ACRVM Asian Case Reports in Vascular Medicine 2326-3490 Scientific Research Publishing 10.12677/ACRVM.2020.83003 ACRVM-44370 ACRVM20200300000_12185554.pdf 医药卫生 静脉溶栓治疗结核性脑膜炎并发青年缺血性卒中一例 Intravenous Thrombolysis for Tuberculous Meningitis Complicated with Ischemic Stroke in a Young Patient 万清 2 1 3 1 桂芬 2 1 云南省滇南中心医院,呼吸与危重症医学科,云南 红河 云南省滇南中心医院,神经内科二科,云南 红河 null 05 08 2021 08 03 15 19 © Copyright 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

青年卒中病因多样,以心源性多见,而结核性脑膜炎所致的脑梗死并静脉溶栓的少见。患者青年男性,结核性脑膜炎规范抗结核治疗期间发生急性缺血性脑卒中(Acute ischemic stroke, AIS),于3 h时间窗内予静脉溶栓,桥接DSA未发现大血管闭塞,静脉溶栓结束后疗效佳,次日病情再发加重,行头部磁共振提示为急性期脑梗死,发病90天电话随访病情明显好转。结核性脑膜炎并发青年缺血性卒中静脉溶栓可能有效,建议当怀疑有结核性脑膜炎时,应立即开始使用抗结核 + 皮质类固醇 + 阿司匹林治疗,但目前仍存在争议。 The causes of stroke in young population are various, most of which are cardiogenic, while cerebral infarction caused by tuberculous meningitis and intravenous thrombolysis is rare. A young male patient with tuberculous meningitis developed acute ischemic stroke (Acute ischemic stroke, AIS) during standard anti-tuberculous treatment. Intravenous thrombolysis was performed within the time window of 3 h. No large vessel occlusion was found by bridging DSA after thrombolysis. The curative effect was good. However, the disease was aggravated next day. The head MRI showed acute cerebral infarction. The patient’s condition improved significantly after 90-day’s telephone follow-up. Intravenous thrombolysis may be effective in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis complicated with ischemic stroke in young population. It is recommended that anti-tuberculous plus corticosteroid and aspirin should be used immediately when tuberculous meningitis is sus-pected, but there is still controversy.

静脉溶栓,结核性脑膜炎,青年缺血性卒中, Intravenous Thrombolysis Tuberculous Meningitis Ischemic Stroke in Youth
摘要

青年卒中病因多样,以心源性多见,而结核性脑膜炎所致的脑梗死并静脉溶栓的少见。患者青年男性,结核性脑膜炎规范抗结核治疗期间发生急性缺血性脑卒中(Acute ischemic stroke, AIS),于3 h时间窗内予静脉溶栓,桥接DSA未发现大血管闭塞,静脉溶栓结束后疗效佳,次日病情再发加重,行头部磁共振提示为急性期脑梗死,发病90天电话随访病情明显好转。结核性脑膜炎并发青年缺血性卒中静脉溶栓可能有效,建议当怀疑有结核性脑膜炎时,应立即开始使用抗结核 + 皮质类固醇 + 阿司匹林治疗,但目前仍存在争议。

关键词

静脉溶栓,结核性脑膜炎,青年缺血性卒中

Intravenous Thrombolysis for Tuberculous Meningitis Complicated with Ischemic Stroke in a Young Patient<sup> </sup>

Wanqing Tao1, Rui Liu2, Guifen Li1

1Department of Neurology, Southern Central Hospital of Yunnan Province, Honghe Yunnan

2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Southern Central Hospital of Yunnan Province, Honghe Yunnan

Received: Jul. 2nd, 2021; accepted: Jul. 30th, 2021; published: Aug. 5th, 2021

ABSTRACT

The causes of stroke in young population are various, most of which are cardiogenic, while cerebral infarction caused by tuberculous meningitis and intravenous thrombolysis is rare. A young male patient with tuberculous meningitis developed acute ischemic stroke (Acute ischemic stroke, AIS) during standard anti-tuberculous treatment. Intravenous thrombolysis was performed within the time window of 3 h. No large vessel occlusion was found by bridging DSA after thrombolysis. The curative effect was good. However, the disease was aggravated next day. The head MRI showed acute cerebral infarction. The patient’s condition improved significantly after 90-day’s telephone follow-up. Intravenous thrombolysis may be effective in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis complicated with ischemic stroke in young population. It is recommended that anti-tuberculous plus corticosteroid and aspirin should be used immediately when tuberculous meningitis is suspected, but there is still controversy.

