心假设 [ 14 ]。在教育心理学领域,研究者更多关注人们对个体智力可塑性所持有的看法。成长型思维(Growth mindset)的个体认为智力具有可塑造、可增长和可调控的特性。而另一些人们具有固定型思维(Fixed mindset),他们认为智力是一种固定的、不能掌控的特质。在解释学习差异方面,这种思维模式越来越被认为是一个重要的非智力因素 [ 15 ],不同的思维模式会对他们的认知、情绪和行为模式产生影响,进而导致不同的学业成就 [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ]。与成长型思维的个体相比,固定型思维的个体对努力持有更消极的信念,进而表现出更低的学业目标、消极的学习动机、更多的消极情绪。众多研究表明,持成长型思维的学生比持固定型思维方式的学生获得更高的学业成就,尤其在数理学科领域 [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ]。以中国学生为研究对象的研究也显示,学生成长型思维的发展,通过增强心理弹性获得更高水平的学业投入 [ 22 ]。成长型思维的塑造与外部支持环境有关,实证研究发现,教师自主支持能够促进大学生成长型思维的形成 [ 23 ]。据此,本研究提出假设2:成长型思维在教师自主支持与学习投入之间起中介作用。

学习动机是学生学习的内部驱动力,反映着他们的需要、追求和目标。心理学上倾向于从动机产生的来源将动机划分为内部动机和外部动机。内部学习动机是指学生对学习活动本身产生兴趣,比如对新知识的好奇、渴望理解掌握知识、渴望挑战学习中的难题;外部动机是在学习活动以外的,由外部诱因激发出来的动机,比如为得到表扬、奖赏,避免批评等。相比外部动机,学生会将内在动机转换成一种义务,这种内在动力会使学生不断地追求知识。实证研究表明,学业成绩受到学生内部动机的影响,呈现出显著的正相关,内部学习动机可以促进学生学业成绩的提高 [ 24 ] [ 25 ]。另外,研究表明,成长型思维与内部学习动机正相关,能够显著预测内部学习动机 [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ]。近期神经科学领域的研究也支持了成长型思维能够促进内部学习动机 [ 29 ]。据此推测,青少年的成长型思维利于提高其内部学习动机。据此,本研究提出假设3:成长型思维和内部学习动机在青少年感知到的教师自主支持与学习投入之间起链式中介作用。

2. 对象与方法 2.1. 对象

采用整群抽样法从四川省达州市一所普通公办中学抽取初中生和高中生一共2847名,以班级为单位进行问卷施测,在回收问卷中剔除作答不全、规律性作答以及由极端值等情况的无效问卷,剩余2675份有效问卷。其中,男生1327名(49.6%),女生1348名(50.4%);初一为498人(18.6%),初二为503人(18.8%),初三为250人(9.3%),高一为587人(21.9%),高二为594人(22.2%),高三为243人(9.1%)。

2.2. 工具 2.2.1. 教师自主支持

Williams和Deci在1996年编制了教师自主支持量表来测量在学习过程中学生感知到的教师自主支持的程度。本研究采用的是刘桂荣等人进行中文修订的版本。修订后的问卷共14题,包括1道反向计分题,采用5点记分,从“非常不符合”到“非常符合”分别记分1~5分,问卷均分可以代表学生感知的教师自主支持的水平,得分越高代表学生感知到的教师自主支持的水平越高。该问卷的Cronbach系数为0.941。

2.2.2. 成长型思维

采用Dweck等人(1999)编制的《成长型思维量表》 [ 30 ] 进行测量。该量表包含6个项目,有3个测量成长型思维,有3个测量固定型思维,对其进行反向计分,量表采用6点计分法(1 = “完全不同意”,6 = “完全同意”)。问卷均分越高越表明学生具有成长型思维。本研究问卷实测的内部一致性α系数为0.868。

