膜性肾病是成人肾病综合征最常见的病理类型之一,在儿童中的发病率也逐年升高,其典型病理表现为肾小球脏层上皮细胞下免疫复合物沉积。免疫复合物可激活补体系统,最终形成膜攻击复合物,导致肾脏损伤。目前关于补体系统在膜性肾病的发病机制中的具体作用不详,本文将从动物实验、补体系统激活、补体系统调节等几方面阐述膜性肾病的发病机制研究进展。 Membranous nephropathy is one of the most common pathological types of nephrotic syndrome in adults, and the incidence of membranous nephropathy is increasing in recent years. The typical pathological manifestation of membranous nephropathy is immune complex deposition under the podocyte cells. The immune complex activates the complement system and forms the membrane attack complex. Finally, the membrane attack complex leads to kidney injury. At present, the specific role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy is unknown. This article will discuss the advances in the study of the complement system in the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy from animal experiments, complement system activation, and complement system regulation.
补体系统,膜性肾病,发病机制, Complement System
Membranous Nephropathy
Pathogenesis
摘要
Advances in the Study of Complement System in Pathogenesis of Membranous Nephropathy
Liwen Tan, Mo Wang*
Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing
Membranous nephropathy is one of the most common pathological types of nephrotic syndrome in adults, and the incidence of membranous nephropathy is increasing in recent years. The typical pathological manifestation of membranous nephropathy is immune complex deposition under the podocyte cells. The immune complex activates the complement system and forms the membrane attack complex. Finally, the membrane attack complex leads to kidney injury. At present, the specific role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy is unknown. This article will discuss the advances in the study of the complement system in the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy from animal experiments, complement system activation, and complement system regulation.
谭力文,王 墨. 补体系统在膜性肾病发病机制中的研究进展Advances in the Study of Complement System in Pathogenesis of Membranous Nephropathy[J]. 临床医学进展, 2021, 11(02): 662-668. https://doi.org/10.12677/ACM.2021.112096
参考文献References
Nie, S., He, W., Huang, T., et al. (2018) The Spectrum of Biopsy-Proven Glomerular Diseases among Children in China: A National, Cross-Sectional Survey. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrolog, 13, 1047-1054. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.11461017
Reinhard, L., Stahl, R.A.K. and Hoxha, E. (2020) Is Primary Membranous Nephropathy a Complement Mediated Disease? Molecular Immunology, 128, 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2020.10.017
Ravindran, A., Madden, B., Charlesworth, M.C., et al. (2020) Proteomic Analysis of Complement Proteins in Membranous Nephropathy. Kidney International Reports, 5, 618-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2020.01.018
Oto, O.A., Demir, E., Mirioglu, S., et al. (2021) Clinical Significance of Glomerular C3 Deposition in Primary Membranous Nephropathy. Journal of Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00915-w
Hajishengallis, G., Reis, E.S., Mastellos, D.C., et al. (2017) Novel Mechanisms and Functions of Complement. Nature Immunology, 18, 1288-1298. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3858
Arbore, G., Kemper, C. and Kolev, M. (2017) Intracellular Complement—The Complosome—In Immune Cell Regulation. Molecular Immunology, 89, 2-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.012
Walport, M.J. (2001) Complement. First of Two Parts. The New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1058-1066. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200104053441406
Hajishengallis, G., Kajikawa, T., Hajishengallis, E., et al. (2019) Complement-Dependent Mechanisms and Interventions in Periodontal Disease. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 406. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00406
Menny, A., Serna, M., Boyd, C.M., et al. (2018) CryoEM Reveals How the Complement Membrane Attack Complex Ruptures Lipid Bilayers. Nature Communications, 9, 5316. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07653-5
Hayashi, N., Okada, K., Matsui, Y., et al. (2018) Glomerular Mannose-Binding Lectin Deposition in Intrinsic Antigen-Related Membranous Nephropathy. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 33, 832-840. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfx235
Heymann, W., Hackel, D.B., Harwood, S., et al. (2000) Production of Nephrotic Syndrome in Rats by Freund’s Adjuvants and Rat Kidney Suspensions. 1951. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 11, 183-188.
