Morphological Characteristics, Chromosome Karyotype and Electrophoretic Analysis of Two Isozymes in Cyprinus carpio
This study investigates the external morphological characteristics, chromosome karyotype and isozyme expression characteristics of Cyprinus carpio in the Yi River, providing a theoretical basis for the formulation of its germplasm standards. Thirty wild Yi River Carp samples were collected for analysis of their morphological traits, countable and measurable characteristics, chromosome number and karyotype, as well as two isozymes (LDH and MDH) in muscle and spleen tissues. The results indicated: 1) The major morphological characteristics of the Yi River Carp were spindle-shaped with a small head and round abdomen. Its horseshoe-shaped mouth was located at the foremost part of the head with two pairs of barbels and one pair of maxillary barbels. Scales on body side were golden yellow while the abdomen was white. The caudal peduncle is golden yellow, the dorsal and pectoral fins are gray, the pelvic fin transitions from grayish-white to red, the anal fin transitions from yellow to red, and the caudal fin transitions from gray to red. Furthermore, the dorsal fin formula was D.III: 15~19 and anal fin A.III: 5. The dental formula was 1∙1∙3/3∙1∙1 while the number of outer gill racker on the left first gill arch was 19~23. 2) The study on karyotype showed that the chromosome number was 2 n = 100, chromosome formula was 22 m + 30 sm + 28 t + 20 st, arm count (NF) was 152. 3) The LDH enzyme bands in the muscle and spleen of Yi River Carp are 2 and 5 bands respectively; MDH in the spleen and muscle is divided into supernatant MDH (s-MDH) and mitochondrial MDH (m-MDH), where m-MDH is present in both tissues, but s-MDH1 activity was not detected in the muscle. This experiment obtained the characteristics of the external morphology, chromosome karyotype and the expression of two isozymes of the Cyprinus carpio in the Yi River, providing data support for the formulation of its germplasm standards.
Cyprinus Carpio in the Yi River
沂河鲤分类学上属于鲤形目、鲤科、鲤属,是山东省沂河流域特有的地方品种。沂河鲤体色金黄、体型瘦长优美,具有营养高、易捕捞、抗寒、耐低氧等特点,是北方地区优良的淡水养殖对象,具有较大的经济价值。为了加强对沂河流域重要水生动物种质资源的保护,2013年,农业部批准临沂沂河鲤青虾水产种质资源保护区为国家级水产种质资源保护区
外部形态特征、染色体核型及组织同工酶表达是种质标准制定的三个技术指标,三者分别从个体水平、细胞水平和生化遗传水平对鱼类种质资源状况进行鉴定与评价
实验用沂河鲤鱼共30尾,于2022年采自沂河沂南段,均为沂河野生个体,体长25.2~40.4 cm,体重998.5~1745.6 g。