Keywords:Intravenous Thrombolysis, Tuberculous Meningitis, Ischemic Stroke in Youth

Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and beplay安卓登录

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

1. 引言

结核性脑膜炎(tuberculous meningitis, TBM)是肺外结核最严重的并发症之一,脑梗死是TBM严重并发症,致残、致死的主要原因,是患者永久性残障的主要预测指标之一。因此,需要关注这些高风险的TBM患者,以降低发病率和死亡率。溶栓治疗作为超急性期脑梗死的最有效的治疗方法,其在TBM并发脑梗死中较为少见,在我院尚属首例,现将该病例报道如下。

2. 临床资料

患者男,23岁,上海务工,因“头痛、发热2周,嗜睡2天”于2020年9月21日入住我院感染科,经我院感染科诊断为“结核性脑膜脑炎”,予异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺、乙胺丁醇、阿米卡星抗结核,地塞米松减轻炎症反应,脱水降颅压等治疗,2020年10月13日12:46,患者吃饭过程中突发右侧肢体无力,13:54转运至急诊医学部。既往“脑震荡”病史20年。

感染科住院期间辅助检查:颅脑MRI平扫 + FLAIR + DWI:左顶叶及右额叶部分脑沟内可疑异常信号影。胸部CT:双肺尖多发微小结节灶。9月22日行腰穿脑脊液送检,单纯疱疹病毒1型及2型、EB病毒、巨细胞病毒、甲型H1N1流感病毒、甲型流感病毒及乙型流感病毒DNA均为阴性。脑脊液生化:葡萄糖1.24 mmol/L↓ (参考值:2.5~4.4 mmol/L),脑脊液蛋白153.90 mg/dL↑ (参考值:8~43 mg/dL),氯113.9 mmol/L↓ (参考值120~132 mmol/L);墨汁染色查隐球菌:阴性;脑脊液常规+脱落细胞:白细胞数643.0 × 106/L (参考值:≤106/L),单个核细胞百分比72.4% (参考值:15%~45%),潘氏试验2+↑ (参考值:阴性),透明度:轻度浑浊,抗酸染色:阴性。

卒中医师接诊后情况查体:嗜睡,双眼外展受限(入院时已存在,考虑为结核性脑膜脑炎所致),右侧肢体肌0级,右侧巴宾斯基征阳性,共济运动及感觉无异常,脑膜刺激征阳性,余神经系统检查未见异常。血压126/71 mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa),心率105次/min,呼吸18次/min,血氧饱和度97% (吸氧2 L/min),末梢血糖9.5 mmol/L,头颅CT (见图1)未见出血及梗死灶,诊断为急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)。NHISS评分9分,无溶栓禁忌,急诊予阿替普酶总量74.7 mg (7.47 mg静推,其余90%缓慢静脉滴注)静脉溶栓,门–针时间(DNT) 77 min,溶栓过程中患者无出血迹象。14:47离开急诊抢救室时查体右侧肢肌力恢复至3级,NHISS评分7分。静脉溶栓同时拟行桥接机械取栓,脑血管造影(DSA) (见图2)无异常。静脉溶栓结束后NIHSS评分1分,右侧肢体肌力4级。次日早晨患者病情加重,右上肢肌力0级,NIHSS评分5分,行头部核磁共振MRI + DWI + FLAIR (见图3)提示左侧基底节区急性期脑梗死。当日患者及其家属要求转上级医院进一步诊治而出院。2021年1月9日电话随访,患者右上肢可使用筷子,稍感欠灵活,言语及其他肢体活动无异常,出院后规律服用抗结核药物,未服用阿司匹林及阿托伐他汀。

图1. 头颅CT未见异常

图2. 脑血管造影未见异常

图3. 头部核磁共振DWI示左侧基底节区脑梗死

3. 讨论

脑梗死是结核性脑膜炎的常见并发症和预后不良的预兆 [ 1 ],估计占所有TBM病例的6%至47% [ 2 ],常发生在豆纹动脉和丘脑深穿支血管分布区。然而,TBM患者梗死的机制尚不清楚。目前认为结核性渗出物可影响流经的血管,以大脑中动脉和豆纹动脉最易受累,即所谓的“结核区”(包括基底节、内囊和丘脑 [ 3 ] )。据推测,年轻患者基底池的炎性渗出物会导致Willis环的血管绞窄、痉挛、收缩、动脉炎和最终血栓形成,这可能会导致梗死 [ 4 ] [ 5 ]。临床上根据全身中毒症状合并脑梗死或脑出血者,可考虑结核性脑动脉炎。感染和非感染危险因素之间的独特重叠会导致个体脑梗死的发生 [ 6 ]。