Akiyama, S., Imai, E. and Maruyama, S. (2019) Immunology of Membranous Nephropathy. F1000Research, 8, 734. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.17589.1
Ronco, P. and Debiec, H. (2017) A Podocyte View of Membranous Nephropathy: From Heymann Nephritis to the Childhood Human Disease. Pflügers Archiv, 469, 997-1005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-017-2007-x
Couser, W.G. (2017) Primary Membranous Nephropathy. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 12, 983-997. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.11761116
Schiller, B., He, C., Salant, D.J., et al. (1998) Inhibition of Complement Regulation Is Key to the Pathogenesis of Active Heymann Nephritis. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 188, 1353-1358. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.188.7.1353
Salant, D.J. (2019) Unmet Challenges in Membranous Nephropathy. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 28, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1097/MNH.0000000000000459
Meyer-Schwesinger, C., Tomas, N.M., Dehde, S., et al. (2020) A Novel Mouse Model of Phospholipase A2 Receptor 1-Associated Membranous Nephropathy Mimics Podocyte Injury in Patients. Kidney International, 97, 913-919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2019.10.022
Zhang, M.-F., Cui, Z., Zhang, Y.-M., et al. (2018) Clinical and Prognostic Significance of Glomerular C1q Deposits in Primary MN. Clinica Chimica Acta, 485, 152-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.050
Sethi, S., Madden, B.J., Debiec, H., et al. (2019) Exostosin 1/Exostosin 2-Associated Membranous Nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 30, 1123-1136. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2018080852
Vivarelli, M., Emma, F., Pellé, T., et al. (2015) Genetic Homogeneity but IgG Subclass-Dependent Clinical Variability of Alloimmune Membranous Nephropathy with Anti-Neutral Endopeptidase Antibodies. Kidney International, 87, 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2014.381
Bally, S., Debiec, H., Ponard, D., et al. (2016) Phospholipase A2 Receptor-Related Membranous Nephropathy and Mannan-Binding Lectin Deficiency. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 27, 3539-3544. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2015101155
Zhang, M.-F., Huang, J., Zhang, Y.-M., et al. (2019) Complement Activation Products in the Circulation and Urine of Primary Membranous Nephropathy. BMC Nephrology, 20, 313. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1509-5
Wiech, T., Stahl, R.A.K. and Hoxha, E. (2019) Diagnostic Role of Renal Biopsy in PLAR1-Antibody-Positive Patients with Nephrotic Syndrome. Modern Pathology, 32, 1320-1328. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41379-019-0267-z
Sinico, R.A., Mezzina, N., Trezzi, B., et al. (2016) Immunology of Membranous Nephropathy: From Animal Models to Humans. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 183, 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12729
Haddad, G., Lorenzen, J.M., Ma, H., et al. (2020) Altered Glycosylation of IgG4 Promotes Lectin Complement Pathway Activation in Anti-PLA2R1 Associated Membranous Nephropathy. Journal of Clinical Investigation. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI140453
Luo, W., Olaru, F., Miner, J.H., et al. (2018) Alternative Pathway Is Essential for Glomerular Complement Activation and Proteinuria in a Mouse Model of Membranous Nephropathy. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 1433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.01433
Thurman, J.M. (2020) Complement and the Kidney: An Overview. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease, 27, 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ackd.2019.10.003
Mutti, M., Ramoni, K., Nagy, G., et al. (2018) A New Tool for Complement Research: Reconstituted Human Classical Complement Pathway. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 2770. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02770
Moll, S., Lange, S., Mihatsch, M.J., et al. (2006) CRIT Is Expressed on Podocytes in Normal Human Kidney and Upregulated in Membranous Nephropathy. Kidney International, 69, 1961-1968. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ki.5000379
Angeletti, A., Cantarelli, C., Petrosyan, A., et al. (2020) Loss of Decay-Accelerating Factor Triggers Podocyte Injury and Glomerulosclerosis. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 217, e20191699. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20191699
Moll, S., Miot, S., Sadallah, S., et al. (2001) No Complement Receptor 1 Stumps on Podocytes in Human Glomerulopathies. Kidney International, 59, 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00476.x
Seikrit, C., Ronco, P. and Debiec, H. (2018) Factor H Autoantibodies and Membranous Nephropathy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 379, 2479-2481. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1805857
Lehto, T., Honkanen, E., Teppo, A.M., et al. (1995) Urinary Excretion of Protectin (CD59), Complement SC5b-9 and Cytokines in Membranous Glomerulonephritis. Kidney International, 47, 1403-1411. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.1995.197