通过对比研究脑室外引流联合腰大池引流(EVD-LP)和单纯脑室外引流(EVD)治疗重度自发性脑室出血患者的疗效,为自发性脑室出血患者的治疗提供参考。前瞻性分析收治的重度自发性脑室出血患者52例,按治疗方法分为EVD治疗组(13例)和EVD-LP治疗组(39例),EVD治疗组将脑室型颅内压探头放在积血脑室内,引流并监测“颅内压”的变化。EVD-LP诊疗组在EVD治疗组基础上,待复查头部CT显示第三脑室、第四脑室及室间孔及中脑导水管无完全性梗阻性积血后,置入腰大池外引流管引流,比较分析两组患者脑室引流管留置时间、血肿清除时间和术后患者1个月、3个月的日常生活能力(ADL)量表评分来评价患者预后情况。结果显示,EVD-LP组患者无严重并发症出现,两组在良好预后人数(χ2= 1.926, P > 0.05)、引流管留置时间(χ2= 0.188, P > 0.05)、脑室内血肿完全清除时间(χ2= 1.067, P > 0.05)无统计学差异,EVD-LP组患者的3月后良好(ADL 1~3分)预后率82%显著高于EVD组54%。本研究表明,EVD-LP治疗重度自发性脑室出血安全有效,无严重并发症出现,能显著提高患者3月良好预后率。
通过对比研究脑室外引流联合腰大池引流(EVD-LP)和单纯脑室外引流(EVD)治疗重度自发性脑室出血患者的疗效,为自发性脑室出血患者的治疗提供参考。前瞻性分析收治的重度自发性脑室出血患者52例,按治疗方法分为EVD治疗组(13例)和EVD-LP治疗组(39例),EVD治疗组将脑室型颅内压探头放在积血脑室内,引流并监测“颅内压”的变化。EVD-LP诊疗组在EVD治疗组基础上,待复查头部CT显示第三脑室、第四脑室及室间孔及中脑导水管无完全性梗阻性积血后,置入腰大池外引流管引流,比较分析两组患者脑室引流管留置时间、血肿清除时间和术后患者1个月、3个月的日常生活能力(ADL)量表评分来评价患者预后情况。结果显示,EVD-LP组患者无严重并发症出现,两组在良好预后人数(c2= 1.926, P > 0.05)、引流管留置时间(c2= 0.188, P > 0.05)、脑室内血肿完全清除时间(c2= 1.067, P > 0.05)无统计学差异,EVD-LP组患者的3月后良好(ADL 1~3分)预后率82%显著高于EVD组54%。本研究表明,EVD-LP治疗重度自发性脑室出血安全有效,无严重并发症出现,能显著提高患者3月良好预后率。
自发性脑室出血,颅内压,脑室外引流,腰椎穿刺,预后
Wusi Qiu*, Peng Zhao, Haisong Xu, Zelin Hao
Hangzhou Second Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Zhejiang
Received: May 19th, 2021; accepted: Jun. 9th, 2021; published: Jun. 16th, 2021
We investigate the effects of External Ventricular Drainage (EVD) with lumber cistern drainage by comparing the efficacy of EVD combined with lumbar cistern drainage (EVD-LP) and EVD alone for patients with spontaneous intra-ventricular hemorrhage. Fifty-two patients with severe spontaneous ventricular hemorrhage were prospectively analyzed and divided into EVD treatment group (13 cases) and EVD-LP treatment group (39 cases). For patients in the EVD treatment group, a ventricular intracranial pressure probe was placed in the ventricular compartment for drainage of intra-ventricular hemorrhage and monitoring the changes of “intracranial pressure”. For patients in the EVD-LP group, after the similar EVD treatment was performed, with CT showing that the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle and foramen of monro and midbrain aqueduct without any complete obstruction, the lumber cistern drainage was followed. Comparative analysis of two groups of patients was performed for the ventricular drainage tube indwelling time, hematoma clearance time and prognosis of postoperative 1 month, 3 months (ADL). There were no significant differences in the number of patients with good prognosis (c2= 1.926, P > 0.05), the indwelling time of drainage tube (c2= 0.188, P > 0.05), and the time to complete clearance of intra-ventricular hemorrhage (c2= 1.067, P > 0.05) between the two groups. The favorable (ADL1-3 score) prognosis after 3 months was 82% in the EVD-LP group, significantly higher than 54% in the EVD group. This study shows that EVD-LP is a safe and effective method in the treatment of severe spontaneous ventricular hemorrhage without serious complications, and can significantly improve the 3-month good prognosis rate of the patients. The good prognosis rate (ADL1-3 points) of patients in the EVD-LP group after 3 months was significantly higher than that in the EVD group (82% versus 54% respectively, c2= 4.1368, p > 0.05). There were no complications resulting in severe sequelae. In conclusion, the EVD with lumber drainage described here is a safe method of treatment which can improve prognosis at 3 months without severe complications for patients with severe spontaneous intra-ventricular hemorrhage.
