知觉领域中,整体和部分的关系是一个重要的议题。
Förster和Dannenberg (2010)
的整体局部加工模型系统(Global and Local Model System, GLOMOsys)指出,当人们感知外界复杂的事物时,有两种信息加工的倾向:整体加工模式被激活时,人们倾向于关注事物的整体结构,进而激活更广的语义概念,并把新的信息整合到已存在的知识结构中;而当局部加工模式被激活时,人们更倾向于关注事物的局部细节,激活的语义概念范围更窄,并使得新信息排除在当前的知识结构之外。此外,该模型强调了整体和局部加工模式的迁移效应,即当激活整体或局部加工模式后,这种加工模式能延续到后续的任务中,进而影响后续任务的信息加工。
随着研究的深入,迁移效应的研究渐成规模,现有证据大多支持整体和局部加工模型的迁移效应。实验通常采用两阶段设计,首先通过一个或者多个任务激活整体或局部的加工模式,随后在探测任务中评估启动效应的延续。常用的启动任务基于
Navon (1977)
等设计的Navon字母任务及其变体,该范式要求被试对复合字母刺激的整体或局部水平做出反应,从而分别激活整体或局部加工模式。
Macrae和Lewis (2002)
的研究首先为整体和局部加工模式迁移效应提供了有力的支持。他们要求被试先观看一段模拟银行抢劫的视频,接着完成改编版Navon字母任务激活整体或局部加工模式,然后完成人脸识别任务。结果显示,与对照组相比,启动整体加工模式显著提高了人脸识别正确率,而启动局部加工模式则产生相反效果。此结果在后续研究中多次得到验证(
Perfect et al., 2008
;
Weston et al., 2008
)。面部编码依赖于整体加工(
Michel et al., 2006
),而该研究发现启动整体加工模式能影响到后续的人脸识别任务,为加工模式的迁移效应提供了实证证据。更多的研究深入探索整体局部加工的迁移效应,启动整体加工有利于促进创造性思维(
Bayus, 2013
;
Friedman et al., 2003
;
Razumnikova & Volf, 2015
;
Zmigrod et al., 2015
)、情绪感知(
Srinivasan & Hanif, 2010
;
Dijkstra et al., 2014
;
Ji et al., 2019
;
Gu et al., 2017
)、阅读理解(
Dijkstra et al., 2014
)、亲社会行为(
Mok & De Cremer, 2015
;
Mukherjee et al., 2018
)、推理(
Guest et al., 2016
)、时间空间距离和社会距离的估计(
Liberman & Förster, 2009
)、事物相似性的感知(
Förster et al., 2009
)等,整体和局部加工模式的迁移效应在多个领域得到了验证。然而,也有部分研究未能成功发现迁移效应,这使得实验的可重复性受到质疑(
De Luca et al., 2022
;
Fang et al., 2018
;
Field et al., 2016
)。综上,目前关于整体与局部加工模型迁移效应的研究尚存争议:一方面,以往的实验结果不一致,部分研究未能重复实验结果,是否存在整体和局部加工模式的迁移效应?另一方面,迁移在什么条件下能产生?其边界条件尚不明确。探讨这些问题对于完善GLOMOsys模型的理论框架具有重要意义。
本研究旨在验证整体和局部加工模式的迁移效应,借鉴以往常用的Navon的字母任务,本研究的两个实验采用改编版Navon图形任务作为启动任务,同时使用与启动任务在认知加工机制上高度一致的探测任务,以期缩短迁移的距离并观察近迁移效应。与以往实验将单个启动试次和探测试次交织的实验设计不同(
De Luca et al., 2022
),实验1采用两阶段实验设计将启动任务与探测任务分离,以期积累启动效应;实验2通过两次“启动–探测”的实验组块交替,控制了启动效应随时间衰减的影响;同时将探测任务中识别整体与识别局部的试次分离,避免任务切换引起的干扰和认知损耗。
借鉴前人研究中的被试量,确定本研究的被试量为38人(
De Luca et al., 2022
)。采用方便取样的方法,通过线上渠道在重庆市某高校招募大学生被试38人,其中男性12人,女性28人,平均年龄22.55 ± 3.05岁。所有被试均为右利手,无躯体疾病及精神障碍,视力或矫正视力正常,未参加过类似心理学实验且自愿参与本次实验,实验之前均签署了知情同意书,实验之后获得一定报酬。
<xref></xref>Table 1. Experiment 1 reaction time and accuracy in probe taskTable 1. Experiment 1 reaction time and accuracy in probe task 表1. 实验1探测任务中反应时、正确率
识别整体
识别局部
反应时(ms)
正确率(%)
反应时(ms)
正确率(%)
启动整体
522 ± 77
96.6 ± 2.7
536 ± 79
95.6 ± 3.2
启动局部
532 ± 88
96.5 ± 2.8
549 ± 79
95.1 ± 3.2
Figure 3. Experiment 1 reaction time and accuracy in probe task--图3. 实验1探测任务中反应时、正确率--2.6. 讨论
<xref></xref>Table 2. Experiment 2 reaction time and accuracy in probe taskTable 2. Experiment 2 reaction time and accuracy in probe task 表2. 实验2探测任务中反应时、正确率
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