2.2.3. 学习动机量表

台湾学者余安邦(1991)经过研究整合,编制了一份学习动机量表。这个量表包含内部学习动机和外部学习动机两个维度。在内部学习动机这一维度包含了7个题目,而在外部学习动机这一维度包含了6个题目,一共13个题目,其中第4和第13项采用反向计分。采用了5点计分法,“1”代表非常不符合,“5”非常符合,得分越高则表明动机越强。该问卷内部学习动机维度的Cronbach系数为0.852。

2.2.4. 学习投入量表

采用国内学者修订过的Schaufeli等编制的《学习投入量表》 [ 31 ] 进行测量。该量表包含17个条目,包括活力、奉献和专注三个维度。采用李克特5点计分法(1 = 非常不符合,5 = 非常符合),无反向记分。问卷均分越高,说明该生的学习投入水平越高。本研究问卷实测的内部一致性α系数为0.959。

2.3. 数据处理

采用SPSS25.0对数据进行描述性分析、相关分析和回归分析,使用Hayes开发的PROCESS程序进行中介模型检验,采用偏差校对非参数百分位Bootstrap法对中介效应的显著性水平进行检验,研究选择Hayes提供的模型6进行分析。

2.4. 共同方法偏差

采用Harman单因素法检验共同方法偏差:未旋转的探索性因子分析结果提取出特征根大于1的因子共6个,最大因子方差解释率为38.64%,小于40%的临界值。故本研究不存在严重的共同方法偏差。

3. 结果 3.1. 描述性统计和变量间的相关关系

如表1所示,教师自主支持、成长型思维、内部学习动机和学习投入两两之间均呈显著正相关。

Results of correlation analysis between variable
M SD 1 2 3 4
1) 教师自主支持 3.664 0.781 1
2) 成长型思维 3.729 1.164 0.277** 1
3) 内部学习动机 3.567 0.751 0.438** 0.433** 1
4) 学习投入 4.133 1.152 0.473** 0.405** 0.743** 1

表1. 变量间的相关分析结果

注:**P < 0.01。

3.2. 中介效应检验

如表2所示,使用Hayes编制的SPSS宏程序Process进行中介效应分析,在控制性别和年级的条件下,分析成长型思维和内部学习动机在教师自主支持与学习投入关系间的中介作用。回归分析显示,教师自主支持对成长型思维(β = 0.353, P < 0.01)和内部学习动机(β = 0.319, P < 0.01)具有直接正向预测作用;成长型思维对内部学习动机(β = 0.212, P < 0.01)具有直接正向预测作用;当教师自主支持、成长型思维和内部学习动机同时预测学习投入时,教师自主支持、成长型思维和内部学习动机均对学习投入有显著正向预测作用(β = 0.250, P < 0.01; β = 0.079, P < 0.01; β = 0.965, P < 0.01)。

Regression analysis between variable
回归方程 整体拟合指数 回归系数显著性
结果变量 预测变量 R F β t
成长型思维 年级 0.316 0.100 98.568 −0.097 −7.207
性别 −0.167 −3.900
教师自主支持 0.353 12.365
内在学习动机 年级 0.548 0.300 285.834 −0.024 −3.144
性别 −0.020 −0.815
教师自主支持 0.319 19.101
成长型思维 0.212 19.250
学习投入 年级 0.766 0.586 756.905 −0.012 −1.318
性别 −0.075 −2.614
教师自主支持 0.250 11.907
成长型思维 0.079 5.723
内在学习动机 0.965 42.295

表2. 变量间的回归分析

注:**P < 0.01。

如表3所示,采用偏差校对非参数百分位Bootstrap法对中介效应进行进一步检验,结果表明,成长型思维和内部学习动机的中介作用显著,中介效应值为0.409。具体来看,中介效应通过三条中介路径产生:第一,由教师自主支持 → 成长型思维 → 学习投入组成的间接效应1,Bootstrap 95%置信区间不包含0,说明成长型思维的中介作用显著;第二,由教师自主支持 → 内部学习动机 → 学习投入组成的间接效应2,Bootstrap 95%置信区间不包含0,说明内部学习动机中介作用显著;第三,由教师自主支持 → 成长型思维 → 内部学习动机 → 学习投入组成的间接效应3,Bootstrap 95%置信区间不包含0,说明成长型思维和内部学习动机的中介作用显著。教师自主支持作用于青少年学习投入的具体路径如图1所示。