Keywords:Spontaneous Intra-Ventricular Hemorrhage, Intracranial Pressure, EVD, Lumber Puncture, Prognosis
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脑室出血(intra-ventricular hemorrhage, IVH)是指颅内血管破裂,血液进入脑室系统引起的综合征 [
选择2014年1月至2019年9月,我院神经外科收治的脑室出血患者52例,其中男性33例,女性19例。
纳入标准:①经CT检查确诊为重度脑室出血;②有EVD手术适应症者;③年龄 < 75岁;④发病时间 < 24 h;⑤患者家属同意治疗方式并签署手术知情同意书。排除标准:①血液系统疾病;②有颅内或全身感染性疾病;③脑肿瘤卒中未有效处理;④既往有严重脑卒中、糖尿病、冠心病等病史 [
根据患者治疗方案的不同,将患者分为EVD治疗组和EVD-LP治疗组,其中EVD组13例,其中男性9例,女性4例,平均年龄(50 ± 14)岁,平均术前GCS (7.46 ± 2.93)分,平均基础疾病数(0.69 ± 0.48)个,平均术前脑内血肿量(36.72 ± 19.81) ml。EVD-LP组39例。其中男性24例,女性15例,平均年龄(50 ± 11)岁,平均术前GCS (7.67 ± 3.15)分,平均基础疾病数(1.13 ± 0.80)个,平均术前脑内血肿量(42.45 ± 33.31) ml,两组患者组间具有可比性。
该研究获得杭州师范大学附属医院伦理委员会的伦理许可。
按治疗方法分为EVD治疗组和EVD-LP治疗组。EVD治疗组:依据侧脑室前角穿刺方法进行,将脑室型ICP探头放在积血脑室内进行引流并监测“颅内压”的变化。EVD-LP诊疗组:在EVD治疗基础上先行腰椎穿刺,若压力 > 25 mmHg则次日继续腰穿,至压力不超过20 mmHg、头颅CT显示脑室系统无明显梗阻后,置入腰大池外引流装置,观察24 h后如患者无明显异常,侧脑室压力较夹管前无明显升高,拔除脑室引流管。一般腰大池引流量控制为10 ml/h,200~300 ml/d。腰大池引流管拔管指征:脑脊液颜色逐渐变清,常规及生化结果趋向正常,ICP监测稳定在20 mmHg以下,复查颅脑CT示脑室系统无明显扩大。为防止感染,腰大池置管时间一般为5 d。颅内压控制目标:根据脑室–腰大池压力梯度或者腰穿结果调节控制引流速度以及脱水剂用量,当ICP > 20 mmHg,依据病情可应用20%甘露醇0.25~0.5g/kg快速静滴,每6~12 h一次;如持续ICP > 25 mmHg,则复查头颅CT,出现手术指征者则行手术治疗 [
监测2组患者以下指标:脑室内血肿清除时间、脑室引流管留置时间、主要并发症,预后情况以患者术后1个月、3个月的日常生活能力(activities of daily living, ADL)量表评分来评价。
计量资料以均值±标准差表示,显著性比较采用t检验分析,计数资料显著性比较采用卡方检验分析。采用SPSS25.0统计软件进行统计学分析,P < 0.05为有统计意义。
