社交焦虑障碍在患病率、患病症状、共病模式及病因上存在明显的性别二态性。从社会因素来看,这是由不公平的社交环境和性别角色社会化所造成的;从心理特征来看,认知能力、应对方式及自我效能感等一些有性别差异的心理特征导致了这一现象。本文结合国内外近年来对社交焦虑障碍二态性的研究,对以上内容进行系统梳理,以期在未来理论与临床研究中重视这种性别二态性。 Researchers have found that there are sex differences in the morbidity rate, symptoms and com-orbidity pattern among the social anxiety disorder group. In view of the social factors, it results from the unequal social environment and the socialization of gender roles. From the psychological perspective, psychological traits with sex differences, such as cognitive abilities, coping style, self-efficacy, etc. result in the phenomenon. In this paper, we review the studies in sex dimorphism of social anxiety disorder, and expect that more attention should be paid to the sex differences in the theoretical and clinical research.
社交焦虑障碍,性别二态性,社会因素,心理因素, Social Anxiety Disorder
Sex Dimorphism
Social Factors
Psychological Factors
社交焦虑障碍的性别二态性及其 社会心理因素分析
1) 确立统一的诊断标准与测量工具。现有研究表明,女性SAD患病率高于男性,但两性间的差异程度难以确定。仅以美国调查数据来看,该障碍的终生患病率,男性在2.0%~11.1%之间,女性在3.1%~15.5%之间 (Schneier et al., 1992; Kessler et al., 1994; McLean et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2012) 。虽然从总体趋势上可以断定女性患病率较高,但如此大的数据波动,反映了研究者在SAD的界定上还存在明显差异。而这种概念界定上的不一致,使得准确区分两性在该障碍上的症状差异变得十分困难。因此,要进一步研究SAD的性别差异,有必要先确立统一的诊断标准与测量工具。
3) 加强SAD性别二态性的跨文化研究。从流行病学的研究数据来看,不同文化背景下女性SAD的患病率均高于男性 (Kessler et al., 1994; Wittchen & Jacobi, 2005) ,同时文化因素对SAD有显著的调节作用 (Heinrichs et al., 2006; Hong & Woody, 2007) 。 Moscovitch等(2005) 认为SAD主要是受不同文化背景下性别角色期望的影响,这种影响作用甚至超出了生理性别的作用。由于不同文化背景下,对两性的要求往往差异很大,而中国传统儒家文化对于两性的角色期望与西方很不一样。因此,SAD的性别差异在中国文化背景下可能会表现出一些不同于西方的特性,应加强这方面的研究。
文章引用
孙易卓,王卫红, (2015) 社交焦虑障碍的性别二态性及其社会心理因素分析Analysis of Sex Dimorphism and Social Psychological Factors of Social Anxiety Disorder. 心理学进展,01,33-40. doi: 10.12677/AP.2015.51005
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