本例患者无传统脑血管危险因素,按照TOAST分型为其他病因脑梗死,治疗上积极予rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗,桥接DSA未发现异常血管,治疗后症状曾一度好转,次日脑梗死再发,行头部磁共振提示为左侧基底节区急性期脑梗死,临床考虑为责任血管为左侧豆纹动脉,符合结核性脑膜炎并发脑梗死的发病规律。患者静脉溶栓后病情复发的原因不明,可能与患者长期高热、卧床、血液黏稠度增高等有关。发病90天后随访,患者结核及脑梗死症状明显好转,规律服用抗结核药物,但未服用阿司匹林及阿托伐他汀,考虑患者rt-PA静脉溶栓有效。研究表明影像学上提示脑梗死的病例愈后不良 [ 7 ]。该患者预后较好,考虑机制为:TBM并发脑梗死的早期病变为血管痉挛和血管炎,后期往往是血管内膜增殖性病变 [ 8 ],更多依赖于经典的心脑血管风险因素;且患者为青年。

皮质类固醇降低TBM患者的死亡率的事实现在已经得到了很好的证实 [ 9 ],但是否能降低中风的发生率尚未得到充分评估,一项研究表明地塞米松的使用不会降低中风的发生率 [ 10 ]。而阿司匹林作为脑梗死二级预防的基石,其在TBM中预防或控制缺血性卒中的作用尚不清楚、仍存在争议。越南一项试验表明,在抗结核药物治疗方案中加入阿司匹林可改善TBM的预后,然而,添加阿司匹林在降低死亡率或预防新发梗死方面没有显着益处 [ 11 ]。另外的研究则表明阿司匹林在降低TBM死亡率方面没有益处 [ 12 ]。阿司匹林的添加可显着降低结核性脑膜炎患者新发梗死的风险 [ 11 ] [ 13 ]。荟萃分析显示,约有15%的患者在阿司匹林组发生了新的梗死,而对照组中约有32%的患者发生了新的梗死,添加阿司匹林可导致发生新的梗死时绝对危险度降低约17%;此外,基于阿司匹林剂量进行的亚组分析显示,添加低剂量(50~150 mg)的阿司匹林可显着降低发生新发脑梗死的风险,这一发现对于降低结核性脑膜炎的梗死风险具有重要意义,但不会改变死亡风险,且低/高剂量阿司匹林组和对照组之间的死亡人数没有显着差异 [ 12 ]。至于阿司匹林使用阿司匹林与不良反应(例如过敏反应和胃肠道,肝,心脏或呼吸道事件)的显着增加无关 [ 12 ]。与对照组相比,阿司匹林组的胃肠道或颅内出血没有显着增加 [ 11 ]。一项针对评估辅助阿司匹林或阿司匹林加皮质类固醇在减少TBM患者死亡和改善预后方面的研究提示阿司匹林与皮质类固醇的辅助治疗似乎有助于降低TBM的死亡率,但功能结局无显着差异,建议当怀疑有TBM时,应立即开始使用抗结核 + 皮质类固醇 + 阿司匹林治疗 [ 14 ]。有研究表明在成人人群中使用阿司匹林有减少中风的趋势 [ 13 ],故对于有传统高危因素的患者,建议长期服用。

4. 结论

由结核性脑膜脑炎导致的AIS,超早期建议静脉溶栓治疗,对于有传统高危因素的患者,建议长期进行缺血性卒中二级预防治疗。

申明

该病例报道获得病人的知情同意。

文章引用

陶万清,刘 睿,李桂芬. 静脉溶栓治疗结核性脑膜炎并发青年缺血性卒中一例Intravenous Thrombolysis for Tuberculous Meningitis Complicated with Ischemic Stroke in a Young Patient[J]. 亚洲心脑血管病例研究, 2020, 08(03): 15-19. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACRVM.2020.83003

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