采用3:1随机数字表入组52例患者,EVD和LP操作方法方便简便可行,EVD-LP组与EVD组患者无严重并发症发生。两组患者在脑室内血肿完全清除时间及脑室内引流管留置时间方面未存在统计学差异(P > 0.05)见表1。
组别 | 脑室内血肿完全清除时间(天) | 脑室内引流管留置时间(天) |
---|---|---|
EVD-LP组 | 14.84 ± 5.94 | 10.16 ± 3.93 |
EVD组 | 12.67 ± 2.5 | 9.89 ± 3.1 |
c2值/t值 | 1.067 | 0.188 |
P值 | >0.05 | >0.05 |
表1. 两组患者脑室内血肿完全清除时间及脑室内引流管留置时间的比较
EVD-LP组ICU住院时间为7.32 ± 7.69天,EVD组患者ICU住院时间为6.70 ± 5.42天,两组无统计学差异(t = 0.237, P > 0.05)。
两组患者在1月时预后良好率(ADL 1~3级)无统计学差异,但在3月时预后良好率EVD-LP组患者明显高于EVD组患者(分别为82.1%和53.8%, P < 0.05)见表2。
组别 | 1月后预后良好率 | 3月后预后良好率 |
---|---|---|
EVD-LP组 | 29/39 (74.4%) | 32/39 (82.1%) |
EVD组 | 7/13 (53.8%) | 7/13 (53.8%) |
c2值 | 1.926 | 4.1368 |
P值 | >0.05 | <0.05 |
表2. 两组患者1月、3月后临床预后(n, %)的比较
随着人口的老龄化及人民生活水平的提高等,自发性脑出血的发生率呈上升趋势,而且病死率不断上升。而在自发性脑出血患者中,约45%合并脑室出血,且是预后不良的独立预测因素之一 [
EVD治疗重度脑室出血可解除或改善急性脑积水、引流脑室积血、减少慢性脑积水的发生率等,而腰椎穿刺(腰大池持续引流)对非梗阻性脑积水的脑室出血(包括EVD治疗后的颅内感染)患者有良好的治疗效果。上述方法均是治疗脑室出血的微创方法。国内外专家共识和指南关于IVH诊治推荐:发病早期的脑室出血可以在EVD灌注溶血酶(rt-PA)的基础上同时给予LD。EVD联合rt-PA治疗脑室出血是安全的,有助于降低重症患者的病死率,但对于神经功能改善有待进一步研究;联合腰椎穿刺置管引流有助于加速清除脑室出血、降低行脑室腹腔分流的风险。
本研究EVD-LP组患者1月时良好预后率无统计学差异,而在3月时的EVD-LP组患者良好预后率显著高于EVD组。国内外有关于脑室出血治疗方案新的报道,认为内镜下血肿清除术 + 脑室切开术可以减少需要永久脑脊液分流术的采用率,且病死率相对于单纯脑室外引流治疗低,两月后GOS评价优于单纯脑室外引流。其他的治疗方案包括脑室–腹腔分流术和内镜下第三脑室切开术 [
我们的经验是EVD后先行腰椎穿刺,压力不超过20 cm水柱可行腰大池引流术,持续引流但要注意引流管护理避免滑脱感染等;若压力大于20 cm水柱则建议继续腰椎穿刺治疗,加强相应的监护及处理,避免引起枕骨大孔疝等严重后果。本研究表明,EVD-LP治疗脑室出血是一种安全的治疗方案,可以提高患者3月的良好预后率。
本项目受杭州市科技局(20191203B103,20150733Q18)资助。
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