取活体沂河鲤样本,经MS-222麻醉后,观察鱼体外部形态特征,并进行拍照。用游标卡尺(精确到0.01 mm)测量30尾沂河鲤样本的外部形态指标,主要包括全长、体长、体高、头长、吻长、眼径、眼间距、尾柄长和尾柄高等,用电子天平(精确到0.01 kg)称量体重。另外,对背鳍鳍条、腹鳍鳍条、胸鳍鳍条、臀鳍鳍条、尾鳍鳍条、侧线鳞、侧线上鳞、侧线下鳞、第1鳃弓鳃耙数、牙齿、脊椎骨、下颌齿等可数性状进行计数。
参照朱树人
取采集的野生沂河鲤活体样本,用丁香酚麻醉后,参照杨玲
酶的名称 |
编号 |
缓冲系统 |
分离胶 |
浓缩胶 |
乳酸脱氢酶(LDH) |
1.1.1.27 |
TG8.3 |
7.5 |
2.5 |
苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH) |
1.1.1.37 |
TG8.3 |
7.5 |
3 |
所得数据采用SPSS20.0进行分析处理,并计算平均数、标准差、相关方程和R2等。
观测30尾沂河鲤外形(
测得沂河鲤可数性状见
项目 |
数值范围 |
项目 |
数值范围 |
背鳍鳍条 |
III-15~19 |
侧线上鳞 |
5~6 |
尾鳍鳍条 |
24~26 |
侧线下鳞 |
5~6 |
臀鳍鳍条 |
III-5 |
第1鳃弓鳃耙数 |
19~23 |
腹鳍鳍条 |
8~9 |
口须 |
2对 |
胸鳍鳍条 |
15~17 |
下咽齿 |
1.1.3/3.1.1 |
侧线 |
35~39 |
脊椎骨 |
34~35 |
沂河鲤可量性状及各形态性状的比例关系见
全长LT (cm) |
体长LB (cm) |
体高 HB (cm) |
体宽BB (cm) |
眼间距IE (cm) |
头长LH (cm) |
头高HH (cm) |
吻长LK (cm) |
尾柄长LC (cm) |
尾柄高HC (cm) |
体重W (kg) |
|
最小值 |
25.0 |
21.5 |
6.1 |
3.4 |
1.9 |
5.6 |
3.3 |
1.9 |
4.2 |
2.5 |
0.22 |
最大值 |
53.5 |
45.0 |
14.3 |
9.3 |
4.9 |
11.6 |
7.3 |
4.3 |
9.3 |
5.7 |
2.27 |
平均值 |
39.6 ± 7.4 |
33.4 ± 6.1 |
9.5 ± 2.0 |
5.6 ± 1.5 |
3.0 ± 0.6 |
8.5 ± 1.5 |
4.8 ± 0.8 |
3.1 ± 0.6 |
6.4 ± 1.2 |
4.0 ± 0.7 |
0.90 ± 0.51 |
/体宽为4.44~7.01,背腹轴较大于左右轴,鱼体较长,身体呈纺锤形。体长/头长为3.50~4.57,头长/头高为1.53~2.05,头长/吻长为2.38~3.21,尾柄长/尾柄高为1.27~1.84倍,尾柄较长。沂河鲤可量性状比值范围及相关方程见
项目 |
范围 |
± SD |
相关方程 |
R2 |
全长/体长 |
1.14~1.24 |
1.18 ± 0.02 |
LT = −0.777 + 1.206 LB |
0.990 |
体长/体高 |
2.98~4.25 |
3.56 ± 0.29 |
LB = 72.219 + 2.767 HB |
0.830 |
体长/体宽 |
4.44~7.01 |
6.14 ± 0.62 |
LB = 126.735 + 3.737 BB |
0.797 |
体长/尾柄长 |
4.68~6.97 |
5.23 ± 0.43 |
LB = 46.093 + 4.491 LC |
0.840 |
体长/头长 |
3.50~4.57 |
3.93 ± 0.20 |
LB = 1.173 + 3.912 LH |
0.916 |
头长/吻长 |
2.38~3.21 |
2.76 ± 0.15 |
LH = 11.856 + 2.361 LP |
0.913 |
头长/头高 |
1.53~2.05 |
1.77 ± 0.11 |
LH = 1.635 + 1.735 HH |
0.856 |
头长/眼间距 |
1.98~3.16 |
2.84 ± 0.22 |
LH = 20.239 + 2.151 IE |
0.773 |
头宽/眼间距 |
1.25~1.91 |
1.65 ± 0.12 |
BH = 3.554 + 1.528 IE |
0.825 |
尾柄长/尾柄高 |
1.27~1.84 |
1.60 ± 0.14 |
LC = 1.530 + 1.557 HC |
0.811 |
油镜下对形态清晰且分散良好的100个中期分裂相进行染色体计数,结果见
染色体数目(2n) |
分裂相所占比例(%) |
<98 |
4 |
98 |
6 |
100 |
87 |
>100 |
3 |
通过测量染色体相关参数并用Photoshop将染色体排列好(
序号 |
相对长度 |
臂比 |
类型 |
序号 |
相对长度 |
臂比 |
类型 |
1 |
2.26 ± 0.06 |
1.13 ± 0.01 |
m |
26 |
1.94 ± 0.01 |
1.80 ± 0.07 |
Sm |
2 |
2.27 ± 0.10 |
1.17 ± 0.11 |
m |
27 |
2.27 ± 0.34 |
3.26 ± 0.12 |
St |
3 |
2.13 ± 0.13 |
1.12 ± 0.09 |
m |
28 |
2.11 ± 0.09 |
3.50 ± 0.05 |
St |
4 |
2.05 ± 0.19 |
1.44 ± 0.19 |
m |
29 |
2.09 ± 0.04 |
3.12 ± 0.15 |
St |
5 |
2.05 ± 0.24 |
1.27 ± 0.21 |
m |
