超声测量是神经鞘直径之所以可以用来评估颅脑损伤患者颅内压变化,是基于随着颅内压升高,视神经鞘直径会随之增粗,当颅内压下降时,视神经鞘直径会回缩的特点。Kaur A
[15]
等人的横断面研究在纳入了100名入住神经外科ICU的疑似ICP升高的创伤性脑损伤(TBI)患者,证实了视神经鞘直径与GCS评分显著相关并且与CT扫描相比,超声测量视神经鞘直径检测颅内压的敏感性为93.2%,特异性为91.1%。ONSD测量的阳性预测值为89.1%,阴性预测值为94.4%。Bender M
[16]
等人的研究招募了35名急性脑出血患者及20名健康志愿者,入院时均接受CT检查及ONSD检查,之后进行连续动态地ONSD监测,结果显示健康志愿者中ONSD成100%稳定趋势,而在35名急性脑出血患者中,23名患者ONSD趋势不稳定且有可能出现更差结局(p = 0.003),12名患者ONSD趋势稳定,这一研究证实超声测量视神经鞘直径对颅脑损伤患者预后有一定地预测作用。Ziaei M
[17]
等人最近的一篇研究纳入了220名颅脑损伤的患者,其中22.7%的TBI患者具有高ICP。ICP正常患者的左右ONSD平均值分别为3.85 ± 0.83和3.85 ± 0.82 mm,显著低于ICP异常(高ICP)患者的平均值3.85 ± 0.82和6.12 ± 0.84毫米(p值 < 0.001)。此外,右侧ONSD的截止点为5.13 mm,敏感性为84%,特异性为95.29%;左侧ONSD的截止点为5.24 mm,敏感性为90%,特异性为95.88%对高ICP的诊断具有显著的诊断价值(p值 < 0.05)。这一研究更进一步展示了视神经鞘直径的测量是一种经济高效的无创颅内压监测方法并且在诊断TBI患者的高ICP方面具有更高的准确性。超声测量视神经鞘直径不仅用于成人颅脑损伤的评估,同时还可用于儿童。Abbinante G
[2]
等人对儿童视神经鞘评估进行了综述,其中提到包括对于健康儿童、颅高压儿童、头部外伤儿童及接受手术的儿童ONSD的应用,特别要指出的是ONSD对于颅高压儿童及头部外伤儿童的诊断尚缺乏统一标准。之后有学者研究ONSD在小儿头部外伤中的作用,结果显示为了预测ICP升高,ONSD在3 mm处的AUC为0.956 (95% CI 0.896~1)。在5.1 mm的截止水平下,ONSD 3 mm值对ICP升高的敏感性和特异性分别为92.9%和94.0%
[18]
。这一研究不仅展示了ONSD在小儿头外伤中的作用,也似乎提示了小儿头外伤颅高压时ONSD的一个诊断阈值,为后续的研究以及临床工作提供了一个参考。从以上的叙述我们已经充分了解到ONSD在评估成人或者儿童颅脑损伤患者颅内压中的应用,国内外很多文献也报道了其在预测颅脑损伤患者预后方面也具有一定效能。Zhu S
[19]
等人回顾纳入了67例昏迷的急性卒中患者,通过计算机断层扫描(CT)测量ONSD及ETD,结果显示死亡组的ONSD明显大于存活组(6.32 ± 0.67 mm vs 5.65 ± 0.62 mm, t = 4.078, p < 0.0001)。死亡组ONSD/ETD比值显着高于存活组(0.28 ± 0.03 vs 0.25 ± 0.02, t = 4.625, p < 0.0001)。ONSD的受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.760 (95% CI: 0.637~0.882, p < 0.0001),ONSD/ETD比率为0.808 (95% CI: 0.696~0.920, p < 0.0001)。这个研究提示我们这两个指标都可以作为评估急性脑卒中昏迷患者的预后工具。ONSD/ETD比值比单独的ONSD更稳定,这在临床实践中是首选。Li C
[20]
等人研究了ONSD对于重症监护病房急性缺血性脑卒中的预后,结果显示,接受ONSD监测组出院时预后与未接收ONSD监测组在3个月后的随访中,结果仍是这样。这一研究发现ONSD与GCS评分呈负相关(p < 0.05)。这一结果表明ONSD对于评估患者的病情很有价值。随着ONSD的增加,患者的状况也越来越差。提示ONSD是不良预后的独立预测因子。此外,ONSD与大面积脑梗死、中线移位、心室压呈正相关。这可能表明,ONSD可以很好地证明随着中风面积增加或中风恶化,ICP也是逐渐升高的。超声测量视神经鞘直径在新型冠状病毒期间同样发挥了预测效能。Gültekin H
[21]
等人的研究发现非幸存者组的中位ONSD显着高于幸存者组(5.95 mm vs. 4.15 mm,p < 0.001,预测ICU入住期间死亡率的ONSD截止值为5 mm (AUC,0.985;敏感性,98%;特异性,90%)。Pansell J
[22]
等人的研究纳入了55名因新冠感染入住ICU的患者,排除了1名患者,最后入组54名患者,其有11名(20.4%)的ONSD/ED升高(≥0.295 mm)。ONSD/ED升高的患者平均ICU-LOS为38天(95% CI 26至50)。ONSD/ED正常的患者的平均ICU-LOS为26天(95% CI 21至30)。两组12天ICU-LOS之间的差异显着(95% CI 2至23,p = 0.03)。这项研究表明,ONSD/ED升高在重症Covid-19中很常见,并且与这些患者的ICU-LOS时间显着延长相关。
4. ONSD的局限性
虽然目前已有大量研究证实ONSD与ICP的关系,但是有部分研究有不同的看法,Wu GB
[23]
等人的研究纳入了16例入院当天接受侵入性ICP的患者,动态监测ONSD,结果显示只有3名患者(18.8%)的ICP和ONSD有良好的一致性,并且特征不完全相同,这些结果可能表明,动态观察ONSD和ICP值的变化并不密切相关。Hansen HC
[24]
等人研究发现,当颅内压超过某特定范围,ONSD与颅内压的线性关系被打破。根据颅内体积/压力关系曲线,小程度的颅内容物增加并不会导致颅内压立即增高,可能的原因是流动的脑脊液可以进入椎管,且大脑镰和小脑幕有轻微的可拉伸能力。所以,只有当颅内压超过该压力界限才会引起ONSD的改变,这种阈值效应出现在所有患者中,但个体间的阈值水平存在差异。视神经鞘蛛网膜下腔内放射状分布的小梁结构将视神经表面的软膜与蛛网膜连接起来,使视神经鞘的蛛网膜下腔不能无限度地扩张。当颅内压超过某一压力范围上限时,尤其是长时间处于高或极高颅内压(>45~50 mmHg)时,视神经鞘扩张能力达到饱和,并且视神经鞘可逆性受损导致其不能恢复至基线水平。即使颅内压降至正常范围,超声探测到视神经鞘仍然扩张,即ONSD变化相对颅内压变化滞后。若仅依靠ONSD指导临床诊断与治疗,阈值效应会使发病前ONSD值偏低或视神经鞘弹性偏小的患者因为假阴性而错失治疗机会;滞后效应会使已接受降颅内压治疗且颅内压已恢复正常的患者因为假阳性而面临过度治疗的风险。
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