The mediating effect of growth midset and intrinsic learning motivation on teacher’s autonomy support and learning engagemen
效应值 Boot标准误 Boot CI上限 Boot CI下限 相对中介效应
总间接效应 0.409 0.023 0.365 0.453 62.01%
间接效应1 0.028 0.006 0.017 0.040 4.25%
间接效应2 0.308 0.022 0.267 0.351 46.78%
间接效应3 0.072 0.008 0.057 0.089 10.97%

表3. 成长型思维和内部学习动机在教师自主支持与学习投入间的中介效应

图1. 链式中介作用图

4. 讨论

本研究显示,中学生感知到的教师自主支持可以直接正向预测其学习投入水平,即中学生感知到的教师自主支持水平越高,则学习投入水平越高。这与之前的研究结果一致 [ 32 ],当教师能够了解到学生的需求,对学生提供足够的支持和需求,满足学生的自主需求从而促进学生在学习时表现出充实、稳定和持续的学习投入状态 [ 33 ]。

中介效应检验的结果表明,成长型思维和内部学习动机在教师自主支持对学习投入产生影响的过程中起链式中介作用。首先,本研究发现学生感知到的教师自主支持对学生的成长型思维具有显著的正向预测作用,继而显著预测学习投入水平。这与相关研究取得了较为一致的结果 [ 23 ],根据自我决定理论,社会支持资源包括父母自主支持、教师自主支持等,这些外界支持可以培养个体的自主性,鼓励个体独立探索,引导他们形成成长型思维,即个体的基本属性是可以通过自己的努力培养塑造的,从而在学习中能够积极面对挑战,注重学习过程对自己的塑造,具有更高水平的学业表现 [ 34 ]。另外,根据内隐智力理论,持成长型思维的个体往往有更多内部动机,他们相信能够通过努力改变自己的能力,注重学习过程带给自己的成长,从而增加学生在学习过程中的愉快体验和专注程度,即具有更高水平的学习投入 [ 35 ]。相反,持固定型思维的人认为个人能力是固定的,他们更加注重表现自己的能力,外部动机高于内部动机,学习投入水平相对较差。

本研究对中学生感知到的教师自主支持、成长型思维、内部学习动机和学习投入的关系进行了探究,初步揭示了教师自主支持对学习投入的作用机制,研究结果不仅在理论上支持和拓展了自我决定理论,具有一定的理论意义,在实际生活中也使我们进一步了解影响中学生学习投入的因素,有利于有针对性地改善教学教育方式。

未来还可以优化研究,首先,本研究采用的测量问卷均由学生自评,数据来源比较单一,未来研究可以结合观察法、访谈法、实验法和脑成像的方法进行多维度更深层的考察;另外,本研究为横断研究,未来研究可以采用纵向中介的方式来揭示变量间的因果关系。

5. 结论

教师自主支持、成长型思维、内部学习动机和学习投入之间两两显著相关,且教师自主支持能显著正向预测学习投入;成长型思维与内部学习动机在教师自主支持与学习投入中起显著的中介作用。具体包括三条路径:一是成长型思维的单独中介作用;二是内部学习动机的单独中介作用;三是成长型思维和内部学习动机的链式中介作用。

文章引用

安 南. 教师自主支持对中学生学习投入的影响:成长型思维和内部学习动机的中介作用The Relationship between Teacher’s Autonomy Support and Middle School Students’ Learning Engagement: The Mediation Effect of Growth Mindset and Intrinsic Learning Motivation[J]. 社会科学前沿, 2022, 11(03): 771-778. https://doi.org/10.12677/ASS.2022.113109

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