30 |
1.96 ± 0.10 |
3.13 ± 0.12 |
St |
6 |
2.15 ± 0.25 |
1.06 ± 0.03 |
m |
31 |
2.26 ± 0.05 |
3.17 ± 0.05 |
St |
7 |
2.04 ± 0.11 |
1.16 ± 0.02 |
m |
32 |
1.76 ± 0.08 |
3.22 ± 0.24 |
St |
8 |
1.81 ± 0.12 |
1.15 ± 0.06 |
m |
33 |
1.98 ± 0.10 |
3.14 ± 0.19 |
St |
9 |
1.60 ± 0.10 |
1.17 ± 0.07 |
m |
34 |
1.89 ± 0.21 |
3.08 ± 0.11 |
St |
10 |
1.83 ± 0.08 |
1.16 ± 0.06 |
m |
35 |
1.57 ± 0.08 |
3.14 ± 0.08 |
St |
11 |
1.78 ± 0.08 |
1.53 ± 0.23 |
m |
36 |
1.62 ± 0.06 |
3.23 ± 0.11 |
St |
12 |
2.82 ± 0.06 |
2.49 ± 0.03 |
Sm |
37 |
1.94 ± 0.04 |
∞ |
t |
13 |
2.76 ± 0.08 |
2.24 ± 0.16 |
Sm |
38 |
1.85 ± 0.04 |
∞ |
t |
14 |
2.47 ± 0.02 |
2.16 ± 0.13 |
Sm |
39 |
1.88 ± 0.09 |
∞ |
t |
15 |
2.24 ± 0.08 |
1.92 ± 0.25 |
Sm |
40 |
1.78 ± 0.02 |
∞ |
t |
16 |
2.62 ± 0.05 |
2.35 ± 0.43 |
Sm |
41 |
1.87 ± 0.04 |
∞ |
t |
17 |
2.77 ± 0.13 |
2.17 ± 0.03 |
Sm |
42 |
1.71 ± 0.02 |
∞ |
t |
续表
18 |
2.39 ± 0.16 |
1.80 ± 0.11 |
Sm |
43 |
1.65 ± 0.07 |
∞ |
t |
19 |
2.32 ± 0.24 |
1.85 ± 0.17 |
Sm |
44 |
1.69 ± 0.03 |
∞ |
t |
20 |
2.20 ± 0.17 |
2.39 ± 0.25 |
Sm |
45 |
1.72 ± 0.09 |
∞ |
t |
21 |
2.14 ± 0.06 |
2.59 ± 0.03 |
Sm |
46 |
1.76 ± 0.04 |
∞ |
t |
22 |
2.13 ± 0.28 |
2.60 ± 0.10 |
Sm |
47 |
1.62 ± 0.02 |
∞ |
t |
23 |
2.05 ± 0.10 |
2.38 ± 0.31 |
Sm |
48 |
1.73 ± 0.18 |
∞ |
t |
24 |
1.87 ± 0.05 |
2.36 ± 0.01 |
Sm |
49 |
1.42 ± 0.12 |
∞ |
t |
25 |
2.14 ± 0.20 |
2.03 ± 0.08 |
Sm |
50 |
1.02 ± 0.01 |
∞ |
t |
沂河鲤脾脏和肌肉中的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)电泳图谱如
硬骨鱼类的苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)是由两个基因编码的二聚体酶,存在上清液型(s-MDH)和线粒体型(m-MDH)两部分
鱼类的形态特征是在物种漫长进化过程中受遗传因子和环境因子共同作用所展现出来的表型特征
鲤鱼群体 |
背鳍条数 |
胸鳍条数 |
臀鳍条数 |
侧线鳞数 |
鳃耙数 |
黄河鲤 |
16~20 |
36~39 |
19~25 |
||
荷包红鲤 |
15~18 |
5 |
34~38 |
18~23 |
|
建鲤 |
17~19 |
11~14 |
5~6 |
34~36 |
19~25 |
镜鲤 |
18~20 |
10~14 |
4~5 |
23~24 |
|
黑龙江野鲤 |
17~19 |
12~14 |
5~6 |
34~36 |
|
兴国红鲤 |
15~19 |
4~5 |
33~38 |
20~30 |
|
沂河鲤 |
15~19 |
15~17 |
5 |
33~38 |
19~23 |
染色体是生物遗传物质的载体,它承担着对遗传信息的储存、复制、传递及控制基因的活动,调节基因的重组等一系列重大生物学功能
种类 |
染色体数 |
m |
Sm |
St+t |
臂数 |
参考文献 |
鲤鱼 |
100 |
12 |
36 |
52 |
148 |
Ojima等
|
鲤鱼 |
100 |
22 |
30 |
48 |
152 |
昝瑞光等
|
大眼鲤 |
100 |
22 |
30 |
48 |
152 |
昝瑞光等
|
兴国红鲤 |
100 |
28 |
22 |
50 |
150 |
王蕊芳等
|
松浦鲤 |
100 |
30 |
36 |
44 |
156 |
尹洪滨等
|
高寒鲤 |
100 |
30 |
36 |
44 |
156 |
尹洪滨等
|
沂河鲤 |
100 |
22 |
30 |
48 |
152 |
本研究 |
同工酶是生物体内基因转录和翻译的直接产物,反映编码酶蛋白的DNA序列信息,迄今已发现数百种具有不同分子形式的同工酶
本项目由山东省鱼类体系健康养殖岗位资助(SDAIT-12-04)。
*第一作者。
#通讯作者。